M. v. United States

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: October 22, 2020
• Docket: 3:19-cv-01108
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 A.M., Case No.: 19-CV-1108 TWR (AGS) 12 Plaintiff, ORDER (1) GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO 13 v. DISMISS, AND (2) DISMISSING 14 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, WITHOUT PREJUDICE 15 Defendant. PLAINTIFF’S FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT 16 (ECF No. 12) 17

18 Presently before the Court is Defendant the United States of America’s Motion to 19 Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction (“Mot.,” ECF No. 12), as well as Plaintiff 20 A.M.’s Partial Opposition to (“Opp’n,” ECF No. 16) and Defendant’s Reply in Support of 21 (“Reply,” ECF No. 18) the Motion. After the Honorable Anthony J. Battaglia took this 22 matter under submission without oral argument pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7(d)(1), (see 23 ECF No. 19), this action was transferred to the undersigned. (See ECF No. 20.) Having 24 carefully considered Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint (“FAC,” ECF No. 9), the Parties’ 25 arguments, and the law, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s Motion and DISMISSES 26 WITHOUT PREJUDICE Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint. 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 BACKGROUND 2 I. Factual Background 3 Plaintiff alleges that her psychiatrist, Dr. Leon Fajerman, “committed acts of sexual 4 harassment and negligent physical contact against” her. (FAC ¶ 3.) The events took place 5 at San Ysidro Health Center (“SYHC”), a federally qualified health center, where Plaintiff 6 claims that Dr. Fajerman had a “history and practice of sexually assaulting and attacking 7 his patients.” (Id. ¶¶ 4–5.) Plaintiff states that, unbeknownst to her, Dr. Fajerman was 8 being investigated for similar conduct by the Medical Board of California, resulting in the 9 suspension of his medical license in July 2017. (Id. ¶¶ 35, 39–40.) On “January 18, 2019, 10 Dr. Fajerman was sentenced to three years of probation and 365 days of house arrest” after 11 pleading “guilty to felony sexual contact with seven patients and misdemeanor sexual 12 battery.” (Id. ¶ 45.) 13 II. Procedural History 14 On June 14, 2019, Plaintiff filed her complaint against Defendant under the Federal 15 Torts Claim Act (“FTCA”), alleging claims for negligence and negligent hiring, 16 supervision, and training. (See generally ECF No. 1.) On December 17, 2019, Plaintiff 17 filed the operative First Amended Complaint alleging a single claim for negligence under 18 the FTCA. (FAC ¶¶ 46–61.) On January 21, 2020, Defendant filed the instant Motion, 19 seeking dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to the Federally Supported 20 Health Centers Assistance Act (“FSHCAA”), the FTCA’s limited waiver of sovereign 21 immunity, and the discretionary function exception. (See generally ECF No. 12.) 22 LEGAL STANDARDS 23 I. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) 24 “Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. 25 Co., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). Accordingly, “[a] federal court is presumed to lack 26 jurisdiction in a particular case unless the contrary affirmatively appears.” Stock W., Inc. 27 v. Confederated Tribes, 873 F.2d 1221, 1225 (9th Cir. 1989). The party asserting subject 28 / / / 1 matter jurisdiction has the burden of persuasion for establishing it. Hertz Corp. v. Friend, 2 559 U.S. 77, 96 (2010). 3 Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), a party may seek dismissal of 4 an action for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction “either on the face of the pleadings or by 5 presenting extrinsic evidence.” Warren v. Fox Family Worldwide, Inc., 328 F.3d 1136, 6 1139 (9th Cir. 2003). Where the party asserts a facial challenge, the court limits its inquiry 7 to the allegations set forth in the complaint. Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 8 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2004). In the case of a facial challenge, the Court assumes Plaintiff’s 9 “[factual] allegations to be true and draw[s] all reasonable inferences in [her] favor.” Wolfe 10 v. Strankman, 392 F.3d 358, 362 (9th Cir. 2004). Where the party asserts a factual 11 challenge, the court may consider extrinsic evidence demonstrating or refuting the 12 existence of jurisdiction without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for 13 summary judgment. Id. 14 Here, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint fails to state a 15 claim that is facially outside of the FSHCAA or the discretionary function exception to the 16 FTCA. (Mot. at 2.) The Court therefore considers the allegations in the First Amended 17 Complaint and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of Plaintiff. 18 II. Federal Tort Claims Act 19 As a general principle, the United States “may not be sued without its consent.” 20 United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 212 (1983). The FTCA, however, provides 21 consent to be sued for certain types of actions. Specifically, the FTCA provides that the 22 United States may be sued “for injury or loss of property, or personal injury or death caused 23 by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the Government while 24 acting within the scope of his office or employment.” 42 U.S.C. § 1346(b). The FTCA 25 provides the exclusive remedy for tort lawsuits against the United States and allows the 26 United States to be held liable to the same extent as a private employer under state law. 28 27 U.S.C. § 2679. California law therefore governs this FTCA case. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b)(1), 28 2674. 1 The FSHCAA, 42 U.S.C. § 233(g), extends the application of the FTCA to certain 2 public health entities, their employees, and qualified contractors receiving federal grants 3 under 42 U.S.C. § 254(b). The entities typically covered by the FSHCAA are community 4 health centers that receive federal grants to serve underprivileged populations regardless 5 of their ability to pay for service. H.R. Rep. No. 104-398 at 5 (1995). 6 ANALYSIS 7 Defendant argues the Court must dismiss the following claims: (1) failure to warn 8 and advise Plaintiff of Dr. Fajerman’s inappropriate conduct that led to his license being 9 reviewed, and (2) negligent supervision and retention of Dr. Fajerman. (See Mot. at 5–24.) 10 In her Opposition, Plaintiff concedes that she “is not alleging that United States’ 11 failure to warn her of Dr. Fajerman’s suspended license and history of sexual misconduct 12 is independently actionable under the FTCA” and that “the Motion to Dismiss is moot at 13 to that point.” (Opp’n at 2). The Court therefore GRANTS Defendant’s Motion as to the 14 failure to warn and advise claim and focuses its analysis on Plaintiff’s negligent supervision 15 and retention claim. 16 I. Related Functions 17 Defendant argues that the San Ysidro Health Administration’s (“SYH”) supervision 18 and retention of Dr. Fajerman does not fall within the scope of FSHCAA’s and FTCA’s 19 waiver of sovereign immunity because these functions are “administrative/human 20 resources/employment [in] nature” that are “not the performance of medical, surgical, or 21 dental functions.” (Mot. at 7). Defendant also contends that “related functions” for 22 purposes of the FSHCAA do not encompass “supervisory and retention decisions.” (Mot. 23 at 9.) Plaintiff retorts that the supervision and retention of a physician is a “related 24 function” under the FSHCAA. (Opp’n at 7.) 25 In a recent decision in a related case, Sanchez v. United States, the Court held that 26 the plaintiff had established a basis for jurisdiction in her negligent hiring, supervision, and 27 retention claim based on the FSHCAA because the psychiatrist’s “actions were related to 28 his treatment of [plaintiff] and appear[] . . . to have arisen from his employment.” No. 18- 1 CV-1550-AJB-AGS, 2019 WL 3766615, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2019). In Sanchez, the 2 Court based its analysis on two cases. First, the Court reasoned that a “health center’s or 3 hospital’s obligations . . . for vetting its physicians are inextricably woven into [its] 4 performance of medical functions.” Id. at *3 (second alteration in original) (internal 5 quotation marks omitted) (quoting Brignac v. United States, 239 F. Supp. 3d 1367, 1377 6 (N.D. Ga. 2017) (quoting Teresa T. v. Ragaglia, 154 F. Supp. 2d 290, 300 (D. Conn. 7 2001)). Second, the Court distinguished the plaintiff’s case from another case where the 8 court had recognized the sexual assault and murder of the victim was not related to the 9 performance of dental functions. See id. at *3–4 (citing La Casa de Buena Salud v. United 10 States, No. CIV 07-238 JB/RHS, 2008 WL 2323495, at *20 (D.N.M. Mar. 21, 2008)). In 11 Sanchez, the Court ultimately granted the United States’ motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s 12 negligent hiring, supervision, and retention claim for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction on 13 the basis that the discretionary function exception applied. Id. at *4. 14 Here, Defendant raises arguments akin to those addressed in Sanchez and admits that 15 it “failed to persuade the Court” in that case. (Mot. at 14.) Because this case raises 16 substantially similar issues, the decision in Sanchez is dispositive. The Court 17 acknowledges, however, that Defendant advances an additional argument not asserted in 18 Sanchez: that the phrase “personal injury . . . resulting from the performance of medical, 19 surgical, dental, or related functions” is ambiguous and, consequently, that the Court 20 should give deference under Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452 (1997), to the U.S. Department 21 of Health Services’ (“HHS”) limited application of the phrase to claims that “sound in 22 medical malpractice.” (Mot. at 21.) 23 The United States Supreme Court recently reassessed the Auer deference doctrine in 24 a case about a “Vietnam War veteran seeking disability benefits from the Department of 25 Veterans Affairs (VA).” Kisor v. Wilkie, 588 U.S. ___, 139 S. Ct. 2400, 2409 (2019). The 26 Court laid out the following markers to be met before Auer deference is applied: (1) the 27 regulation must be genuinely ambiguous and a court must exhaust all the traditional tools 28 of construction; (2) the agency’s interpretation must be reasonable, under the text, 1 structure, and history of the regulation; (3) the agency’s interpretation must implicate its 2 substantive expertise; (4) the interpretation must be the agency’s authoritative or official 3 position reflecting the agency’s view, not merely an ad hoc statement; and (5) the agency’s 4 reading of the regulation must reflect fair and considered judgment. Id. at 2415–17. 5 Although this Court recognizes that Auer deference gives agencies “significant leeway to 6 say what its own rules mean,” the Court is equally mindful that Auer deference does not 7 “bestow[] on agencies expansive, ‘unreviewable’ authority.” Id. at 2415, 2418. “In short, 8 courts retain the final authority to approve—or not—the agency’s reading of a notice-and- 9 comment rule.” Id. at 2420. 10 Although Defendant urges this Court to conclude that the phrase “personal injury 11 . . . resulting from the performance of medical, surgical, dental, or related functions” is 12 ambiguous after applying all traditional tools of interpretation, (Reply at 4–5), the Court 13 does not find that the phrase falls within the realm of genuine ambiguity. Rather, as 14 Defendant suggests, courts recognize the phrase as a form of medical malpractice. See 15 Brignac, 239 F. Supp. 3d at 1378 (holding plaintiff’s negligent hiring and retention claim 16 “arguably sounds in medical malpractice”); see also La Casa, 2008 WL 2323495, at *20 17 (“The Court need not decide whether negligent hiring, supervision, and retention of a 18 doctor is never a form of medical malpractice under the FSHCAA. Such activities, under 19 certain circumstances, could be medical malpractice.”). 20 Further, even if the Court were to defer to HHS’ interpretation, the FTCA Health 21 Center Policy Manual (“Policy Manual”) to which Defendant points, provides specific 22 examples of additional activities supporting the notion that supervision is an “act[] or 23 omission[] of a covered entity.” U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., Health Res. & 24 Servs. Administration, Federal Tort Claims Act Health Center Policy Manual, at 10 25 (July 21, 2014), available at https://bphc.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/bphc/ftca/pdf/ 26 ftcahcpolicymanualpdf.pdf. For example, the Policy Manual specifies that 27 the supervision by a covered entity obstetrician of hospital staff during the delivery of a covered entity’s patient is covered by the 28 1 FTCA when the care to the . . . patient is a covered activity within the covered entity’s approved scope of project and is within the 2 scope of employment of the covered individual. 3

4 Id. at 10 (emphasis added). Similarly, SYH’s supervision (or alleged lack thereof) of 5 Dr. Fajerman’s inappropriate conduct towards Plaintiff is a kind of covered activity 6 because that supervision is within SYH’s project scope and Dr. Fajerman’s psychiatric 7 services are within his employment scope as defined in the Policy Manual. See id. at 8. 8 The Court therefore concludes that SYH’s supervision and retention of Dr. Fajerman are 9 related functions under the FSHCAA. 10 II. Discretionary Function Exception 11 Having determined that SYH’s supervision and retention of Dr. Fajerman are related 12 functions for purposes of the FSHCAA, the Court turns to whether the discretionary 13 function exception under the FTCA applies. Where the United States is sued, federal courts 14 have no jurisdiction absent the United States’ consent. See United States v. Mitchell, 445 15 U.S. 535, 538 (1980). Certain federal statutes provide limited exceptions to this general 16 rule. For example, the FTCA grants federal district courts exclusive jurisdiction over civil 17 actions against the United States for damages “caused by the negligent or wrongful act or 18 omission of any employee of the Government while acting within the scope of his office 19 or employment.” 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1). 20 The discretionary function exception limits the FTCA’s broad waiver of sovereign 21 immunity. This exception precludes claims against the United States that are “based upon 22 the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function 23 or duty on the part of a federal agency or an employee of the Government, whether or not 24 the discretion involved be abused.” 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a). To determine whether the 25 discretionary function exception applies, a court must engage in a two-step inquiry: first, 26 the court must determine whether the challenged conduct involves an element of judgment 27 or choice, see Berkovitz v. United States, 486 U.S. 531, 536 (1988); and second, if so, the 28 court must determine whether the conduct implements social, economic, or political policy 1 considerations. See Gasho v. United States, 39 F.3d 1420, 1435 (9th Cir. 1994). To defeat 2 a motion to dismiss, plaintiffs must advance a claim that is facially outside the discretionary 3 function exception. Prescott v. United States, 973 F.2d 696, 702 (9th Cir. 1992). 4 Here, Defendant argues that even if SYH’s supervision and retention of 5 Dr. Fajerman are “related functions” under the FSHCAA, thereby waiving sovereign 6 immunity, Plaintiff’s claim is still susceptible to the discretionary function exception. (See 7 Mot. at 16–24.) Specifically, Defendant contends that the first step of the discretionary 8 function exception analysis is satisfied because “Plaintiff does not allege that a federal 9 statute, regulation, or policy required a specific course of action by SYH officials regarding 10 the supervision or retention of Dr. Fajerman.” (Id. at 19.) Defendant also argues that the 11 second step of the discretionary function exception analysis is “satisfied because SYH’s 12 employment decisions regarding Dr. Fajerman are . . . based on considerations of public 13 policy . . . [and] are discretionary acts the discretionary function exception removes from 14 the FTCA’s waiver of sovereign immunity.” (Mot. at 22.) 15 For the following reasons, the Court agrees that application of the two-step test 16 demonstrates that the discretionary function exception bars Plaintiff’s FTCA claim. 17 A. Element of Judgment or Choice 18 In determining whether an action or omission falls within the discretionary function 19 exception, the Court starts with whether the challenged conduct involves an element of 20 judgment or choice. “[T]he requirement of judgment or choice is not satisfied if a ‘federal 21 statute, regulation, or policy specifically prescribes a course of action for an employee to 22 follow,’ because ‘the employee has no rightful option but to adhere to the directive.’” 23 United States v. Gaubert, 499 U.S. 315, 322 (1991) (quoting Berkovitz, 486 U.S. at 536). 24 “The exception covers only acts that are discretionary in nature, . . . and ‘it is the nature of 25 the conduct, rather than the status of the actor’ that governs whether the exception applies.” 26 Id. at 335 (quoting Berkovitz, 486 U.S. at 536; United States v. S.A. Empresa de Viacao 27 Aerea Rio Grandense (Varig Airlines), 467 U.S. 797, 812 (1984)). 28 / / / 1 In Sanchez, the plaintiff “concede[d] the discretionary function generally applies to 2 employment decisions” and, consequently, the Court did not proceed to further analyze the 3 first step of the discretionary function exception analysis. See 2019 WL 3766615, at *5. 4 Unlike the plaintiff in Sanchez, Plaintiff here argues that SYH failed to follow mandatory 5 rules, regulations, and protocols “requir[ing] SYH to take action in response to knowledge 6 of or complaints about sexual harassment or misconduct, including actions to prevent 7 recurrence.” (FAC ¶ 36.) According to Plaintiff, SYH’s failure to follow its own 8 mandatory policies is not a discretionary act involving an element of judgment or choice. 9 (See Opp’n at 9.) Defendant, on the other hand, contends that SYH’s policies “do not 10 prescribe a specific course for SYH employees to follow regarding their response to 11 allegations of sexual misconduct by Dr. Fajerman” and, therefore, SYH does have 12 discretion. (Reply at 8.) 13 Although Plaintiff alleges that SYH’s rules and policies impose an obligation to 14 respond, the alleged policies broadly require SYH only to “take action” and “prevent its 15 recurrence.” (FAC ¶ 37.) Plaintiff does not allege that SYH employees are provided with 16 specific guidance or particular conduct to fulfill these obligations. See French v. United 17 States, 195 F. Supp. 3d 947, 953 (N.D. Ohio 2016) (“[C]alling for government employees 18 to ‘provide protection’ and ‘provide safekeeping’ to inmates in federal prison—were not 19 specific enough to give rise to non-discretionary obligations” (quoting Montez ex rel. 20 Estate of Hearlson v. United States, 359 F.3d 392, 396 (6th Cir. 2004))); see also Calderon 21 v. United States, 123 F.3d 947, 950 (7th Cir. 1997) (“While it is true that this statute sets 22 forth a mandatory duty of care, it does not, however, direct the manner by which the BOP 23 must fulfill this duty. The statute sets forth no particular conduct the BOP personnel should 24 engage in or avoid while attempting to fulfill their duty to protect inmates.”). Without such 25 specific guidelines, SYH’s acts involved an element of discretion. 26 Even if Defendant were required to take action and prevent the recurrence of the 27 sexual assault, however, SYH’s mandatory rules, regulations, and protocols do not rise to 28 the level of federal law. Defendant argues SYH’s alleged policies are irrelevant to the 1 analysis of the first step of the discretionary function exception because they “are not 2 federal statutes, regulations, or policies . . . prevent[ing] the [DFE] from applying at step 3 one.” (Mot. at 20 (emphasis in original).) Defendant points out that SYH is an employee 4 for a limited purpose and not a federal agency able to “promulgate rules, regulations, 5 protocols, or policies abrogating the United States’ sovereign immunity protection.” (Id. 6 at 22.) 7 Defendant is correct—for SYH to have no discretion, its actions must be governed 8 by a specific federal statute, regulation, or policy. Berkovitz, 486 U.S. at 536. The rules 9 and policies of SYH at issue here are not federal regulations or policies. See Big Owl v. 10 United States, 961 F. Supp. 1304, 1308 (D.S.D. 1997) (finding that Tribal School Board is 11 an employee of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and that its staff handbook does not rise to the 12 level of federal statute, regulation, or policy). The Court finds persuasive Defendant’s 13 rationale that it is unlikely that “each of the numerous health centers across the country 14 deemed to be Public Health Center employees for purposes of requiring certain suits to be 15 brought against the United States could promulgate their own policies that widened the 16 potential liability against the United States.” (Mot. at 22.) The Court therefore concludes 17 that step one of the discretionary function exception analysis is satisfied. 18 B. Social, Economic, or Political Policy Considerations 19 Next, the Court must consider “whether that judgment is of the kind that the 20 discretionary function exception was designed to shield.” Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 322–23 21 (quotation marks omitted). With regard to the second step of the discretionary function 22 exception analysis, decisions relating to the hiring, supervision, and retention of employees 23 generally involve policy judgments of the type Congress intended the discretionary 24 function exception to protect. See Nurse v. United States, 226 F.3d 996, 1001 (9th Cir. 25 2000) (holding that negligent employment, supervision and training claims “fall squarely 26 within the discretionary function exception”); see also Gourgue v. United States, No. 27 12CV-1490-LAB, 2013 WL 1797099, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 29, 2013) (“[T]he 28 Government’s decision of how to train and supervise its employees is the kind of decision 1 that the discretionary function was designed to protect because it is susceptible to a policy 2 analysis.”). The challenged action “need not be actually grounded in policy 3 considerations;” rather, it simply needs to be, “by its nature, susceptible to a policy 4 analysis.” Miller v. United States, 163 F.3d 591, 593 (9th Cir. 1998). 5 Relying on Tonelli, Plaintiff argues that the discretionary function exception does 6 not apply in situations where a defendant has failed to act in response to illegal conduct. 7 (Opp’n at 10 (citing Tonelli v. United States, 60 F.3d 492, 496 (8th Cir. 1995)).) In Tonelli, 8 the Eighth Circuit held that the discretionary function exception did not apply because the 9 plaintiffs’ local postal office had failed to act after it had notice that a postal employee was 10 tampering with the plaintiffs’ mail, an omission that “does not represent a choice based on 11 plausible policy considerations.” Id. at 494. This Court, however, is not bound by the 12 Eight Circuit, particularly where the Ninth Circuit has applied the discretionary function 13 exception in similar circumstances and reached a contrary conclusion. 14 The Court finds that this case is more analogous to Doe v. Holy See, 557 F.3d 1066 15 (9th Cir. 2009), in which the plaintiff claimed that the Catholic Church negligently had 16 supervised and retained a priest whom it knew or should have known “had a history of 17 sexually abusing children.” Id. at 1083. The Ninth Circuit held that the plaintiff’s causes 18 of action for negligent hiring and supervision and failure to warn were barred by the 19 discretionary function exception, id. at 1085, reasoning that some of the policy 20 considerations affecting the Church’s decision could have been the harm to its reputation, 21 the effect of pastoral stability on parishioners’ well-being, and staffing shortages. Id. The 22 court therefore concluded the Church’s decision was susceptible to policy considerations. 23 Id. 24 Here, Plaintiff alleges that “SYH knew or should have known about Dr. Fajerman’s 25 history and practice of sexual contact (or attempted sexual contact) with patients,” and that 26 “he should not have been allowed to continue seeing female patients unattended.” (FAC 27 ¶ 53.) In her Opposition, Plaintiff asserts that the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Holy See 28 “offers no reason to depart from Brignac and Tonelli” because the Ninth Circuit’s analysis 1 did not consider the argument regarding the defendant’s failure to act in response to illegal 2 conduct. (Opp’n at 10.) Although the Ninth Circuit in Holy See did not explicitly discuss 3 this argument, it impliedly considered and rejected it by reversing the district court’s denial 4 of the defendant’s motion to dismiss based on the reasoning in Tonelli. Consequently, for 5 purposes of the second prong of the discretionary function exception test, the decision 6 regarding the supervision and retention of Dr. Fajerman is still susceptible to policy 7 considerations. 8 In this case, following an investigation, the Medical Board of California suspended 9 Dr. Fajerman’s medical license in July 2017. (FAC ¶ 38.) At that point, the retention of 10 Dr. Fajerman no longer involved any policy considerations. Before the suspension of 11 Dr. Fajerman’s medical license, however, SYH might have decided to retain Dr. Fajerman 12 to avoid unnecessarily alarming other patients while the investigation was ongoing, to 13 balance insuring public safety and providing fairness to the accused, or to address staffing 14 and funding concerns. These types of social, economic, or political policy considerations 15 could have influenced SYH’s decision to hire, supervise, or retain Dr. Fajerman and are 16 precisely the kinds of judgments the discretionary function exception was designed to 17 shield. Consequently, the second prong of the two-step discretionary function exception 18 inquiry is met, and Plaintiff’s FTCA claim as pled is barred by the discretionary function 19 exception. The Court therefore GRANTS Defendant’s Motion. 20 CONCLUSION 21 For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s Motion (ECF No. 22 12) and DISMISSES WITHOUT PREJUDICE Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint. 23 See Hernandez v. Conriv Realty Assocs., 182 F.3d 121, 123 (2d Cir. 1999) (“Article III 24 / / / 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 || deprives federal courts of the power to dismiss a case with prejudice where federal subject 2 || matter jurisdiction does not exist.”). 3 IT IS SO ORDERED. 4 Dated: October 22, 2020 | 99> (2 re Honorable Todd W. Robinson ] United States District Court 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 13