COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
MAGDALENA MORALES, § No. 08-06-00067-CR Appellant, § Appeal from the v. § 171st Judicial District Court § THE STATE OF TEXAS, of El Paso County, Texas § Appellee. (TC# 20050D02077) §
OPINION
This is an appeal from a conviction of theft of property valued at $100,000 or more but
less than $200,000. We affirm.
Officer David Hernandez of the El Paso Police Department was assigned to a tactical unit
in October of 2004 that was investigating burglaries of habitations and businesses, thefts of
construction equipment, and all-terrain vehicles (ATVs). About a year earlier, the police had
received a tip implicating the Moraleses and tactical units began surveilling homes at 222
Pasodale and 114 Gaspar.
On October 5, 2004, Officer Hernandez, driving by114 Gaspar, noticed two trailers
loaded with heavy machinery equipment, and on a second drive-by saw a cement mixer, ladders,
and an ATV. He called in for additional surveillance units. He was joined by Officer Jesus
Hernandez and Officer Minjarez. Officer David Hernandez saw Mr. Jesus J. Morales securing
and moving some property on a trailer with an unknown Hispanic male. The two men got into a
Dodge Durango that was hitched to one of the trailers. The Durango drove off with a trailer loaded with ladders, gym equipment, cement mixer, and other items. Two police units followed
the Durango to 222 Pasodale, where the pickup and trailer briefly parked in the yard. When the
pickup and trailer left the Pasodale house surveillance was taken over by Sergeant De Avila in an
unmarked car.
Officer Hernandez testified that he waited at 222 Pasodale. He saw Mr. Morales arrive
with his wife. Then the officers saw a van arrive and the van driver talking to Mr. Morales.
Mr. Morales and the driver then hitched what the officers thought to be a generator to the van.
Officer Hernandez alerted other units that the van was leaving the premises with heavy
equipment. Officer Hernandez followed. When the van failed to signal a turn, a marked police
car was alerted to stop the van for the traffic offense. Sergeant Briones stopped the van on Loop
375. The “generator” was actually a welder. He obtained identifiers from the welder to see if it
had been reported stolen. The driver of the van, Mr. Carmona, was arrested for possession of
stolen property.
Sergeant Briones was then instructed to go to the 9000 block of Alameda, where he
stopped Mr. Jesus Morales and his father. Sergeant Briones told them that Mr. Morales was
being detained for investigation of a theft.
As he was placing Mr. Jesus Morales in the back of his car, he was approached by
Magdalena Morales and Leonor Morales, Mr. Morales’ sisters. The sisters asked about the stop,
and Sergeant Briones explained to them why the stop occurred. The sisters asked about how
their father was doing. Sergeant Briones then learned from Magdalena that she resides at 114
Gaspar. Magdalena told him that she was the owner and in control of the residence, and lived
there with her father and mother. Sergeant Briones then asked for consent to search for possible
-2- stolen items at her residence, which she gave but only as to the outside of her house. She also
stated that there was no stolen property there, and that whatever was outside was bought by her
brother at swap meets for which she had receipts. Sergeant Briones filled out a consent to search
form, which was witnessed by her sister and Officer Hernandez. Magdalena, Lorena, and their
father drove to 114 Gaspar in their own car while the officers went in their cars. After arriving at
the address, Sergeant Briones met with the other officers there, and advised them of the consent
to search the outside of the property. Sergeant Briones asked Magdalena for the receipts she had
mentioned, so they could take a look at them. The officers began searching the exterior, and
found some stolen property at which point they paused the search, to acquire a search warrant for
the entire property. A search warrant was obtained, and the inside and outside of the residence
on Gaspar were searched. A search warrant was also executed at the Pasodale residence, and
property was collected from inside and outside the house at this location as well.
Jesus J. Morales, Magdalena Morales, Baudelio Morales, Jesus Morales, Erick Morales,
Leonor Morales, Sylvia Morales, Lorena Morales, Leonor Morales, Lorena Morales, and Oscar
Miramontes were all indicted with one count of theft over $100,000 (aggregated) and one count
of engaging in organized crime. At trial, the State presented more than thirty complaining
witnesses who testified they had been a victim of theft, indicated what was taken, identified their
property in a photo taken either at 114 Gaspar or 222 Pasodale, that they did not know who had
stolen it, and none of the defendants had their consent to have the property at either location.
The State also introduced evidence that Jesus J. Morales was a co-owner of 222 Pasodale.
After the State rested, the trial judge entered a directed verdict for all the defendants
regarding the engaging in organized crime charge, and a directed verdict for the theft charge for
-3- all the defendants except Jesus J. Morales and Magdalena Morales.
During jury deliberations, the original trial judge was not present. However, the original
trial judge would provide responses to the jury’s questions, and the presiding judge would rule on
any objections the attorneys made to the response to the jury. The jury submitted a question as to
whether there was a plea bargain for the defendants who were no longer a part of the trial. The
answer provided by the judge was “[y]ou are only to consider the evidence admitted in this case.”
The jury let the court know through the bailiff that they had reached a conclusion on one cause,
but were deadlocked 10-2 on the other. The instruction provided by the original trial judge was
“[y]ou must continue to deliberate with a view of reaching a unanimous verdict in both cases.”
The jury asked to recess for the day, and consider it anew in the morning when they would more
likely have a fresh outlook. The court responded that they could take a fifteen minute break, but
must remain together, and would then continue deliberations.
Appellant was found guilty of theft by the jury. She was sentenced to five years’
confinement suspended for five years’ community supervision. Jesus J. Morales was sentenced
to eight years’ confinement after being found guilty of theft.1 Appellant raises twenty-one issues
on appeal.
In Issues One and Two, Appellant contends the evidence is legally and factually
insufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the items were appropriated without the
effective consent of the owners. In Issues Three and Four, Appellant contends that the evidence
is legally and factually insufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the value of the
1 Jesus J. Morales has appealed that conviction in a companion to this case. See Morales v. State, 08-06-00068-CR (Tex.App.--El Paso January 30, 2009, no pet.h.).
-4- stolen items was in the range of $100,000 to $200,000.
In assessing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction, under
Jackson v. Virginia, we consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and
determine whether, based on that evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom, a rational juror
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Rollerson v.
State, 227 S.W.3d 718, 724 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007), citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,
318-19, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2788-89, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) and Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13
(Tex.Crim.App. 2007). Evidence that rationally supports a verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt, under the Jackson v. Virginia legal sufficiency standard, can still be factually insufficient.
Rollerson, 227 S.W.3d at 724. Evidence is factually insufficient if the conviction is clearly
wrong and manifestly unjust or the finding of guilt is against the great weight and preponderance
of the evidence. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). Both legal and
factual sufficiency standards require the reviewing court to consider all of the evidence.
Rollerson, 227 S.W.3d at 724. A legal sufficiency review requires the court to give deference to
the jury’s credibility and weight determinations while a factual sufficiency review allows the
court to substitute its judgment for the jury’s on these questions, albeit to a very limited degree.
Id., citing Marshall v. State, 210 S.W.3d 618, 625 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006). The question we must
consider under a factual sufficiency review is whether a neutral review of all the evidence, both
for and against the finding, demonstrates that the proof of guilt is so obviously weak as to
undermine confidence in the fact finder’s determination, or the proof of guilt, although adequate
if taken alone is greatly outweighed by contrary proof. Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 11.
A person commits the offense of theft if he unlawfully appropriates property with intent
-5- to deprive the owner of property. TEX .PENAL CODE ANN . § 31.03(a)(Vernon Supp. 2008).
Unlawful appropriation of property occurs when:
(1) it is without the owner’s effective consent;
(2) the property is stolen and the actor appropriates the property knowing it was stolen by another; or
(3) property in the custody of any law enforcement agency was explicitly represented by any law enforcement agent to the actor as being stolen and the actor appropriates the property believing it was stolen by another.
TEX .PENAL CODE ANN . § 31.03(b).
Theft is a second degree state felony if the value of the property stolen is $100,000 or
more but less than $200,000. TEX .PENAL CODE ANN . § 31.03(e)(6). A person is criminally
responsible as a party to an offense, if the offense is committed by his own conduct, by the
conduct of another for which he is criminally responsible, or by both. TEX .PENAL CODE ANN .
§ 7.01(a)(Vernon 2003). A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by another
if, with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, he solicits, encourages, directs,
aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense. TEX .PENAL CODE ANN .
§ 7.02(a)(2). In determining, whether the accused acted as a party, the court may look to events
occurring before, during, and after the commission of the offense and may rely on actions of the
defendant that show an understanding and a common design to do the prohibited act. Ransom v.
State, 920 S.W.2d 288, 302 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994).
Appellant argues that the State only presented evidence that she resided at and was a
titleholder of 114 Gaspar, El Paso, TX where some of the stolen property was located, she tried
to intercede on behalf of her brother, and she claimed to have receipts for the items on the
-6- property. Appellant contends the evidence showed that several others were living at the
residence, making possession of the premises joint, and thus legally insufficient to prove control
over the stolen property and convict under the statute. Appellant points us to Robinson v. State,
which held that where stolen property is found on premises to which several persons have access,
joint control over the premises with others will not warrant an inference of guilt. Id., 728 S.W.2d
858, 862 (Tex.App.--Austin 1987, no pet.). In such situations, the test is whether appellant
asserts ownership over the stolen property. Id.
The State argues that they presented evidence that Appellant exercised control over the
property through her statements that she owned and was in control of the 114 Gaspar property,
and the jury could reasonably infer she exercised control over the stolen property and convict
based on that evidence. The State presented evidence that Mr. Morales was observed personally
moving some of the property when he took a trailer loaded with items from the residence at 114
Gaspar to his home at 222 Pasodale and when he attached the welder to Mr. Carmona’s vehicle.
There was also evidence presented that Appellant told the officers that Mr. Morales had
purchased all the items on her property, 114 Gaspar, at swap meets, which implies that the
property was his or at least under his control. Appellant argues that the heavy machinery was
never specified or identified other than as “some property,” and was not identified as stolen, and
that a lot of property was returned to the Morales family because it was not stolen property.
Mr. Morales admitted that there was evidence that he exercised control of a Lincoln Welder, but
a Lincoln Welder was returned to the Morales Family. Property was returned to the Morales
family, however, Officer Hernandez testified that confiscated property is returned to where it was
taken from if it cannot be verified as stolen, no one claims the property as stolen, or a person is
-7- unable to identify his property by some identifier on the item.
The State also argues that the evidence presented was sufficient to support that Appellant
knew the property was stolen. The State directs us to the holding in Chavez v. State that
evidence of the defendant’s recent, unexplained possession of stolen property is a sufficient
circumstance, in and of itself, to support a conviction for theft. Id., 843 S.W.2d 586, 588
(Tex.Crim.App. 1992). Appellant argues that the evidence presented fails to meet the
requirements to allow for an inference of guilt from possession alone. The possession must be
personal, recent, unexplained, and must involve a distinct and conscious assertion of property by
defendant. McKnight v. State, 399 S.W.2d 552, 555 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). The State argues
that Appellant’s possession of the items was recent. Appellant was in possession of items that
require title documentation that had been stolen within thirteen months of the date they were
found at the Morales’ residences. Five motorcycles and an all-terrain vehicle all of which had
been reported stolen between October of 2003 and December 2003 were found at the Morales’
residences in October of 2004 without title documentation. Whether possession was recent is
made case by case based on the facts and the ease of transferability. See Naranjo v. State, 217
S.W.3d 560, 571 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 2006, no pet.). The shorter the period of time between
the taking of the property and defendant’s possession of the property, the stronger the inference
that the defendant knew the property was stolen. Id. The court in Naranjo found that a trailer,
which requires title documentation, stolen thirteen months prior to being found in the defendant’s
possession was sufficiently recent to invoke the unexplained possession rule. See Naranjo, 217
S.W.3d at 571. If the defendant explains possession of the property, the record must demonstrate
the explanation is false or unreasonable. Adams v. State, 552 S.W.2d 812, 815 (Tex.Crim.App.
-8- 1977). Whether the defendant’s explanation is false or unreasonable is an issue to be decided by
the trier of fact, and the falsity of the explanation may be shown by circumstantial evidence. Id.
The defendant’s explanation must be made when he is first called upon directly or
circumstantially to do so. Hardesty v. State, 656 S.W.2d 73, 77 (Tex.Crim.App. 1983).
Appellant told the officers that the items had been purchased at swap meets by Mr. Morales, and
she had receipts for the items. The police officers gave Magdalena an opportunity to show the
receipts she said she had for the property, but she was unable to produce them, then or any time
since. The jury could have reasonably found the explanation to be false or unreasonable. See
Naranjo, 217 S.W.3d at 571.
Knowledge that property was stolen can be shown by circumstantial evidence. Chudleigh
v. State, 540 S.W.2d 314, 317 (Tex.Crim.App. 1976). Circumstantial evidence offered during
the trial included testimony that some of the items had been altered to prevent property from
being identified. The alteration was effected by painting items a different color, removing decals,
and painting over identification numbers, which was even done to a welder that had been
reported stolen earlier that day. Additionally, the presence of multiple stolen items and the sheer
amount of stolen items on the properties allows the jury to infer that Appellant knew the items
were stolen along with the fact that Appellant had no documentation of ownership for any of the
items. See e.g., Wallace v. State, 822 S.W.2d 290, 293 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, pet.
ref’d)(defendant in possession of multiple stolen items without title documentation or receipt);
Robinson, 728 S.W.2d at 863 (defendant in possession of other stolen goods at the time stolen
items alleged in indictment found in his possession). The State also put on evidence through the
complaining witnesses that identified the property found in the Morales’ possession as the
-9- complaining witnesses’ property, and the Moraleses did not have their consent to be in
possession of the property.
The jury charge provided for conviction as a principal or a party to the crime. The jury
need only have found that Appellant, with the intent to promote or assist that the commission of
the theft, solicited, encouraged, directed, aided, or attempted to aid the other person to commit
the offense to find her guilty as a party to the crime. TEX .PENAL CODE ANN . § 7.02(a)(2). There
was evidence that allowed the jury to infer that Appellant knew the items were stolen, and she
allowed the items to be stored at her residence. The jury could have reasonably concluded that
Appellant was knowingly soliciting, encouraging, directing, aiding, or attempting to aid an
another person to commit the offense. Given all the evidence discussed above and viewing it in a
light most favorable to the verdict, we find that a rational jury could have found the essential
elements of the crime as alleged beyond a reasonable doubt. After a neutral review of all the
evidence, we do not find the verdict to be so against the great weight and preponderance of the
evidence or manifestly wrong and unjust. Appellant’s Issues One and Two are overruled.
In Issues Three and Four, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of evidence in law and fact
as to the value of the stolen property. However, Appellant fails to cite to any legal authority
supporting her position, and as such, the issues are improperly briefed and present nothing for
appellate review. TEX .R.APP .P. 38.1(h). This requirement applies to sufficiency complaints.
McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d 607, 613 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). Issues Three and Four are
overruled.
In Issues Five through Nine, Appellant contends the trial court erred in its handling of a
question from the jury regarding the nine defendants who received a directed verdict. In Issue
-10- Five, Appellant argues the court committed egregious error by failing to instruct the jury that the
nine other defendants had been acquitted, and thus could not be considered as principals or
parties to the remaining defendants. In Issue Six, Appellant argues the trial court deprived her of
her rights to due process by failing to inform the jury that the other defendants had been
acquitted. In Issue Seven, Appellant argues the trial court erred in not instructing the jury that the
nine other defendants had in fact been acquitted. In Issue Eight, Appellant argues the court erred
in failing to answer the jury’s question as to whether the other defendants had engaged in a plea
bargain. In Issue Nine, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in instructing the jury to only
consider the evidence introduced at trial in answer to the jury’s question.
The Code of Criminal Procedure regulates communications between the court and jurors
during deliberations. See TEX .CODE CRIM .PROC.ANN . art. 36.27 (Vernon 2006). Once the jury
is deliberating, the trial court can give additional jury instructions in writing with the defendant
and his counsel present, to the extent possible, in order to make objections. Id. If the request
from a jury for additional instructions is not proper, the court should refer the jury to the court’s
charge. See Gamblin v. State, 476 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex.Crim.App. 1972). Review of a trial
court’s response to a jury note is reviewed in the same manner as regular charge practices. See
TEX .R.CIV .P. 286; W. Wendell Hall, Standards of Review in Texas, 38 ST . MARY ’S L.J. 47, 202
(2006). Appellate review of error in a jury charge involves a two-step process. Abdnor v. State,
871 S.W.2d 726, 731-32 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994), citing Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171
(Tex.Crim.App. 1984). First, we determine if there is any error in the charge. If we find error to
be present, we must then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted to require reversal. Abdnor,
871 S.W.2d at 731-32. If there has been an objection made at trial, we will search only for some
-11- harm, but when the error is urged for the first time on appeal, the appellant must show egregious
harm. Id. at 732
During jury deliberations, the jury sent out a note which stated:
[T]he jury members would like to know if there was a plea bargain as to the dismissal of the rest of the defendants.
The trial court responded, over Appellants’ objections, that “you are only to consider the
evidence admitted in this case.” Appellant opposed the answer arguing that the jurors
misunderstood the trial court’s comments on the granting of directed verdicts as to the other nine
codefendants, the trial court should inform the jury that none of the codefendants received a plea
bargain, and they could not be considered principals or parties. The State argued that such
instructions would be an improper comment on the weight of the evidence.
It is generally impermissible to show that another jointly or separately indicted for the
same offense has been convicted or acquitted during trial. Walker v. State, 530 S.W.2d 572, 573
(Tex.Crim.App. 1975); Torres v. State, 92 S.W.3d 911, 918 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.]
2002, pet. ref’d). The Texas Penal Code provides that in a prosecution in which the defendant’s
criminal responsibility is based on the law of parties, it is no defense: “that the person for whose
conduct the actor is criminally responsible has been acquitted, has not been prosecuted or
convicted, has been convicted of a different offense or of a different type or class of offense, or is
immune from prosecution.” TEX .PENAL CODE ANN . § 7.03(2). The jury charge included an
instruction on the law of parties. The requested instruction that the acquitted codefendants could
not be considered principals or parties would have been an incorrect statement of the law. See Ex
parte Thompson, 179 S.W.3d 549, 553-54 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). A trial court does not err in
-12- refusing to submit a requested charge or instruction that is not in accordance with the law or
constitutes an incorrect statement of the law. See Traylor v. State, 43 S.W.3d 725, 730-31
(Tex.App.--Beaumont 2001, no pet.). A trial court’s response to a jury note referring them to the
court’s charge is not error. See Sanchez v. State, 243 S.W.3d 57, 67 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st
Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d); Ash v. State, 930 S.W.2d 192, 195-96 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1996, no pet.).
In this case, the trial court responded by telling the jury to consider only the evidence admitted at
trial. The dispositions of the codefendants’ cases were not in evidence, and are not generally
admissible or relevant. See Beasley v. State, 838 S.W.2d 695, 703 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1992, pet.
ref’d), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 969, 114 S.Ct. 451, 126 L.Ed.2d 384 (1993). We find there was no
error in the trial court’s response to the jury note, and no error in failing to instruct the jury as to
the dispositions of the codefendants. Issues Five through Nine are overruled.
In Issues Ten and Fifteen, Appellant argues that the procedure used by the trial court,
where Judge Rangel composed the answers to the juries’ questions and Judge Alcala ruled on the
objections to the proposed answer since Judge Rangel was not present in the court, was error.
However, there are no objections about this procedure in the record. These issues have not been
preserved for appellate review. TEX .R.APP .P 33.1(a)(1). Issues Ten and Fifteen are overruled.
In Issues Eleven and Sixteen, Appellant contends that the court’s failure to read the
court’s answer to the question from the jury in open court was in violation of Article 36.27 of the
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, and constituted reversible error. Again, there were no
objections on this ground at trial, so Appellant has failed to preserve the issues for review.
TEX .R.APP .P. 33.1(a)(1). Issues Eleven and Sixteen are overruled.
In Issues Twelve, Thirteen, and Fourteen, Appellant argues that instructing the jury that
-13- they must continue to deliberate after the jury had stated it was deadlocked at 10-2 for conviction
was error, and the court deprived Appellant of her right to a fair and impartial jury under the
United States and Texas Constitutions by giving the instruction. In Issues Seventeen, Eighteen,
and Nineteen, Appellant contends that the trial court erred in refusing to allow the jury to recess
for the night after their written request to do so following the court’s instruction to continue
deliberating, and such refusal deprived her of her right to a fair and impartial jury under the
United States and Texas Constitutions.
At the beginning of deliberations, the jury asked to take a break until 11:15 a.m., which
the court allowed. The jury then sent out a note to the court at 4:07 p.m., which stated:
We the jury have reached a conclusion as to the cause of Magdalena Morales. We are deadlocked on a 10 to 2 verdict (10 guilty, and 2 - not guilty). These two jurors who have voted not guilty have indicated that nothing will change their minds / vote with the evidence that was presented.
The trial court’s proposed response was:
You must continue to deliberate with a view of reaching a unanimous verdict in both cases.
Appellant objected and moved for the court to dismiss the jury while the State requested an
Allen2 charge. The trial court overruled the objection stating that “[t]he jury has not been kept
together long enough,” and submitted the proposed response to the jury. The jury responded to
the answer at 4:35 p.m. with the following note:
We the jury will continue to deliberate further, but we ask to conclude today and return tomorrow at 9:00 a.m. We feel that the extra time away from here might enlighten our minds to begin fresh tomorrow mornin [sic].
After discussion with counsels for Appellants and the State, during which Appellants requested
2 Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492, 17 S.Ct. 154, 41 L.Ed. 528 (1896).
-14- that the jury be sequestered if no verdict was reached that day, the trial court responded:
You can take a 15-minute break and you must remain together. After the break you will continue to deliberate.
The jury sent a note at 5 p.m. that they had reached a decision as to both defendants.
Appellant argues that the trial court was placed in a “especially delicate position”
regarding coercion with the jury note showing the numerical split strongly leaning toward
conviction. She argues that an Allen charge given at this point may not have been coercive, but
an Allen charge was not given and the instruction given had none of the ameliorative language
contained in an Allen Charge, and as such, was a directive to a reach a unanimous verdict in
favor of conviction. Appellant points us to Jenkins v. United States, 380 U.S. 445, 446, 85 S.Ct.
1059, 1060, 13 L.Ed.2d 957 (1965), as an example of a similar instruction. Jenkins held an
instruction from the trial court, “[y]ou have got to reach a decision on this case,” was a coercive
statement. Appellant also argues the trial court increased the pressure on the jury by not allowing
them to adjourn for the day, but rather instructed them to take a break and then continue
deliberating.
A trial court has discretion to issue a supplemental charge to the jury or return a jury for
further deliberations in an attempt to encourage them to reach a verdict. See Lochinvar Corp. v.
Meyers, 930 S.W.2d 182, 187 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1996, no writ). It is not unusual nor an abuse of
discretion for a trial court to require a jury to continue deliberating after it indicates that it is
deadlocked. Ford v. State, 14 S.W.3d 382, 395 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.).
Once jury deliberations have begun, the trial court has the discretion to discharge the jury where
it has been kept together for such time as to render it altogether improbable that it will reach a
-15- verdict. TEX .CODE CRIM .PROC.ANN . art. 36.31. There are no set time limits on the jury’s
deliberations, and the length of time the jury may be held to deliberate is left to the sound
discretion of the trial court. See Guidry v. State, 9 S.W.3d 133, 155 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999), cert.
denied, 531 U.S. 837, 121 S.Ct. 98, 148 L.Ed.2d 57 (2000). It is the trial court not the jury who
determines when the jury will deliberate and when, or if, the deliberations will recess for the
evening. Arrevalo v. State, 489 S.W.2d 569, 572 (Tex.Crim.App. 1973). The trial court’s
exercise of discretion in discharging a jury is measured by the length of time deliberated in light
of the nature of the case and the evidence. Montemayor v. State, 55 S.W.3d 78, 87 (Tex.App.--
Austin 2001, pet. ref’d).
In this case, the jury let the trial court know that they were deadlocked at ten against two
for conviction. In response, the trial court instructed them to continue deliberating with the view
of reaching a unanimous verdict. The instruction did not contain the ameliorative language
found in an Allen charge, but that is because it was not an Allen charge. The instruction was only
to continue deliberating with the view of reaching a unanimous verdict. It did not instruct the
jurors to give deference to the majority view, rather it was only for the jurors to continue
deliberations. The Court of Criminal Appeals has held that when a jury provides the numerical
division of votes with note of a deadlock, but the trial court has not requested the information,
and the court’s directive to continue deliberating does not single out the minority-vote jurors,
such subjective knowledge by the trial court does not render the court’s response unduly
coercive. Howard v. State, 941 S.W.2d 102, 124 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996), cert. denied, 535 U.S.
1065, 122 S.Ct. 1935, 152 L.Ed.2d 840 (2002). The jurors had been deliberating for
approximately five hours, and the trial judge did not believe they had deliberated long enough.
-16- While the issues in the case were not very complex, the evidence presented at trial was extensive.
After being allowed a break, the jury continued to deliberate and returned a verdict a little less
than thirty minutes later. As discussed above, it is in the trial court’s discretion to decide when
deliberations end for the day. The trial court did not believe the jurors had deliberated long
enough. Cases have held that the fact a jury returned a guilty verdict shortly after being
instructed to continue deliberations does not show undue coercion. See e.g., Johnson v. State,
137 S.W.3d 777, 779-80 (Tex.App.--Waco 2004, pet. ref’d); Montoya v. State, 810 S.W.2d 160,
166-67 (Tex.Crim.App. 1989), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 961, 112 S.Ct. 426, 116 L.Ed.2d 446
(1991); Mitchell v. State, 482 S.W.2d 223, 226 (Tex.Crim.App. 1972)(op. on reh’g); Potter v.
State, 481 S.W.2d 101, 106 (Tex.Crim.App. 1972). We find the instruction to the jury to
continue deliberating with a view of reaching a unanimous verdict was not coercive, and as such
was not error and did not deprive Appellant of her right to a fair and impartial jury under the
United States and Texas Constitutions. We also find the trial court did not err in not allowing the
jury to recess for the day, nor did it deprive Appellant of her right to a fair and impartial jury
under the United States and Texas Constitutions. The decisions were within the discretion of the
trial court, and there was no abuse of discretion in its decisions. Issues Twelve, Thirteen,
Fourteen, Seventeen, Eighteen, and Nineteen are overruled.
In Issues Twenty and Twenty-One, Appellant argues that she was denied her right to
effective assistance of counsel under the United States and Texas Constitutions due to counsel’s
failure to: (1) request a jury instruction that the nine acquitted codefendants could not be
considered principals or parties to the theft offense; (2) object to the charge for omitting such
instruction; (3) object to the prosecutor’s argument suggesting that some of the acquitted
-17- codefendants could have stolen the property and that Appellant was a party to the theft; (4)
request a supplemental instruction that the acquitted codefendants were not principals or parties
in response to the jury’s question about whether the codefendants had received plea bargains; (5)
object to the violation of Article 36.27 in responding to the jury’s questions; (6) object to the
two-judge procedure where Judge Rangel proposed the answers to the jury question and Judge
Alcala ruled on the objections made to the answers; (7) object to the coercive response of the trial
court to the note stating the jury was deadlocked; (8) request a complete Allen charge; and (9)
object to the trial court not allowing the jury to recess after their request to do so.
In reviewing claims of ineffective assistance, we use the two-step analysis adopted by the
United States Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80
L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Under the first prong, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance
was deficient to the extent that counsel failed to function as the “counsel” guaranteed by the
Sixth Amendment. Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994). Under the
second prong, the defendant must establish that counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the
defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2964; Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771. Prejudice
is established by a showing that there is a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland, 466
U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068; Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771. Failure to make the required
showing of deficient performance defeats the ineffectiveness claim. Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771.
Claims of ineffective assistance must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence. Bone v.
State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 835 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002). The Strickland test is used to resolve cases
under both the federal and state constitutions. Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 56-7
-18- (Tex.Crim.App. 1986).
In our review, we must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within
the wide range of reasonable, professional assistance, and the appellant must overcome the
presumption that the challenged conduct can be considered sound trial strategy. Jackson, 877
S.W.2d at 771. If the record is silent as to the facts, circumstances, and rationale behind an
attorney’s particular course of action, we are compelled to find that the defendant did not rebut
the presumption that it was a reasonable one. See Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 814
(Tex.Crim.App. 1999).
The State argues that Appellant has failed to rebut the presumption because he did not file
a motion for new trial asserting his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, and as such, trial
counsel has not been given an opportunity to explain his actions or strategic decisions. We
agree. Allegations of ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the record. Mallet v. State, 65
S.W.3d 59, 62-3 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001). The record is silent as to why Appellant’s trial counsel
took or failed to take the actions he did. Trial counsel should ordinarily be afforded an
opportunity to explain his actions before being denounced as ineffective. Bone, 77 S.W.3d at
836. Based on the record, we cannot conclude that Appellant has rebutted the presumption that
counsel’s decisions were based on sound trial strategy. Additionally, without proof of
unprofessional conduct, we cannot determine whether Appellant was prejudiced by the
representation. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064. Appellant has failed to meet the
requirements of Strickland. Issues Twenty and Twenty-one are overruled.
Having overruled all of Appellant’s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
-19- January 30, 2009 DAVID WELLINGTON CHEW, Chief Justice
Before Chew, C.J., McClure, and Carr, JJ. Carr, J. (Not Participating)
(Do Not Publish)
-20-