COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Russell, AtLee and Senior Judge Haley UNPUBLISHED
MALCOLM JASON MONROE MEMORANDUM OPINION* v. Record No. 2089-19-3 PER CURIAM MAY 5, 2020 JENNIFER WOOD MONROE, N/K/A JENNIFER WOOD LEE
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF AUGUSTA COUNTY Charles L. Ricketts, III, Judge
(Walter F. Green, IV, on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.
(Dana R. Cormier, on brief), for appellee. Appellee submitting on brief.
Malcolm Jason Monroe appeals the circuit court’s equitable distribution order. Monroe
argues that the circuit court judge erred by not recusing himself. Monroe also argues that the circuit
court erred in its classification of marital property and not considering his “separate property and
non-monetary contributions into the marital home.” Lastly, he challenges the award of attorney’s
fees to his former wife, Jennifer Wood Lee. Upon reviewing the record and briefs of the parties,
we conclude that the circuit court did not err. Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the circuit
court.
BACKGROUND
“When reviewing a trial court’s decision on appeal, we view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prevailing party, granting it the benefit of any reasonable inferences.”
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Menninger v. Menninger, 64 Va. App. 616, 618 (2015) (quoting Congdon v. Congdon, 40
Va. App. 255, 258 (2003)).
The parties married on June 1, 2007, and separated on November 18, 2016. Lee filed a
complaint for divorce, and Monroe filed an answer and counterclaim. The circuit court
bifurcated the matter and entered a final decree of divorce on January 31, 2019, while retaining
jurisdiction to consider spousal support, equitable distribution, and attorney’s fees and costs.
On October 8, 2019, the parties appeared before the circuit court for a hearing on the
outstanding matters.1 Monroe argued that he was entitled to half of the equity in the former
marital residence and claimed to have made monetary and non-monetary contributions to the
property. Lee presented evidence that her father had executed a deed of gift and transferred the
former marital residence to her during the marriage. She further produced evidence that the
parties had obtained a joint line of credit that was secured by a deed of trust on the former
marital residence. The parties subsequently refinanced and satisfied the credit line after
obtaining a new mortgage. Lee later refinanced the loan into her name only and requested to be
reimbursed for monies used to pay for Monroe’s credit cards, car loan, and truck purchase, as
well as the monies he withdrew after the parties’ separation. Lee also presented evidence
documenting the amount of attorney’s fees she had incurred and asked for an award of attorney’s
fees.
After hearing the evidence and argument, the circuit court took the matter under
advisement and issued a letter opinion on October 29, 2019. The circuit court reviewed the
equitable distribution factors from Code § 20-107.3, although the evidence regarding the factors
was “extremely limited.” The circuit court held that there was no marital property and that the
former marital residence was Lee’s separate property, acquired by a deed of gift. While
1 Spousal support was not contested at the final hearing. -2- acknowledging Monroe’s argument that his personal efforts and contributions led to an increase
in the value of the property, the circuit court found that Monroe failed to meet his burden of
proving that “personal effort was made and that the separate property increased in value,” as
required by Code § 20-107.3, because Monroe failed to present any evidence “as to the value of
the property either before his contributions or currently.” The circuit court found that the
mortgage was a marital debt and ordered Monroe to pay a portion of the loan attributed to his
expenses and withdrawal of funds. Lastly, the circuit court ordered Monroe to pay part of Lee’s
attorney’s fees and costs. Monroe noted his objections to the circuit court’s ruling.
On December 10, 2019, the circuit court entered the equitable distribution order. This
appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Recusal of judge
At the beginning of the circuit court hearing, the judge informed the parties that he had
received a message from Monroe’s counsel, who had advised him that Lee’s mother was a clerk
in the juvenile and domestic relations district court (the JDR court) where the judge had presided
from 2005 until 2013. Although the judge knew Lee’s mother, he did not know Lee or Monroe.
The judge specifically asked Monroe if he had any objections to him hearing the case because
the judge did not “want anybody to feel uncomfortable with it.” Monroe responded that he did
not have “any problems” with the judge hearing the case.
After receiving the judge’s letter opinion, Monroe filed his objections, including that the
court “had a conflict that could not be cured by consent.” On appeal, Monroe argues that the
judge erred by not recusing himself from presiding over the case because he knew Lee’s mother.
“Under Canon 3E(1) of the Canons of Judicial Conduct, ‘A judge shall disqualify himself
or herself in a proceeding in which the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned,
-3- including but not limited to instances where . . . [t]he judge has a personal bias or prejudice
concerning a party.’” Prieto v. Commonwealth, 283 Va. 149, 163 (2012). “Where a judge
advises the parties at the beginning of a hearing that the judge knows a claimant and asks if any
party has a problem with the judge’s presiding over the case, and counsel states that they have no
problem, the claimants have waived recusal.” 46 Am. Jur. 2d Judges § 206. “A party effectively
acquiesces to a judge hearing the case when the party brings up the issue of disqualification only
after receiving an adverse ruling.” Id.
We find that Monroe waived his objection to the judge hearing the case. Moreover, a
judge is not required “to recuse him or herself from a case merely because he or she has seen or
had indirect knowledge of the defendant on a previous occasion, without a showing of bias or
prejudice.” Commonwealth v. Jackson, 267 Va. 226, 229 (2004). Monroe failed to prove that
the judge was biased or prejudiced. Id.; see also Prieto, 283 Va. at 163.
Equitable distribution
Monroe argues that the circuit court erred in classifying the marital property and not
considering his separate property and non-monetary contributions to the former marital home.
Monroe asserts that the circuit court erred by ordering him to pay a portion of the marital debt on
the marital residence and not awarding him “any portion of the marital home.” He contends that
he sold two real estate parcels, invested the funds into the marital estate, and made substantial
efforts in improving the former marital residence by replacing the roof, installing new flooring,
replacing fencing, and painting the house.
“On appeal, ‘decisions concerning equitable distribution rest within the sound discretion of
the trial court and will not be reversed unless plainly wrong or unsupported by the evidence.’”
Layman v. Layman, 62 Va. App. 134, 137 (2013) (quoting McDavid v. McDavid, 19 Va. App. 406,
407-08 (1994)). “In reviewing an equitable distribution award on appeal, we have recognized
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Russell, AtLee and Senior Judge Haley UNPUBLISHED
MALCOLM JASON MONROE MEMORANDUM OPINION* v. Record No. 2089-19-3 PER CURIAM MAY 5, 2020 JENNIFER WOOD MONROE, N/K/A JENNIFER WOOD LEE
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF AUGUSTA COUNTY Charles L. Ricketts, III, Judge
(Walter F. Green, IV, on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.
(Dana R. Cormier, on brief), for appellee. Appellee submitting on brief.
Malcolm Jason Monroe appeals the circuit court’s equitable distribution order. Monroe
argues that the circuit court judge erred by not recusing himself. Monroe also argues that the circuit
court erred in its classification of marital property and not considering his “separate property and
non-monetary contributions into the marital home.” Lastly, he challenges the award of attorney’s
fees to his former wife, Jennifer Wood Lee. Upon reviewing the record and briefs of the parties,
we conclude that the circuit court did not err. Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the circuit
court.
BACKGROUND
“When reviewing a trial court’s decision on appeal, we view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prevailing party, granting it the benefit of any reasonable inferences.”
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Menninger v. Menninger, 64 Va. App. 616, 618 (2015) (quoting Congdon v. Congdon, 40
Va. App. 255, 258 (2003)).
The parties married on June 1, 2007, and separated on November 18, 2016. Lee filed a
complaint for divorce, and Monroe filed an answer and counterclaim. The circuit court
bifurcated the matter and entered a final decree of divorce on January 31, 2019, while retaining
jurisdiction to consider spousal support, equitable distribution, and attorney’s fees and costs.
On October 8, 2019, the parties appeared before the circuit court for a hearing on the
outstanding matters.1 Monroe argued that he was entitled to half of the equity in the former
marital residence and claimed to have made monetary and non-monetary contributions to the
property. Lee presented evidence that her father had executed a deed of gift and transferred the
former marital residence to her during the marriage. She further produced evidence that the
parties had obtained a joint line of credit that was secured by a deed of trust on the former
marital residence. The parties subsequently refinanced and satisfied the credit line after
obtaining a new mortgage. Lee later refinanced the loan into her name only and requested to be
reimbursed for monies used to pay for Monroe’s credit cards, car loan, and truck purchase, as
well as the monies he withdrew after the parties’ separation. Lee also presented evidence
documenting the amount of attorney’s fees she had incurred and asked for an award of attorney’s
fees.
After hearing the evidence and argument, the circuit court took the matter under
advisement and issued a letter opinion on October 29, 2019. The circuit court reviewed the
equitable distribution factors from Code § 20-107.3, although the evidence regarding the factors
was “extremely limited.” The circuit court held that there was no marital property and that the
former marital residence was Lee’s separate property, acquired by a deed of gift. While
1 Spousal support was not contested at the final hearing. -2- acknowledging Monroe’s argument that his personal efforts and contributions led to an increase
in the value of the property, the circuit court found that Monroe failed to meet his burden of
proving that “personal effort was made and that the separate property increased in value,” as
required by Code § 20-107.3, because Monroe failed to present any evidence “as to the value of
the property either before his contributions or currently.” The circuit court found that the
mortgage was a marital debt and ordered Monroe to pay a portion of the loan attributed to his
expenses and withdrawal of funds. Lastly, the circuit court ordered Monroe to pay part of Lee’s
attorney’s fees and costs. Monroe noted his objections to the circuit court’s ruling.
On December 10, 2019, the circuit court entered the equitable distribution order. This
appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Recusal of judge
At the beginning of the circuit court hearing, the judge informed the parties that he had
received a message from Monroe’s counsel, who had advised him that Lee’s mother was a clerk
in the juvenile and domestic relations district court (the JDR court) where the judge had presided
from 2005 until 2013. Although the judge knew Lee’s mother, he did not know Lee or Monroe.
The judge specifically asked Monroe if he had any objections to him hearing the case because
the judge did not “want anybody to feel uncomfortable with it.” Monroe responded that he did
not have “any problems” with the judge hearing the case.
After receiving the judge’s letter opinion, Monroe filed his objections, including that the
court “had a conflict that could not be cured by consent.” On appeal, Monroe argues that the
judge erred by not recusing himself from presiding over the case because he knew Lee’s mother.
“Under Canon 3E(1) of the Canons of Judicial Conduct, ‘A judge shall disqualify himself
or herself in a proceeding in which the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned,
-3- including but not limited to instances where . . . [t]he judge has a personal bias or prejudice
concerning a party.’” Prieto v. Commonwealth, 283 Va. 149, 163 (2012). “Where a judge
advises the parties at the beginning of a hearing that the judge knows a claimant and asks if any
party has a problem with the judge’s presiding over the case, and counsel states that they have no
problem, the claimants have waived recusal.” 46 Am. Jur. 2d Judges § 206. “A party effectively
acquiesces to a judge hearing the case when the party brings up the issue of disqualification only
after receiving an adverse ruling.” Id.
We find that Monroe waived his objection to the judge hearing the case. Moreover, a
judge is not required “to recuse him or herself from a case merely because he or she has seen or
had indirect knowledge of the defendant on a previous occasion, without a showing of bias or
prejudice.” Commonwealth v. Jackson, 267 Va. 226, 229 (2004). Monroe failed to prove that
the judge was biased or prejudiced. Id.; see also Prieto, 283 Va. at 163.
Equitable distribution
Monroe argues that the circuit court erred in classifying the marital property and not
considering his separate property and non-monetary contributions to the former marital home.
Monroe asserts that the circuit court erred by ordering him to pay a portion of the marital debt on
the marital residence and not awarding him “any portion of the marital home.” He contends that
he sold two real estate parcels, invested the funds into the marital estate, and made substantial
efforts in improving the former marital residence by replacing the roof, installing new flooring,
replacing fencing, and painting the house.
“On appeal, ‘decisions concerning equitable distribution rest within the sound discretion of
the trial court and will not be reversed unless plainly wrong or unsupported by the evidence.’”
Layman v. Layman, 62 Va. App. 134, 137 (2013) (quoting McDavid v. McDavid, 19 Va. App. 406,
407-08 (1994)). “In reviewing an equitable distribution award on appeal, we have recognized
-4- that the trial court’s job is a difficult one, and we rely heavily on the discretion of the trial judge
in weighing the many considerations and circumstances that are presented in each case.”
Fadness v. Fadness, 52 Va. App. 833, 841 (2008) (quoting Klein v. Klein, 11 Va. App. 155, 161
(1990)). “The General Assembly has given circuit courts the discretion to determine the
equitable distribution of marital assets in connection with a divorce. Its discretion is limited only
in that the circuit court must consider all of the factors in Code § 20-107.3(E).” Id. at 842.
“Because the trial court’s classification of property is a finding of fact, that classification will not
be reversed on appeal unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Wright v.
Wright, 61 Va. App. 432, 451 (2013) (quoting Ranney v. Ranney, 45 Va. App. 17, 31-32
(2005)).
“Separate property is . . . all property acquired during the marriage by . . . gift from a
source other than the other party . . . .” Code § 20-107.3(A)(1). The evidence proved that Lee
acquired the former marital residence by a deed of gift from her father,2 so it was presumptively
Lee’s separate property. Id. Monroe argued, however, that his contributions and personal efforts
transmuted the separate property into hybrid property.
In the case of the increase in value of separate property during the marriage, such increase in value shall be marital property only to the extent that marital property or the personal efforts of either party have contributed to such increases, provided that any such personal efforts must be significant and result in substantial appreciation of the separate property.
Code § 20-107.3(A)(3)(a). “[T]he nonowning spouse shall bear the burden of proving that
(i) contributions of marital property or personal effort were made and (ii) the separate property
increased in value.” Id. see also David v. David, 287 Va. 231, 239 (2014).
2 Monroe acknowledged at trial that no interest in the property had been deeded to him. -5- Regardless of any contributions or personal efforts that Monroe might have made, he
presented no evidence about the value of the former marital residence. By not presenting
evidence on the issue, Monroe failed to meet his burden under Code § 20-107.3(A)(3)(a) of
proving that the home’s value increased. Therefore, the circuit court did not err in classifying the
former marital residence as Lee’s separate property, as opposed to hybrid property.
Monroe also argues that the circuit court erred in ordering him to pay a portion of the
marital debt. The evidence proved that the parties had taken out an equity line and a mortgage
on the former marital residence and that they used the proceeds to pay some of Monroe’s
expenses, including his car loan and his credit cards. Monroe also admitted to withdrawing
funds from the loan.
The circuit court did not err in classifying the loan as marital debt because it was
“incurred in the joint names of the parties before the date of the last separation of the parties.”
Code § 20-107.3(A)(5). Furthermore, the circuit court had the authority to “apportion and order
the payment of the debts of the parties . . . based upon the factors listed in subsection E.” Code
§ 20-107.3(C). In its letter opinion, the circuit court considered the Code § 20-107.3(E) factors
and then determined the amount of Monroe’s share of the marital debt.
Based on the record, the circuit court did not err in classifying the property and debt and
ordering Monroe to pay a portion of the marital debt.
Attorney’s fees
Monroe argues that the circuit court erred in ordering him to pay any of Lee’s attorney’s
fees. “[A]n award of attorney’s fees is a matter submitted to the trial court’s sound discretion
and is reviewable on appeal only for an abuse of discretion.” Allen v. Allen, 66 Va. App. 586,
601 (2016) (quoting Richardson v. Richardson, 30 Va. App. 341, 351 (1999)). “An abuse of
discretion occurs ‘only “when reasonable jurists could not differ”’ as to the proper decision.” Id.
-6- (quoting Brandau v. Brandau, 52 Va. App. 632, 641 (2008)). “[T]he key to a proper award of
counsel fees [is] reasonableness under all of the circumstances revealed by the record.” Id. at
602 (quoting McGinnis v. McGinnis, 1 Va. App. 272, 277 (1985)).
The circuit court based its award on the circumstances of the case and Monroe’s
“unsubstantiated claims.” Based on the record, we find that the circuit court did not abuse its
discretion in awarding attorney’s fees to Lee.
Appellate attorney’s fees and costs
Lee asks this Court to award her attorney’s fees and costs incurred on appeal. See
O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695 (1996). “The decision of whether to award
attorney’s fees and costs incurred on appeal is discretionary.” Friedman v. Smith, 68 Va. App.
529, 545 (2018). Having reviewed and considered the entire record in this case, we hold that Lee
is entitled to a reasonable amount of attorney’s fees and costs, and we remand for the circuit
court to set a reasonable award of attorney’s fees and costs incurred by Lee in this appeal. Rule
5A:30(b).
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s ruling is affirmed. We remand this case to
the circuit court for determination and award of the appropriate appellate attorney’s fees and
costs, which also should include any additional attorney’s fees incurred at the remand hearing.
Affirmed and remanded.
-7-