COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges Beales, Causey and Senior Judge Petty Argued by videoconference
MALIK LUQUAM KENNEDY MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 1737-23-1 JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY OCTOBER 8, 2024 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK Everett A. Martin, Jr.,1 Judge
(J. Barry McCracken, Assistant Public Defender, on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.
Virginia B. Theisen, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Malik Luquam Kennedy challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress
evidence recovered from his vehicle. He argues that the officers seized him in violation of his
Fourth Amendment rights. Finding no error in the trial court’s judgment, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Just before dawn on May 3, 2023, Norfolk Police Officer Jarett Eisenberg-Arce was
dispatched to investigate a report that a pickup truck was blocking a resident’s driveway. When
he arrived, Eisenberg-Arce confirmed that the truck was blocking the driveway.2 The driver of
the pickup truck, later identified as Kennedy, was asleep in the driver’s seat with a blue and
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). 1 The Honorable Tasha D. Scott presided over the hearing on the motion to suppress. 2 Eisenberg-Arce testified that the resident “could not get his car out [of the driveway]. He had to go completely over the grass.” silver pistol in plain view on his lap. Eisenberg-Arce stepped away from the vehicle because he
did not want Kennedy “to wake up and just grab” the gun.
Eisenberg-Arce called for backup and stood behind the truck while watching Kennedy
through the truck’s window and driver’s side mirror. Kennedy soon awoke and saw
Eisenberg-Arce through the mirror. Eisenberg-Arce then saw “movement in the car” and
thought that Kennedy was leaning toward the truck’s passenger side. Eisenberg-Arce
immediately went to the driver’s side door but could no longer see the firearm. When he asked
where the gun was, Kennedy denied having a gun. Knowing that the “gun was still in play”
Eisenberg-Arce ordered Kennedy to place his hands on the steering wheel and open the door.
Eisenberg-Arce intended to “pat [Kennedy] down for [officer] safety and then figure out
everything else from there.” Eisenberg-Arce later testified that he detained Kennedy to
investigate possible felonious possession of a firearm but conceded that he did not have any
information at that point that Kennedy was a convicted felon.
Kennedy put his hands on the steering wheel but initially refused to open the door or exit
the truck. He agreed to exit the truck only after additional officers arrived, including Officer J.
Ball. Before he arrived at the scene, Ball had discovered from the “Norfolk database” that
Kennedy had “been arrested for multiple felonies or felonious events in the city of Norfolk.”
When he arrived, Ball asked Kennedy to exit the truck to further investigate the presence and
location of the firearm. After Kennedy exited the truck, Ball handcuffed him and “looked for the
firearm within the [area of Kennedy’s] wingspan.” Ball found a Smith & Wesson SD9 VE pistol
inside the center console. After recovering the firearm, Ball called the Police Operations Center
and learned that Kennedy was a convicted felon. The officers arrested Kennedy, and he was
later indicted for possessing a firearm as a convicted felon, in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2.
-2- Kennedy moved to suppress the firearm, asserting that the officers did not have a
reasonable articulable suspicion that he was committing a crime when they detained him.
Kennedy argued that because it is not a crime to sleep in a vehicle with a firearm on one’s lap,
nor is it a crime to secure a firearm in the center console or glove compartment of a vehicle,
neither officer had articulated any objective facts supporting the decision to detain him for
further investigation. The Commonwealth responded that the officers’ knowledge that a gun was
in the car and Kennedy’s concealment of the gun when he woke and saw Eisenberg-Arce
provided a reasonable and articulable suspicion for detaining Kennedy.
The trial court denied the suppression motion. Kennedy later entered a conditional guilty
plea under North Carolina v. Alford3 to possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, reserving
his right to appeal the denial of his suppression motion.
ANALYSIS
Kennedy argues that the information Eisenberg-Arce and Ball knew when they detained
him provided only a mere hunch that he was engaged in criminal activity, rather than reasonable
suspicion. He therefore asserts that the detention was illegal and the trial court erred by denying his
motion to suppress the firearm the officers recovered when they searched his truck. We disagree.
“In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we ‘consider the facts in the light most
favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.’” Aponte v. Commonwealth, 68
Va. App. 146, 156 (2017) (quoting Hairston v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 552, 560 (2017)). We
are also bound by the trial court’s factual findings unless “plainly wrong” or without evidence to
support them, Malbrough v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 163, 168 (2008), and we “give due weight to
inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law enforcement officers,” Long v.
Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 700, 712 (2021) (quoting Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699
3 400 U.S. 25 (1970). -3- (1996)). We “presume—even in the absence of specific factual findings—that the trial court
resolved all factual ambiguities or inconsistencies in the evidence in favor of the prevailing party
and gave that party the benefit of all reasonably debatable inferences from the evidence.” Hill v.
Commonwealth, 297 Va. 804, 808 (2019). “It is the appellant’s burden to show that when viewing
the evidence in such a manner, the trial court committed reversible error.” Hairston, 67 Va. App. at
560. We review “the trial court’s application of the law de novo.” Malbrough, 275 Va. at 168-69.
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution safeguards “[t]he right of the
people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
seizures.” The Fourth Amendment is not “a guarantee against all searches and seizures, but only
against unreasonable searches and seizures.” Williams v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 439, 447
(2007) (quoting United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 682 (1985)). Indeed, “the ultimate
touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness.” McArthur v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App.
352, 362 (2020) (quoting Hill, 297 Va. at 822). “With regard to seizures, reasonableness depends
largely on the extent of the individual’s loss of freedom compared to the officer’s level of suspicion
of criminality against the individual.” Barkley v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 682, 691 (2003).
“There are no bright line rules to follow when determining whether a reasonable and
articulable suspicion exists to justify an investigatory stop.” Mitchell v. Commonwealth, 73
Va. App. 234, 246 (2021) (quoting Hoye v.
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges Beales, Causey and Senior Judge Petty Argued by videoconference
MALIK LUQUAM KENNEDY MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 1737-23-1 JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY OCTOBER 8, 2024 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK Everett A. Martin, Jr.,1 Judge
(J. Barry McCracken, Assistant Public Defender, on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.
Virginia B. Theisen, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Malik Luquam Kennedy challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress
evidence recovered from his vehicle. He argues that the officers seized him in violation of his
Fourth Amendment rights. Finding no error in the trial court’s judgment, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Just before dawn on May 3, 2023, Norfolk Police Officer Jarett Eisenberg-Arce was
dispatched to investigate a report that a pickup truck was blocking a resident’s driveway. When
he arrived, Eisenberg-Arce confirmed that the truck was blocking the driveway.2 The driver of
the pickup truck, later identified as Kennedy, was asleep in the driver’s seat with a blue and
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). 1 The Honorable Tasha D. Scott presided over the hearing on the motion to suppress. 2 Eisenberg-Arce testified that the resident “could not get his car out [of the driveway]. He had to go completely over the grass.” silver pistol in plain view on his lap. Eisenberg-Arce stepped away from the vehicle because he
did not want Kennedy “to wake up and just grab” the gun.
Eisenberg-Arce called for backup and stood behind the truck while watching Kennedy
through the truck’s window and driver’s side mirror. Kennedy soon awoke and saw
Eisenberg-Arce through the mirror. Eisenberg-Arce then saw “movement in the car” and
thought that Kennedy was leaning toward the truck’s passenger side. Eisenberg-Arce
immediately went to the driver’s side door but could no longer see the firearm. When he asked
where the gun was, Kennedy denied having a gun. Knowing that the “gun was still in play”
Eisenberg-Arce ordered Kennedy to place his hands on the steering wheel and open the door.
Eisenberg-Arce intended to “pat [Kennedy] down for [officer] safety and then figure out
everything else from there.” Eisenberg-Arce later testified that he detained Kennedy to
investigate possible felonious possession of a firearm but conceded that he did not have any
information at that point that Kennedy was a convicted felon.
Kennedy put his hands on the steering wheel but initially refused to open the door or exit
the truck. He agreed to exit the truck only after additional officers arrived, including Officer J.
Ball. Before he arrived at the scene, Ball had discovered from the “Norfolk database” that
Kennedy had “been arrested for multiple felonies or felonious events in the city of Norfolk.”
When he arrived, Ball asked Kennedy to exit the truck to further investigate the presence and
location of the firearm. After Kennedy exited the truck, Ball handcuffed him and “looked for the
firearm within the [area of Kennedy’s] wingspan.” Ball found a Smith & Wesson SD9 VE pistol
inside the center console. After recovering the firearm, Ball called the Police Operations Center
and learned that Kennedy was a convicted felon. The officers arrested Kennedy, and he was
later indicted for possessing a firearm as a convicted felon, in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2.
-2- Kennedy moved to suppress the firearm, asserting that the officers did not have a
reasonable articulable suspicion that he was committing a crime when they detained him.
Kennedy argued that because it is not a crime to sleep in a vehicle with a firearm on one’s lap,
nor is it a crime to secure a firearm in the center console or glove compartment of a vehicle,
neither officer had articulated any objective facts supporting the decision to detain him for
further investigation. The Commonwealth responded that the officers’ knowledge that a gun was
in the car and Kennedy’s concealment of the gun when he woke and saw Eisenberg-Arce
provided a reasonable and articulable suspicion for detaining Kennedy.
The trial court denied the suppression motion. Kennedy later entered a conditional guilty
plea under North Carolina v. Alford3 to possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, reserving
his right to appeal the denial of his suppression motion.
ANALYSIS
Kennedy argues that the information Eisenberg-Arce and Ball knew when they detained
him provided only a mere hunch that he was engaged in criminal activity, rather than reasonable
suspicion. He therefore asserts that the detention was illegal and the trial court erred by denying his
motion to suppress the firearm the officers recovered when they searched his truck. We disagree.
“In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we ‘consider the facts in the light most
favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.’” Aponte v. Commonwealth, 68
Va. App. 146, 156 (2017) (quoting Hairston v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 552, 560 (2017)). We
are also bound by the trial court’s factual findings unless “plainly wrong” or without evidence to
support them, Malbrough v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 163, 168 (2008), and we “give due weight to
inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law enforcement officers,” Long v.
Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 700, 712 (2021) (quoting Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699
3 400 U.S. 25 (1970). -3- (1996)). We “presume—even in the absence of specific factual findings—that the trial court
resolved all factual ambiguities or inconsistencies in the evidence in favor of the prevailing party
and gave that party the benefit of all reasonably debatable inferences from the evidence.” Hill v.
Commonwealth, 297 Va. 804, 808 (2019). “It is the appellant’s burden to show that when viewing
the evidence in such a manner, the trial court committed reversible error.” Hairston, 67 Va. App. at
560. We review “the trial court’s application of the law de novo.” Malbrough, 275 Va. at 168-69.
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution safeguards “[t]he right of the
people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
seizures.” The Fourth Amendment is not “a guarantee against all searches and seizures, but only
against unreasonable searches and seizures.” Williams v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 439, 447
(2007) (quoting United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 682 (1985)). Indeed, “the ultimate
touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness.” McArthur v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App.
352, 362 (2020) (quoting Hill, 297 Va. at 822). “With regard to seizures, reasonableness depends
largely on the extent of the individual’s loss of freedom compared to the officer’s level of suspicion
of criminality against the individual.” Barkley v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 682, 691 (2003).
“There are no bright line rules to follow when determining whether a reasonable and
articulable suspicion exists to justify an investigatory stop.” Mitchell v. Commonwealth, 73
Va. App. 234, 246 (2021) (quoting Hoye v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 132, 134-35 (1994)). At a
minimum, reasonable, articulable suspicion requires an officer to possess “‘a particularized and
objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped’ of breaking the law” when he detains a
citizen. Heien v. North Carolina, 574 U.S. 54, 60 (2014) (quoting Navarette v. California, 572 U.S.
393, 396 (2014)). “Although a mere ‘hunch’ does not create reasonable suspicion, the level of
suspicion the standard requires is ‘considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance
-4- of the evidence,’ and ‘obviously less’ than is necessary for probable cause.” Bland v.
Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 405, 413 (2016) (quoting Navarette, 572 U.S. at 397).
Reasonable suspicion “requires only ‘some minimal level of objective justification’ for
making such a stop.” Id. (quoting Beasley v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 381, 395 (2012)). The
possibility that an officer ultimately may be mistaken or that there could be an innocent explanation
for the facts causing the officer’s suspicion does not negate the officer’s reasonable, articulable
suspicion. Shifflett v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 732, 736 (2011). Indeed, Terry stops are
permitted to resolve ambiguities concerning conduct that may have an innocent explanation.
Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 125 (2000). In reviewing whether an officer possessed
reasonable, articulable suspicion sufficient to justify a seizure, a reviewing court must consider “the
totality of the circumstances—the whole picture.” United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 8 (1989)
(quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417 (1981)).
Considering the totality of the facts and circumstances known to Eisenberg-Arce and Ball
when they seized Kennedy,4 the trial court properly concluded that they had a reasonable,
articulable suspicion that Kennedy possessed a firearm unlawfully. When Eisenberg-Arce arrived
at the scene in the early morning hours, he found Kennedy asleep in the driver’s seat of a truck
that was blocking a residential driveway. Kennedy had a firearm on his lap in plain view. As
soon as Kennedy awoke and saw Eisenberg-Arce he leaned toward the truck’s passenger side.
After he did so, Eisenberg-Arce could no longer see the gun. When Eisenberg-Arce asked
Kennedy where the gun was, Kennedy falsely insisted that there was no firearm. Kennedy then
4 Kennedy concedes that he was not detained until he exited the vehicle. Although we are not bound by concessions of law, we agree with Kennedy. “A person is not seized according to the Fourth Amendment until he submits to a police officer’s show of authority.” Hill v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 610, 617 (2018). Eisenberg-Arce testified that Kennedy refused to open the door and did not fully cooperate or comply with his demands until after Ball arrived and convinced Kennedy to exit the truck. -5- refused to open the door as instructed. “The proper focus [of a reasonable suspicion inquiry] is
‘the more immediate interest of the police officer in taking steps to assure himself that the person
with whom he is dealing is not armed with a weapon that could unexpectedly and fatally be used
against him.’” Hill, 297 Va. at 813 (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 23 (1968)). Thus,
Eisenberg-Arce’s command that Kennedy place his hands on the steering wheel and open the
door was reasonable, as he did not know the firearm’s location but knew it “was still in play.”
Meanwhile Ball had learned that Kennedy had multiple felony arrests in Norfolk before
he arrived at the scene. That information added to the officers’ “particularized and objective
basis” for suspecting that Kennedy was a felon in possession of a firearm. Heien, 574 U.S. at 60
(quoting Navarette, 572 U.S. at 396). In other words, both officers articulated objective facts
known to them at the time of Kennedy’s detention. Those articulated facts supported their
reasonable suspicion that Kennedy was either concealing a weapon inside the truck or possessing a
weapon as a convicted felon. Kennedy’s actions in concealing the weapon after he saw
Eisenberg-Acre, lying about the presence of the gun inside the truck, and refusing to comply with
Eisenberg-Arce’s commands, coupled with his history of felony arrests, would lead an experienced
police officer to reasonably suspect “that criminal activity may be afoot.” Mason v.
Commonwealth, 291 Va. 362, 367 (2016). Given those circumstances, the officers could briefly
detain Kennedy to confirm or dispel their suspicions and to prevent him from causing harm to the
officers or others. It is well-settled that “‘legitimate and weighty’ risks [to police safety] cannot be
ignored given ‘the inordinate risk confronting an officer as he approaches a person seated in an
automobile.’” Hill, 297 Va. at 817 (quoting Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 110 (1977)).
And the “Fourth Amendment does not require a policeman . . . to simply shrug his shoulders and
allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape.” Christian v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 704,
713 (2000) (alteration in original) (quoting Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 145 (1972)).
-6- Finally, we reject Kennedy’s assertion that the officers lacked reasonable articulable
suspicion to detain him because they did not confirm he had any felony convictions before doing
so. The officers were not required to be certain that Kennedy was a convicted felon before
detaining him and trying to locate the concealed firearm. “The requisite level of belief, when
calibrated to reasonable suspicion, is less than probable cause, less than a preponderance, and
certainly less than beyond a reasonable doubt.” Hill, 297 Va. at 817. “All that is required is a
suspicion—a reasonable one that is not ‘the product of a volatile or inventive imagination’ or one
‘undertaken simply as an act of harassment.’” Id. (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 28). Eisenberg-Arce
and Ball had such reasonable suspicion here. Therefore, the trial court correctly denied Kennedy’s
suppression motion.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not err in denying
Kennedy’s suppression motion. The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
-7-