Scott, Justice.
An information was filed in the District Court of Uinta County on November 4, 1908, charging Charles Maki with the crime of murder in the first degree. He was duly arraigned, pleaded not guilty and was subsequently tried and found guilty of manslaughter. He filed a motion for a new trial which was overruled, judgment was pronounced against him upon the verdict, and he brings error.
1. The plaintiff in error was sworn and testified as a witness at the. coroner’s inquest. The coroner testified as a witness at- the trial on behalf of the State and inquiry was made as to statements made by the plaintiff in error in his evidence given at the inquest. The defendant was per[485]*485mitted to interrogate the witness as to the conditions under which he so testified. Upon the answers to such interrogatories the defendant objected to the witness testifying to what he said under oath at .the coroner’s inquest for the reason that his statements were not voluntarily made, but were made at a time when he was under arrest for the crime charged in the information and had not been apprised by the coroner that he was under no obligation to testify, and that if he did testify at such inquest his statements might be used against him upon his trial. The objection was overruled and an exception reserved.
The evidence of the coroner shows that the plaintiff in error was under arrest at the time he gave his evidence before the coroner for killing the deceased, whose dead body and the nature of the death was then the subject of the coroner’s inquest. He was not informed that what he said might be used against him upon his trial, nor was he advised of his rights in the matter nor does it appear that he had the benefit of counsel. Under such circumstances it is contended by the defendant that evidence of what he then and there testified to under the surrounding conditions was inadmissible as evidence against him upon the trial. This evidence was material. It tended to show that he was present with the deceased at the time and place when the latter received his death blow. The evidence was largely circumstantial and the defendant did not testify as a witness upon the trial.
The right of the State to use this evidence turns upon the question as to whether it was voluntarily given by the plaintiff in error at the coroner’s inquest. If it is not stamped with that essential requirement then it was inadmissible and prejudicial for it was one of the constitutional rights of the defendant that he should not be compelled to testify against himself. (Sec. 11, Art. I of the Constitution.) It is the general rule that self-criminating statements are not per se admissible over objection when the evidence discloses that the defendant was in custody for the [486]*486crime charged at the time of making such statements unless shown to have been voluntarily made. Under this rule there is no presumption that such statements are voluntarily made but on the contrary the presumption is the other way, and upon the trial of an accused the burden is upon the State seeking to prove such statements to show their voluntary character. It is impossible to show this where the accused is under arrest for the crime under investigation by the coroner’s jury, and upon such investigation the criminating statements /were made under oath without also showing that he had the benefit of counsel or was fully informed of his rights. He was not here told that he need not make a statement or might make a statement or be sworn as a witness and that if he made a statement whether under oath or not it might be used against him if subsequently tried upon the charge for which he was then under arrest and that he could do as he pleased about the matter. It is true that the coroner testified that the accused voluntarily gave his evidence but he also said in answer to an inquiry propounded by the Court as to what he said to the accused before the latter testified and as to what the accused said, “I just merely asked him if he wanted to testify and my recollection is he stated he did. I believe that was all that was said.” Upon the inquiry of the coroner, the accused, being then under arrest for the crime being investigated, was brought before the coroner’s jury and- without being informed of his rights or warned that his evidence might thereafter be used against him was sworn as a witness and gave the evidence which was introduced upon the trial over the objection that it was not shown to be of that voluntary nature to entitle it to admission.
The word voluntary as applied to evidence given by one at a coroner’s inquest who is not under arrest but who knew he was under suspicion of having perpetrated the homicide under investigation, and who was subpoenaed as a witness and afterward charged and tried for such homicide is [487]*487learnedly discussed in Tuttle v. People, 33 Colo. 243, 70 L. R. A. 33. In that case the court adopts the definition of what constitutes a voluntary statement used in this sense as given in State v. Clifford, 86 Iowa 850, 41 Am. St. Rep. 518, 53 N. W. 299, as follows: “A statement, to have been voluntarily made must proceed from the spontaneous suggestion of the party’s own mind, free from the influence of any extraneous disturbing cause.” The court proceeds to discuss the way of determining whether such extraneous disturbing cause exists in a given case which would exclude such statement from the inhibition of the Constitution and lays down the rule that the surrounding circumstances must govern in each particular case. It was there held that the refusal of the witness to testify or had he claimed his constitutional right not to testify would probably, owing to the surrounding conditions, have subjected the defendant to immediate arrest upon the charge of murdering the deceased and that evidence given under such conditions must be held to have been not voluntary but under the influence of a disturbing cause. In 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, 225, it is said with reference to this subject: “The manner of the examination is therefore particularly regarded; and if it appears .that the prisoner had not been left wholly free, and did not consider himself to be so in what he was called upon to say, or did not feel himself at liberty to wholly decline any explanation or declaration whatever, the examination is not held to have been voluntary.” In the case before us there was no expression of a desire or willingness on the part of the prisoner to testify until it was drawn from him by a question from the coroner. The suggestion was not therefore spontaneous and springing out of the prisoner’s mind but came from and through the inquiry of the coroner, and under conditions that a refusal to testify would constitute a powerful incentive in the minds of the officers of the law to continue his incarceration.
The defendant in a criminal case under our.statute is a competent witness in his own behalf. It is optional with [488]*488him whether he will avail himself of the right. Under the common law he could not testify as a witness, though his confessions or criminating statements if voluntarily made could be used as evidence against him. The rule surrounding such confessions or admissions that developed under the common law have been extended and applied in cases where the common law disability has been removed by statute to confessions or criminating statements made under oath by the accused who is then under arrest, though the courts differ as to whether a criminating statement so made at a coroner’s inquest irrespective of its voluntary character is admissible at all.
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Scott, Justice.
An information was filed in the District Court of Uinta County on November 4, 1908, charging Charles Maki with the crime of murder in the first degree. He was duly arraigned, pleaded not guilty and was subsequently tried and found guilty of manslaughter. He filed a motion for a new trial which was overruled, judgment was pronounced against him upon the verdict, and he brings error.
1. The plaintiff in error was sworn and testified as a witness at the. coroner’s inquest. The coroner testified as a witness at- the trial on behalf of the State and inquiry was made as to statements made by the plaintiff in error in his evidence given at the inquest. The defendant was per[485]*485mitted to interrogate the witness as to the conditions under which he so testified. Upon the answers to such interrogatories the defendant objected to the witness testifying to what he said under oath at .the coroner’s inquest for the reason that his statements were not voluntarily made, but were made at a time when he was under arrest for the crime charged in the information and had not been apprised by the coroner that he was under no obligation to testify, and that if he did testify at such inquest his statements might be used against him upon his trial. The objection was overruled and an exception reserved.
The evidence of the coroner shows that the plaintiff in error was under arrest at the time he gave his evidence before the coroner for killing the deceased, whose dead body and the nature of the death was then the subject of the coroner’s inquest. He was not informed that what he said might be used against him upon his trial, nor was he advised of his rights in the matter nor does it appear that he had the benefit of counsel. Under such circumstances it is contended by the defendant that evidence of what he then and there testified to under the surrounding conditions was inadmissible as evidence against him upon the trial. This evidence was material. It tended to show that he was present with the deceased at the time and place when the latter received his death blow. The evidence was largely circumstantial and the defendant did not testify as a witness upon the trial.
The right of the State to use this evidence turns upon the question as to whether it was voluntarily given by the plaintiff in error at the coroner’s inquest. If it is not stamped with that essential requirement then it was inadmissible and prejudicial for it was one of the constitutional rights of the defendant that he should not be compelled to testify against himself. (Sec. 11, Art. I of the Constitution.) It is the general rule that self-criminating statements are not per se admissible over objection when the evidence discloses that the defendant was in custody for the [486]*486crime charged at the time of making such statements unless shown to have been voluntarily made. Under this rule there is no presumption that such statements are voluntarily made but on the contrary the presumption is the other way, and upon the trial of an accused the burden is upon the State seeking to prove such statements to show their voluntary character. It is impossible to show this where the accused is under arrest for the crime under investigation by the coroner’s jury, and upon such investigation the criminating statements /were made under oath without also showing that he had the benefit of counsel or was fully informed of his rights. He was not here told that he need not make a statement or might make a statement or be sworn as a witness and that if he made a statement whether under oath or not it might be used against him if subsequently tried upon the charge for which he was then under arrest and that he could do as he pleased about the matter. It is true that the coroner testified that the accused voluntarily gave his evidence but he also said in answer to an inquiry propounded by the Court as to what he said to the accused before the latter testified and as to what the accused said, “I just merely asked him if he wanted to testify and my recollection is he stated he did. I believe that was all that was said.” Upon the inquiry of the coroner, the accused, being then under arrest for the crime being investigated, was brought before the coroner’s jury and- without being informed of his rights or warned that his evidence might thereafter be used against him was sworn as a witness and gave the evidence which was introduced upon the trial over the objection that it was not shown to be of that voluntary nature to entitle it to admission.
The word voluntary as applied to evidence given by one at a coroner’s inquest who is not under arrest but who knew he was under suspicion of having perpetrated the homicide under investigation, and who was subpoenaed as a witness and afterward charged and tried for such homicide is [487]*487learnedly discussed in Tuttle v. People, 33 Colo. 243, 70 L. R. A. 33. In that case the court adopts the definition of what constitutes a voluntary statement used in this sense as given in State v. Clifford, 86 Iowa 850, 41 Am. St. Rep. 518, 53 N. W. 299, as follows: “A statement, to have been voluntarily made must proceed from the spontaneous suggestion of the party’s own mind, free from the influence of any extraneous disturbing cause.” The court proceeds to discuss the way of determining whether such extraneous disturbing cause exists in a given case which would exclude such statement from the inhibition of the Constitution and lays down the rule that the surrounding circumstances must govern in each particular case. It was there held that the refusal of the witness to testify or had he claimed his constitutional right not to testify would probably, owing to the surrounding conditions, have subjected the defendant to immediate arrest upon the charge of murdering the deceased and that evidence given under such conditions must be held to have been not voluntary but under the influence of a disturbing cause. In 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, 225, it is said with reference to this subject: “The manner of the examination is therefore particularly regarded; and if it appears .that the prisoner had not been left wholly free, and did not consider himself to be so in what he was called upon to say, or did not feel himself at liberty to wholly decline any explanation or declaration whatever, the examination is not held to have been voluntary.” In the case before us there was no expression of a desire or willingness on the part of the prisoner to testify until it was drawn from him by a question from the coroner. The suggestion was not therefore spontaneous and springing out of the prisoner’s mind but came from and through the inquiry of the coroner, and under conditions that a refusal to testify would constitute a powerful incentive in the minds of the officers of the law to continue his incarceration.
The defendant in a criminal case under our.statute is a competent witness in his own behalf. It is optional with [488]*488him whether he will avail himself of the right. Under the common law he could not testify as a witness, though his confessions or criminating statements if voluntarily made could be used as evidence against him. The rule surrounding such confessions or admissions that developed under the common law have been extended and applied in cases where the common law disability has been removed by statute to confessions or criminating statements made under oath by the accused who is then under arrest, though the courts differ as to whether a criminating statement so made at a coroner’s inquest irrespective of its voluntary character is admissible at all. The great weight of authority and the trend of the later decisions is to the effect that if he has been advised of his rights and duly cautioned and he then testifies voluntarily his evidence is admissible against him. (People v. McMakon, 15 N. Y. 384; People v. Minden, 103 N. Y. 211, 57 Am. Rep. 709, 8 N. E. 496; People v. Chapleau, 121 N. Y. 266, 24 N. E. 469; People v. Wright, 136 N. Y. 625, 32 N. E. 629; Lyon v. People, 137 Ill. 602, 27 N. E. 677; Wood v. State, 22 Tex. App. 431, 3 S. W. 366; State v. Garvey, 25 La. Ann. 191; Steele v. State, 76 Miss. 387, 24 So. 910.) The object and purpose of warning the accused under such circumstances is two-fold: First, that it may be brought home to his mind that what he says under oath may be usesd against him and being so informed that he may be free to act as he pleases; and second, that a legal proceeding may not be converted into an inquisition. It is true that every one is presumed to know the law and to assume the consequences of his own acts and upon this theory it was held by the Supreme Court of Missouri that the evidence of one not under arrest who admitted the killing and voluntarily appears and testifies before a coroner’s jury may be used against him in the absence of a showing that the coroner informed him of his rights. (State v. Mullins, 101 Mo. 514, 14 S. W. 625.) This and other Missouri cases (State v. Young, 119 Mo. 495, 24 S. W. 1038; State v. David, 131 Mo. 380, 33 S. W. [489]*48938) are distinguishable upon the facts from the case before us for in each of those cases the defendant was not under arrest at the time he gave his testimony at the coroner’s inquest. In State v. Young, supra, notwithstanding that he was not under arrest, the defendant being an ignorant German boy, who at the time of the inquest was under suspicion of having committed the homicide and without the aid or advice of counsel, and not having been informed of his rights by the coroner gave his evidence. It was held that such evidence could not be subsequently used against him on his trial for the homicide. In Schoeffler v. State, 3 Wis. 717, thé statement under oath of the defendant in the form of a deposition was taken before the coroner at the inquest and redúced to writing at a time when the defendant was not under arrest but under suspicion in the neighborhood of having committed the homicide for which he was subsequently tried and convicted. He was neither, cautioned nor informed of his right to decline to answer any question. His evidence was held admissible because (the defendant was not at the time charged with the commission of the crime. In Clough v. State, 7 Neb. 320, 339, the record did not show that the defendant was under oath at the time he made the statements before the coroner’s jury and they were held to have been properly admitted. In State v. Young, 60 N. C. (1 Winst. Law.) 126, the prisoner was arrested as a witness, brought before the coroner’s jury and subjected to a rigid examination. The evidence was held to be not voluntarily given and’ for that reason inadmissible against the prisoner upon a trial for the homicide. The last three cases are distinguishable upon the facts from the case here presented where the defendant was in the custody and charged with the crime at the time he gave his evidence before the coroner’s jury. While the decisions are not in harmony as to the rights of one who is not under arrest for the crime under investigation at the time he gave his evidence before, a coroner’s jury as a witness, they are practically unanimous as to one who is under [490]*490arrest and charged with the commission of the homicide at the time he is sworn and gives evidence before such jury. The person so under arrest and charged with the commission of the homicide and who is without counsel is entitled to be informed of his right to decline to be a witness, or to answer any question and properly cautioned as essential elements in determining the voluntary character of his statements then and there made. He is physically restrained of his liberty. In that sense he is not free to do and act as he pleases and there is a very natural presumption that this restraint extends to and affects his mind to the extent that he would not freely say' or admit those things which might thereafter be used as evidence against him. This presumption is not, however, conclusive but may be overcome if it be made to appear from the evidence that after being cautioned and informed as to his rights the prisoner voluntarily stibmits himself to examination under oath. Until he is so informed and cautioned the law does not recognize his mind to be sufficiently free from the impending peril of his situation so as to entitle his statements to admission as evidence against him. Not alone upon the question that they may^be untrue but that the mind must also be left free to act with knowledge of the possible consequences.
We are of the opinion that the Court committed prejudicial error in admitting over the objection of the plaintiff in error the evidence of his statements made under oath before the coroner’s jury at a time when he was under arrest and charged with the commission of the homicide and in the absence of any caution or information as to his rights.
2. It is assigned as error that the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict. It is unnecessary to review the evidence upon this assignment and it would be improper for us to do so as the judgment will have to be reversed and a new trial awarded for.the error previously discussed.
Reversed.
Beard, C. J., and Potter, J., concur.