Affirmed; Opinion Filed July 27, 2018.
In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-16-01359-CR
MAC A. DEGRAFFINRIED, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 86th Judicial District Court Kaufman County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 15050738-86-F
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Lang, Myers, and Stoddart. Opinion by Justice Lang Following a plea of not guilty, appellant Mac A. Degraffinried (“Degraffinried”) was
convicted by a jury of evading arrest or detention while using a motor vehicle. The jury also
answered “yes” to the special issue that Degraffinried used or exhibited a deadly weapon while
evading arrest. The trial court assessed punishment of 45 years’ incarceration.
In three issues on appeal, Degraffinried asserts (1) “[t]he evidence is insufficient that
[a]ppellant used or exhibited a firearm during the commission of evading arrest while using a
vehicle,” (2) “[t]he trial court erred when it denied [a]ppellant’s requested jury charge,” and (3)
“[a]ppellant’s right to confront the witnesses against him was violated when the trial court
considered the PSI at punishment.” We decide against Degraffinried on all issues. The trial court’s
judgment is affirmed. I. Factual and Procedural Background
The indictment alleged in part that “on or about” October 21, 2015, Degraffinried “did then
and there, while using a vehicle, intentionally flee from Officer Steve Johns, a person the defendant
knew was a peace officer who was attempting lawfully to arrest or detain the defendant.”
At trial, the State presented the testimony of James Lyons and Joe Paul Hobbs, both
sergeants with the Terrell Police Department. Lyons testified that around 4:00 a.m. on October 31,
2015, he was dispatched to the home of Degraffinried’s estranged wife in order to arrest
Degraffinried. During his shift, Lyons was unable to locate Degraffinried. However, Lyons
returned to Degraffinried’s estranged wife’s home after his shift in “an unmarked vehicle” “to
maintain observation.” While observing, Lyons saw Degraffinried come “out of the bushes by [a]
vehicle,” “get into the driver seat” of a car, and drive “southbound past [Lyons].” In his unmarked
vehicle, Lyons “tried to follow along behind and keep sight of Degraffinried while radioing to the
other units that [he] had [Degraffinried] in sight” and “[t]hey needed to come get a marked unit up
there.” Lyons continued to follow Degraffinried until he was joined by Officer Johns and Sergeant
Hobbs who “moved in to make a stop” of Degraffinried. However, when Officer Johns and
Sergeant Hobbs “attempted to make a stop on [Degraffinried’s] vehicle, [the vehicle] did not
yield.”
Hobbs testified that when he “caught up to [Degraffinried],” he “activated [his] emergency
lights” and started to follow Degraffinried’s vehicle. Hobbs followed Degraffinried along various
roads and highways where Degraffinried “reached speeds of approximately 80 to 90 miles [per]
hour” before Degraffinried eventually returned to his estranged wife’s home. Degraffinried then
got out of his vehicle and “headed to the side door” of the home. At that point, it was “obvious to
[Hobbs] that [Degraffinried] was holding something in his hand.” Hobbs “[came] up to the front
left side of [Degraffinried’s] vehicle” where he “could see down the side of the house and [he]
–2– could see that [Degraffinried] was kicking the door and he had a handgun in his hand.” Hobbs then
told Degraffinried to “drop the gun” and “get [his] hands up,” but Degraffinried did neither. Hobbs
“felt like [Degraffinried] was intent on getting inside the residence to do harm to the people inside
at which point [Hobbs] began firing at [Degraffinried] with [his] rifle.” Degraffinried then “went
over [a] fence around the corner” where Hobbs could “see [Degraffinried] at the back door still
actively trying to get into the residence.” Hobbs then “fired one more time and [Degraffinried] fell
to the ground.” Degraffinried was then arrested.
II. Deadly Weapon Finding
A. Standard of Review
We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence under the standard set out in
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979). Evidence is sufficient to support a conviction if, “after
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at
319. The Jackson standard is the “only standard that a reviewing court should apply in determining
whether the evidence is sufficient to support each element of a criminal offense that the State is
required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt.” Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2010) (plurality op.). We “determine whether the necessary inferences are reasonable based
upon the combined and cumulative force of all the evidence when viewed in the light most
favorable to the verdict.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 16-17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
We are mindful that “[t]he trier of fact is the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the
evidence.” Sartain v. State, 228 S.W.3d 416, 424 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, pet. ref'd). We
give “full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to
weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson,
443 U.S. at 319. “Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the
–3– guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt.” Hooper v.
State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). “When the record supports conflicting inferences,
we presume that the jury resolved the conflicts in favor of the verdict, and we defer to that
determination.” Dobbs v. State, 434 S.W.3d 166, 169 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). “Each fact need not
point directly and independently to the guilt of the appellant, as long as the cumulative force of all
the incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction.” Id.
B. Applicable Law
Section 38.04(a) of the Texas Penal Code provides that “[a] person commits an offense if
he intentionally flees from a person he knows is a peace officer or federal special investigator
attempting lawfully to arrest or detain him.” TEX. PENAL CODE §38.04(a). The offense of evading
arrest is a “continuous offense.” Hobbs v. State, 175 S.W.3d 777, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
“To hold evidence legally sufficient to sustain a deadly weapon finding, the evidence must
demonstrate that: (1) the object meets the statutory definition of a dangerous weapon,” (2) “the
deadly weapon was used or exhibited ‘during the transaction from which’ the felony conviction
was obtained,” and (3) “that other people were put in actual danger.” Drichas v. State, 175 S.W.3d
795, 798 (Tex. Crim. App.
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Affirmed; Opinion Filed July 27, 2018.
In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-16-01359-CR
MAC A. DEGRAFFINRIED, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 86th Judicial District Court Kaufman County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 15050738-86-F
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Lang, Myers, and Stoddart. Opinion by Justice Lang Following a plea of not guilty, appellant Mac A. Degraffinried (“Degraffinried”) was
convicted by a jury of evading arrest or detention while using a motor vehicle. The jury also
answered “yes” to the special issue that Degraffinried used or exhibited a deadly weapon while
evading arrest. The trial court assessed punishment of 45 years’ incarceration.
In three issues on appeal, Degraffinried asserts (1) “[t]he evidence is insufficient that
[a]ppellant used or exhibited a firearm during the commission of evading arrest while using a
vehicle,” (2) “[t]he trial court erred when it denied [a]ppellant’s requested jury charge,” and (3)
“[a]ppellant’s right to confront the witnesses against him was violated when the trial court
considered the PSI at punishment.” We decide against Degraffinried on all issues. The trial court’s
judgment is affirmed. I. Factual and Procedural Background
The indictment alleged in part that “on or about” October 21, 2015, Degraffinried “did then
and there, while using a vehicle, intentionally flee from Officer Steve Johns, a person the defendant
knew was a peace officer who was attempting lawfully to arrest or detain the defendant.”
At trial, the State presented the testimony of James Lyons and Joe Paul Hobbs, both
sergeants with the Terrell Police Department. Lyons testified that around 4:00 a.m. on October 31,
2015, he was dispatched to the home of Degraffinried’s estranged wife in order to arrest
Degraffinried. During his shift, Lyons was unable to locate Degraffinried. However, Lyons
returned to Degraffinried’s estranged wife’s home after his shift in “an unmarked vehicle” “to
maintain observation.” While observing, Lyons saw Degraffinried come “out of the bushes by [a]
vehicle,” “get into the driver seat” of a car, and drive “southbound past [Lyons].” In his unmarked
vehicle, Lyons “tried to follow along behind and keep sight of Degraffinried while radioing to the
other units that [he] had [Degraffinried] in sight” and “[t]hey needed to come get a marked unit up
there.” Lyons continued to follow Degraffinried until he was joined by Officer Johns and Sergeant
Hobbs who “moved in to make a stop” of Degraffinried. However, when Officer Johns and
Sergeant Hobbs “attempted to make a stop on [Degraffinried’s] vehicle, [the vehicle] did not
yield.”
Hobbs testified that when he “caught up to [Degraffinried],” he “activated [his] emergency
lights” and started to follow Degraffinried’s vehicle. Hobbs followed Degraffinried along various
roads and highways where Degraffinried “reached speeds of approximately 80 to 90 miles [per]
hour” before Degraffinried eventually returned to his estranged wife’s home. Degraffinried then
got out of his vehicle and “headed to the side door” of the home. At that point, it was “obvious to
[Hobbs] that [Degraffinried] was holding something in his hand.” Hobbs “[came] up to the front
left side of [Degraffinried’s] vehicle” where he “could see down the side of the house and [he]
–2– could see that [Degraffinried] was kicking the door and he had a handgun in his hand.” Hobbs then
told Degraffinried to “drop the gun” and “get [his] hands up,” but Degraffinried did neither. Hobbs
“felt like [Degraffinried] was intent on getting inside the residence to do harm to the people inside
at which point [Hobbs] began firing at [Degraffinried] with [his] rifle.” Degraffinried then “went
over [a] fence around the corner” where Hobbs could “see [Degraffinried] at the back door still
actively trying to get into the residence.” Hobbs then “fired one more time and [Degraffinried] fell
to the ground.” Degraffinried was then arrested.
II. Deadly Weapon Finding
A. Standard of Review
We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence under the standard set out in
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979). Evidence is sufficient to support a conviction if, “after
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at
319. The Jackson standard is the “only standard that a reviewing court should apply in determining
whether the evidence is sufficient to support each element of a criminal offense that the State is
required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt.” Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2010) (plurality op.). We “determine whether the necessary inferences are reasonable based
upon the combined and cumulative force of all the evidence when viewed in the light most
favorable to the verdict.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 16-17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
We are mindful that “[t]he trier of fact is the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the
evidence.” Sartain v. State, 228 S.W.3d 416, 424 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, pet. ref'd). We
give “full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to
weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson,
443 U.S. at 319. “Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the
–3– guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt.” Hooper v.
State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). “When the record supports conflicting inferences,
we presume that the jury resolved the conflicts in favor of the verdict, and we defer to that
determination.” Dobbs v. State, 434 S.W.3d 166, 169 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). “Each fact need not
point directly and independently to the guilt of the appellant, as long as the cumulative force of all
the incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction.” Id.
B. Applicable Law
Section 38.04(a) of the Texas Penal Code provides that “[a] person commits an offense if
he intentionally flees from a person he knows is a peace officer or federal special investigator
attempting lawfully to arrest or detain him.” TEX. PENAL CODE §38.04(a). The offense of evading
arrest is a “continuous offense.” Hobbs v. State, 175 S.W.3d 777, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
“To hold evidence legally sufficient to sustain a deadly weapon finding, the evidence must
demonstrate that: (1) the object meets the statutory definition of a dangerous weapon,” (2) “the
deadly weapon was used or exhibited ‘during the transaction from which’ the felony conviction
was obtained,” and (3) “that other people were put in actual danger.” Drichas v. State, 175 S.W.3d
795, 798 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
“Used” a deadly weapon during the commission of a felony offense “means that the deadly
weapon was employed or utilized in order to achieve its purpose.” Patterson v. State, 769 S.W.2d
938, 941 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). “A deadly weapon may be ‘used’ even if it is merely possessed,
if that possession facilitates the associated felony offense.” Smith v. State, 176 S.W.3d 907, 919
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, pet. ref'd) quoting Patterson v. State, 769 S.W.2d at 941. “’Exhibited’
a deadly weapon means the weapon was “consciously displayed” during the commission of the
offense.” Id. A firearm is “per se a deadly weapon.” Ex parte Campbell, 716 S.W.2d 523 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1986).
–4– C. Application of the Law to the Facts
Degraffinried contends the evidence is “insufficient” to prove Degraffinried “used or
exhibited” a firearm “during the commission of the evading arrest [sic] while using a vehicle.”
Specifically, Degraffinried argues (1) Hobbs testified he “didn’t observe a handgun to be in
[Degraffinried’s] possession until [Degraffinried] was out of his vehicle and had commenced to
kicking the door” of his estranged wife’s home, (2) “the handgun wasn’t even in [Degraffinried’s]
hand when he was finally apprehended”, and (3) “none of the evidence…even hints…that anyone
was ever [sic] placed in danger by the use or exhibition of the firearm.” We cannot agree with
Degraffinried.
The offense of evading arrest while using a vehicle is a continuing offense. See Smith v.
State, 483 S.W.3d 648 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.). Therefore, it was not
necessary for Hobbs to observe the handgun while Degraffinried was in the vehicle as Hobbs
testified he saw Degraffinried holding a handgun after he left the vehicle and before he was
arrested. See id. at n.6 (“abandoning one's vehicle during a police chase and continuing on foot is
a continuation of evading in a vehicle.”).
Further, there is no requirement that a handgun be in a defendant’s hand when he is
apprehended in order for the defendant to “use or exhibit” a deadly weapon. A deadly weapon is
“used” when its possession “facilitates [an] associated felony offense.” See Smith, 176 S.W.3d at
919 quoting Patterson v. State, 769 S.W.2d at 941. A deadly weapon is “exhibited” when it is
“consciously displayed” during the commission of an offense. Id. In this case, Hobbs testified he
saw Degraffinried holding a handgun and “actively” trying to “get into the residence” even after
Hobbs told him to “drop the gun” and “get [his] hands up.”
–5– Finally, Degraffinried contends there is no evidence that “even hints” anyone was placed
in danger. However, Hobbs testified that when Degraffinried was holding the handgun, he “felt
like [Degraffinried] was intent on getting inside the residence to do harm to the people inside.”
On this record, we conclude a rational trier of fact could find beyond a reasonable doubt
that Degraffinried used or exhibited a deadly weapon during the commission of evading arrest
while using a vehicle. We decide against Degraffinried on his first issue.
III. Jury Charge
We review alleged jury charge error in two steps. Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649
(Tex. Crim. App. 2012). First, we determine whether error exists in the charge. Id. at 649. Second,
if charge error exists, we review the record to determine whether the error caused sufficient harm
to warrant reversal. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743–44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Where, as
here, error is properly preserved by a timely objection to the charge, reversal is required only if
the error was “calculated to injure the rights of the defendant,” which has been defined to mean
that there is “some harm” caused to the defendant. Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1985). In analyzing harm, we consider “the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence,
including the contested issues and weight of probative evidence, the argument of counsel and any
other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole.” Id. at 171. The defendant
must have suffered “actual rather than theoretical harm.” Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 777
(Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
“Under the Texas Constitution, a jury verdict in a felony case is required to be unanimous,
and under our state statutes, unanimity is required in all criminal cases.” Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d
at 745. “Unanimity in this context means that each and every juror agrees that the defendant
–6– committed the same, single, specific criminal act.” Id. “The requirement of jury unanimity is not
violated by a jury charge that presents the jury with the option of choosing among various
alternative manner and means of committing the same statutorily defined offense.” Jourdan v.
State, 428 S.W.3d 86, 94 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).
C. Application of the Law to the Facts
The trial court submitted a single special issue that instructed the jury that it must
“determine beyond a reasonable doubt whether or not [Degraffinried] used or exhibited a deadly
weapon, to-wit, a motor vehicle and/or firearm, during the commission of the offense.” During the
charge conference at the guilt-innocence stage of the trial, Degraffinried’s counsel objected to the
deadly weapon special issue being “presented to the jury as one special issue” and requested the
trial court submit two special issues, one for the motor vehicle and one for the firearm. The trial
court overruled the objection.
Degraffinried contends “the trial court erred when it denied [Degraffinried’s] requested
jury charge” because “combining the [deadly weapons] into one issue might lead to a non-
unanimous verdict.” We disagree. The jury may be “charged in the disjunctive” for “differing
methods of committing [an offense].” Kitchens v. State, 823 S.W.2d 256, 259 (Tex. Crim. App.
1991). Therefore, it was not necessary for the jurors to unanimously agree whether the deadly
weapon was a motor vehicle or a firearm. See Marinos v. State, 186 S.W.3d 167 (Tex. App.—
Austin 2006, pet. ref’d) (“[i]t was not necessary for the jurors to [unanimously] agree whether the
weapon was a bag, a piece of bag, or appellant's hand.”). The trial court did not err in submitting
a single deadly weapon special issue. We decide against Degraffinried on his second issue.
–7– IV. Pre-Sentencing Investigation Report
A. Applicable Law
“A [pre-sentencing investigation report] is used in all non-capital felony cases when
community supervision is an option and the judge is assessing punishment but does not intend to
follow a plea-bargain agreement under which the defendant has agreed to imprisonment.” Stringer
v. State, 309 S.W.3d 42, 45 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). “The judge must order a PSI unless the
defendant requests that one not be made and the judge agrees, or the judge determines that there
is sufficient information in the record to permit sentencing discretion and explains his reasoning
on the record.” Id. “[W]hen a PSI is used in a non-capital case in which the defendant has elected
to have the judge determine sentencing” the Confrontation Clause does not apply. Id. at 48.
B. Application of the Law to the Facts
During the punishment phase of the trial, a pre-sentencing investigation report (“PSI”)
respecting Degraffinried was submitted as evidence for the trial court’s consideration. The State
offered the PSI based upon the testimony of a probation officer supervisor who approved the
report. The probation officer who compiled the report had resigned from the probation department.
Prior to the admission of the PSI, Degraffinried’s counsel objected to its admission “under
Crawford” because the defense would not have “the opportunity to cross-examine the actual officer
that conducted the interview and subsequently the report.” The objection was overruled, and the
trial court granted Degraffinried’s counsel’s request for a “running objection” regarding the PSI.
On appeal, Degraffinried argues the State “presented the testimony of the supervisor who
had merely ‘approved’ the PSI” and therefore his “right to confront the witnesses against him was
violated when the trial court considered the PSI at punishment.” We disagree. When a sentence is
determined by the trial court, the information in a PSI is not subject to the Confrontation Clause.
See Stringer v. State, 309 S.W.3d at 48. We decide against Degraffinried on his third issue.
–8– V. Conclusion
We decide against Degraffinried on his first, second, and third issue. The trial court’s
judgment is affirmed.
/Douglas S. Lang/ DOUGLAS S. LANG JUSTICE
Do Not Publish TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2 161359F.U05
–9– Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
MAC A. DEGRAFFINRIED, Appellant On Appeal from the 86th Judicial District Court, Kaufman County, Texas No. 05-16-01359-CR V. Trial Court Cause No. 15050738-86-F. Opinion delivered by Justice Lang. Justices THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee Myers and Stoddart participating.
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.
Judgment entered this 27th day of July, 2018.
–10–