Mr. Justice Brown,
after making the foregoing statement,. delivered the opinion of the court.
The gravamen of the bill is the alleged impairment by the statute of 1903 of the contract entered into in 1898, by which defendants agreed to remove the dam then existing, and to • allow such creek to remain open and unobstructed.
It was also charged that the constitution of South Caroliná declaring that all navigable waters should forever remain public highways was a privilege annexed to and constituting a part of the value of the lands, and that the damming of the creek, except for the purpose of the public health, welfare and safety and without due compensation therefor, was a destruction of the property of the plaintiff and a deprivation thereof without due process of law.
The specific injury complained of is that the plaintiff is the owner of a rice plantation on the North Santee River, bordering on Minim Creek, a tributary of the Santee, and lying in part just opposite the mouth or entrance of Kinloch Creek; that, relying on the agreement of the defendants, he had also purchased a millsite on the Santee, which could be used for a rice mill or a saw mill, the chief element of value of which was the water connection by means of a canal with Bluff Back Creek, accessible only through Kinloch Creek, and the conséquent necessity of keeping Kinloch Creek open and unobstructed; that Kinloch Cre.ek is a water highway, navigable by vessels into the Santee River and thence into the ocean; that the erection and retention of a dam across Kinloch Creek would not only interrupt his use of Kinloch Creek and Bluff Back Creek by preventing access to the public landing on the state road from his plantation on Kinloch Creek, but would obstruct the inflow of the tide of the Santee River through Minim Creek, causing the water from the river to flow back upon the banks to the plantation opposite the mouth of Kin-
loch Creek, and would thus compel him to raise and strengthen his banks.
1. The first question considered by the court below was whether Kinloch Creek was a navigable water of the United States, as defined .in the case of
The Montello,
11 Wall. 411;
S. C.,
20 Wall. 430, or navigable, as navigable streams are defined by the constitution and the laws of South Carolina. The court was of opinion, based apparently upon affidavits ' not sent up with the record, that the creek was not a navigable stream under these definitions.
But the bill alleges that “ Kinloch Creek is a navigable stream or water highway,” and the cause was determined upon demurrer to the bill, which admits the allegation of the bill that the creek was navigable. As an original proposition we have repeatedly held that, in the absence of legislation by Congress, a State has power to improve its lands and promote the general health by authorizing a dam to be built across its. interior streams, though they were previously navigable to the sea by vessels engaged in the -coastwise trade.- This was decided in
Willson
v.
Black Bird Creek Marsh Co.,
2 Pet. 245, in a brief but cogent opinion by Mr. Chief Justice Marshall. An act of the State of Delaware gave the defendant the right to build a dam across the Black Bird Creek, the constitutionality of which act was attacked as an abridgement of the rights of those who had been accustomed to use it for the purposes of navigation. “But this abridgement,” said the court (p. 251), “unless it comes in conflict with the. Constitution or a law of the United States, is an affair between the government of Delaware and its citizens, of which this court can take no cognizance.” The act was sustained. See also
Pound
v.
Turck,
95 U. S. 459;
Gilman
v.
Philadelphia,
3 Wall. 713;
Huse
v.
Glover,
119 U. S. 543.
■ We do not think the provision- of the constitution of South Carolina interferes with these common law powers of the State over its navigable waters. In
Escanaba Company
v.
Chicago,
107 U. S. 678, 688, it was held that the right of bridging naviga
ble streams extended to the State of Illinois, notwithstanding that the ordinance of 1787, for the government of the Northwest Territory, contained a clause declaring that “the navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between them, shall be common highways and forever free.” The power to span these rivers by bridges was put, partly upon the theory that the limitations upon the power of the State whilst in a territorial condition ceased to have any operative force except as voluntarily adopted by her after she became a State of the Union, and partly upon the-theory, as said Mr. Justice Field, page 689, that “all highways, whether by land or water, are subject to such crossings as the public necessities and convenience may require, and their character as such is not changed, if the crossings are allowed under reasonable conditions, and not so as to needlessly obstruct the use of the highways;”
So also in
Cardwell
v.
Bridge Co.,
113 U. S. 205, a provision in the act admitting California, that “all the navigable waters within the said State shall be common highways and forever free,” was held not to deprive the State of the power possessed by it to authorize the erection of bridges over navigable waters. Said the court, page 211, “the clause, therefore, in the act admitting California, quoted above, upon which the complainant relies, must be considered, according to these decisions, as in no way impairing the power which the State could exercise over the subject if the clause had no existence.” To the same effect,
Willamette Iron Bridge Co.
v.
Hatch,
125 U. S. 1;
Hamilton
v.
Vicksburg &c. R. R. Co.,
119 U. S. 280, 284.
In
Lake Shore &c. R. R. Co.
v.
Ohio,
165 U. S. 365, it was held that the act of September 19, 1890, conferring upon the Secretary of War the authority to direct the alteration of such bridges so as to render navigation easy and unobstructed, did not deprive the States of authority to bridge such streams.
While all of these cases turned upon the power of the State to authorize the erection of bridges, the same principle applies where the legislature deems it necessary to the public welfare
to make other improvements for the reclamation of swampy and overflowed lands, though certain individual proprietors may thereby be subjected to expense. The question whether Kinloch Creek could be obstructed without the permission of the Secretary of War does not arise in this case, and is specially disclaimed by the plaintiff. See
Lake Shore &c. Railroad Co.
v.
Ohio,
165 U. S. 365;
Leovy
v.
United States,
177 U. S. 621, 633;
Cummings
v.
Chicago,
188 U. S. 410;
Montgomery
v.
Portland,
190 U. S. 89.
The main argument was addressed to the question whether the contract of August, 1898, providing for the removal of the obstruction on December 31 and the free ingress and egress through the creek thereafter, was impaired by the act of the General Assembly of 1903, permitting the defendants by name to construct and maintain the dam in question.
It is the settled law of this court' that the interdiction of statutes impairing the obligation of contracts does not prevent the State from exercising such powers as are vested in it for the promotion of the common weal, or are necessary for the general good of the public, though contracts previously entered into between individuals may thereby be affected. This power, which in its various ramifications is known as the police power, is an exercise of the sovereign right of'the Government' to protect the lives, health, morals, comfort and general welfare of the people, and is paramount to any rights under contracts between individuals. Familiar instances of this are, where parties enter into contracts, perfectly, lawful at' the time, to sell liquor, operate a brewery or distillery, or carry on a lottery, all of which are subject to impairment by a change of policy on the part of the State, prohibiting the establishment or continuance of such traffic; — in other words, that parties by entering into contracts may not estop the .legislature from enacting laws intended for the public good.
While this power is subject to limitations in certain cases, there is wide discretion on the part of the legislature in determining what is and what is not necessary — a discretion which
courts ordinarily will not interfere with. The leading case upon this point is that of
Charles River Bridge
v.
Warren Bridge,
11 Pet. 420, in which a franchise to maintain a ferry between Cambridge and Boston, under which a bridge was subsequently erected, was held to be subject to the power of the legislature tó establish a parallel bridge between the same points. In
Stone
v.
Mississippi,
101 U. S. 814, a charter to a lottery company for twenty-five years was held to be subject to tne..power of- the State to abolish lotteries altogether. Similar cases announcing the same principle are
Boyd
v.
Alabama,
94 U. S. 645;
Beer Company
v.
Massachusetts,
97 U. S. 25;
Butchers’ Union Co.
v.
Crescent City Co.,
111 U. S. 746;
New Orleans Gas Co.
v.
Louisiana Light Co.,
115 U. S. 650, 672;
Mugler
v.
Kansas,
123 U. S. 623, 665;
Chicago &c. R. R. Co.
v.
Chicago,
166 U. S. 226.
It only remains to consider, in connection with this branch of the case, whether the act of the General Assembly of 1903 was a proper exercise of the police power of the State. Of this we have no doubt. Although it was not an exercise of that power in its ordinarily accepted sense of protecting the health, lives , and morals of the community, it is defensible in its broader, meaning of providing for the general welfare of the people, by the reclamation of swampy, overflowed and infertile lands, and the erection of dams, levees and dikes for that purpose. We have often held that private interests are subservient to that right, except where property is taken for which compensation must be paid, and must give way to any general scheme for the reclamation or improvement of such lands.
Indeed, this seems to have been within the contemplation of Congress in its act of September 28, 1850, 9 Stat. 519, to enable the States to reclaim the swamp lands within their limits, the first section of which enacts that “To enable the State of Arkansas to construct the necessary levees and drains to reclaim the swamps and overflowed lands therein, the whole of those swamp and overflowed lands, made unfit thereby for cultivation . . . shall be, and the same are hereby, granted
to said State.” Section 4 extends this provision to the other States. Although the act has no direct bearing on this case, it recognizes an intent on the part of Congress to allow the States to regulate the disposal of overflowed lands, as the legislature shall deem best for the public interests. That the act of the General Assembly in question was passed upon this theory is indicated by its. recitals, that “by reason.of the drainage and protection, of said lands from overflow, their taxable Value will be greatly enhanced, and without the dam provided for in this bill a large part of the land bordering on said creek will eventually become abandoned and valueless, as some portions of it now are,”, and that this “is the only feasible and practicable scheme for the drainage of said lands.” This was the reason given for the passage of the act of the General Assembly of Delaware in the
Black Bird Creek case,
already cited. Chief Justice Marshall observed (p. 251): “The value of the property on its banks must be enhanced by excluding the water from the marsh, and the health, of the inhabitants probably improved. Measures calculated to produce these objects, provided they, do not come into collision with the powers of the General Government, are undoubtedly within those which are reserved to the States.” Several subsequent decisions have confirmed the power of the State to deal, in the absence of Congressional legislation, with their rivers, for the purposes of their internal improvement, such as
Withers
v.
Buckley,
20 How. 84, wherein the right of Mississippi to change the channels or courses of rivers within the State for the purpose of improvement was sustained, and
Atkinson
v.
Philadelphia &c. R. R. Co.,
2 Fed. Cases, 105, Case 615, a decision by Mr. Justice Baldwin of this court.
The whole subject was recently discussed in the case of
Leovy
v.
United States,
177 U. S. 621, wherein was vindicated' the right of the State of Louisiana to authorize the construction and maintenance of levees, drains and other structures necessary and suitable to reclaim swamp and overflowed lands, although there was evidence that the stream there concerned
(Red-Pass) was useful for some minor purposes of interstate commerce:’ There was. testimony that luggers'or yawls chiefly used by fishermen to carry-oysters to and from their beds sometimes went through this pasé, but it was not shown that passengers ever went through it, or that freight destined for any other State was ever carried through it.
In delivering an exhaustive opinion in this case, Mr. Justice Shiras observed (p. 636): “We think that the trial court might well take judicial notice, that the public health is deeply concerned in the reclamation of swamp and overflowed lands. If there is any fact which may be supposed to be known by everybody, and, therefore, by eourts, it is that swamps and stagnant waters are the cause of malarial and malignant fevers, and that the police power is never more legitimately exercised than in removing such nuisances.”
While, as already observed, there is a general allegation in ■the bill that Kinloch Creek was a navigable stream, and was capable of navigation by vessels in the Santee River and thence into the ocean, there is no allegation that it was ever used for that purpose, and the opinion of the court was that it certainly was not a navigable water of the United States, or a public highway under the laws of South Carolina. But, however this may be, we.aré of opinion that the State had full power, in the absence of legislation by Congress, to authorize the construction of this dam for the avowed purposes of this act.'
2. The second assignment of error, that the plaintiff was deprived of. his property, without compensation, and .hence without due process of law, is also unsound.
The only allegation of the bill in that connection is that the construction of the dam was not only a destruction of plain-, tiff’s right.of navigation and of his access to his lands through Kinloch .Creek, but has caused the water to fall back to some extent on the plantation on Minim Creek, just opposite the mouth of Kinloch, so as to compel the- plaintiff to raise his dikes. We do .not think the overflow to the minor extent ilidicated constitutes, á taking of property within the meaning of
the law, when the damage can be prevented by raising the banks, or that if the damage stated did in fact result, that it would justify the interposition of a court of equity.'
The question whether the overflow of lands constitutes “a taking” within the constitutional provision has been discussed in several cases in this court.
Pumpelly
v.
Green Bay Co.,
13 Wall. 166;
Transportation Company
v.
Chicago,
99 U. S. 635;
Gibson
v.
United States,
166 U. S. 269;
Scranton
v.
Wheeler,
179 U. S. 141;
Atwater
v.
Trustees,
124 N. Y. 602.
A recent case is that of
United States
v.
Lynah,
188 U. S. 445, wherein it was held that where the Government had placed dams and other obstructions in the Savannah River in such manner as to hinder its natural flow, and to raise the water so as to overflow plaintiff’s lands and to cause a total destruction of their value, the proceeding must be regarded as an actual appropriation of the land, and created an obligation.upon the Government to make compensation for the land. The case was distinguished from that of
Mills
v.
United States,
46 Fed. Rep. 738, wherein the damage consisted in obliging the plaintiff to raise the levees around his rice fields to prevent the flooding of the fields in high water. “ Obviously,” said the court, in commenting upon that case, “there was no taking of plaintiff’s lands, but simply an injury which bould be remedied at an expense, as alleged, of $10,000, and the action was one to recover the amount of this- consequential injury. The court rightfully held that it copld not be sustained.” A still -more recent case is that of
Bedford
v.
United States,
192 U. S. 217, in which it is held that'damages to lands by flooding as a result of revetments erected by the United States along the banks of the Mississippi River to prevent erosion of the banks from natural causes, are consequential and do not constitute a taking of the lands, flooded- within the meaning of the Constitution.
We think the rule to be gathered from these cases is that where- there is a practical destruction, or material impairment of the vglue .of plaintiff’s lands,- there is a taking, which de
mands compensation, but otherwise where as in this case plaintiff is merely put to some extra expense in warding off the consequences ofi the overflow.
The damage claimed by the plaintiff in the interruption of access to his lands and the impairment of his right to navigate the creek does not demand separate consideration. We have repeatedly held that where the Government of the United States has, for the purposes of improving the navigation of a river, erected piers or othér structures by which access to plaintiff’s land is rendered more difficult, there is no claim for compensation.
Gibson
v.
United States,
166 U. S. 269;
Scranton
v.
Wheeler,
179 U. S. 141. We see no reason why the same principle should not apply to cases where the state legislature, exercising its .police power, directs a certain dam to be built, and thereby incidentally impairs access to lands above the dam. In both cases the sovereign is exercising its constitutional right — in one case in improving the navigation of the river, and in the other in draining its low lands, and thereby enhancing their value for agricultural purposes.
It is suggested that the agreement of 1903 created an easement of access to plaintiff’s land,
Ladd
v.
Boston,
151 Massachusetts, 585;
Hogan
v.
Barry,
143 Massachusetts, 538, and that the statute of South Carolina must be construed as overriding private rights of property, and not merely as putting an end to the rights of the public, and as giving to plaintiff a claim for damages for the taking of that easement. But it does not necessarily follow that an injunction should issue. Apparently this covenant did not apply to the millsite, since this was purchased after the covenant was made, but, however this may be, a court of equity is not bound to enjoin a public work authorized by statute, until compensation is paid, where no property is directly appropriated. This is particularly true where the damage is difficult of ascertainment at the time and a reasonable provision is made by the law fof compensation.
Sweet
v.
Rechel,
159 U. S. 380;
Backus
v.
Fort Street Union Depot Co.,
169 U. S. 557;
Cherokee Nation
v.
Southern Kansas Ry. Co., 135 U.
S. 641;
Beasley
v.
Texas & Pacific Ry. Co.,
191 U. S. 492;
Haverhill Bridge Proprietors
v.
Essex County Commissioners,
103 Massachusetts, 120;
Parker
v.
Catholic Bishop,
146 Illinois, 158. The state cases are numerous on this point.
■ In view of the incidental, character of the damage probably resulting to plaintiff's land from the erection of this dam, and the careful provision of the act that the defendants shall be hable for such damage, we do not think, at least in the absence of an allegation that the defendants are financially irresponsible, that a court of equity would be authorized to enjoin the erection until the damages, which, if they exist at all, • must be very difficult- of ascertainment, shall be paid. .
3. It is also assigned as error that the act of 1903 is obnoxious. to the following provisions of the constitution of South Carolina, Article III, section 34, that “The General Assembly of the State shall not enact local or special laws concerning any of the following subjects, or for any of the following purposes, to wit: . . .- II. To lay out, open, alter or work roads or highways.”
As the case comes from, a Federal court, the auestion is properly before.us,
Admitting that,, for the purposes of transit and travel, a river may be considered a highway — and that seems to have been adjudged by the Supreme Court of South Carolina,
Heyward
v.
Chisholm,
11 Rich. 253, — we think that, in connection with the words “To lay out, open, alter or work roads,”' the word “highway” is used in its.ordinary sense, and as an equivalent to a public road. The power given by this section ' is evidently inapplicable to water highways, which are neither ‘laid out, opened, altered or worked in the ordinary sense of these words.
■4. It is -also urged' that the act was -passed without the ■ formality required by the Revised Statutes of South Carolina of 1893, in which it is declared that' no bill for the granting of any privilege or immunity, or for any other private purpose
whatsoever, shall be introduced, or entertained in either, house of the General Assembly except by petition, to be signed by the persons desiring such privilege, of which sixty days’ notice shall be given to all persons interested, and be published in the newspaper having the largest circulation in' the eoúnty where such privilege is to be enjoyed, once a week for three weeks, etc.
As this is not a constitutional provision, but a general law enacted by the legislature, it may be repealed, amended,or disregarded by the legislature which enacted it. This law was doubtless intended as a guide to persons desiring to petition the legislature for special privileges, and it would be a good answer to any petition for the granting of sqch privileges that the required notice had not been given; but it is not binding upon any subsequent legislature, nor does a non-compliance with it impair or nullify the provisions of an act passed without the requirement of such notice.
There was no error in the action of the court below, and its judgment is, therefore,
Affirmed.