Lyons v. Clancy

• Court: District Court, D. Arizona
• Decided: January 8, 2021
• Docket: 2:20-cv-00866
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

9 Paul Lyons, et al., No. CV-20-00866-PHX-MTL

10 Plaintiffs, ORDER

11 v.

12 William Clancy, et al.,

13 Defendants. 14 15 Plaintiffs Paul and Marilyn Lyons move for default judgment against Defendants 16 William and Judith Clancy, Jere Clancy, Ole Gray Mare, LLC (“Ole Gray Mare”), and 17 Clancy Company PLLC fka Clancy and Co. PLLC (“Clancy Company”) (collectively, 18 “Defendants”), pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b)(2). (Doc. 15.) Defendants have not 19 appeared or filed any responses. For the reasons discussed below, the application for 20 default judgment is granted to the extent that Plaintiffs are awarded $126,620 in 21 compensatory damages and $50,000 in punitive damages. 22 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 23 Plaintiffs filed the Complaint on May 4, 2020. (Doc. 1.) It alleges claims for breach 24 of contract, breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, negligent misrepresentation, 25 consumer fraud, fraud, civil conspiracy, aiding and abetting, a civil RICO violation, alter 26 ego, breach of fiduciary duty, and collective trust. (Id. at 4–15.) 27 All facts alleged in the Complaint (except as to damages) are assumed to be true. 28 See Geddes v. United Fin. Grp., 559 F.2d 557, 560 (9th Cir. 1977). Plaintiffs Paul and 1 Marilyn Lyons are a retired couple residing in Maricopa County, Arizona. Mr. Lyons 2 inherited $160,000 in the spring of 2018. (Doc. 1 ¶ 11.) Plaintiffs had previously retained 3 Defendants William Clancy and the Clancy Company to provide personal and business 4 accounting services. (Id. ¶ 7.) Upon learning of the inheritance, William Clancy solicited 5 his “investment consulting” services to Mr. Lyons. (Id. ¶ 7.) Specifically, he advised Mr. 6 Lyons that a strip center at which his son, Defendant Jere Clancy, owned a business, was 7 for sale and would be a good investment. (Id.; Doc. 19 at 10 ¶ 1.) William Clancy offered 8 to invest and manage the purported investment in exchange for a fee of 10% of all rental 9 income from the strip center, as well as 10% of proceeds from any future sale. (Id. ¶ 12.) 10 He also represented that this fee would include “accounting, tax preparation and other 11 related work to manage the investment.” (Id. ¶ 13.) 12 In or about June 2018, Mr. Lyons retained the services of William Clancy and 13 Clancy Company LLC to invest in the strip center and to manage the investment. (Id. ¶ 14; 14 Doc. 19 at 10–11 ¶ 2.) The parties entered into an Investment Service Agreement, pursuant 15 to which Mr. Lyons delivered his $160,000 inheritance in the form of cashier’s checks, 16 before requesting and receiving $30,000 back. (Id. ¶ 15.) On Plaintiffs’ information and 17 belief, William Clancy and the Clancy Company then deposited Plaintiffs’ funds into the 18 bank account of Defendant Ole Gray Mare, owned and managed by William Clancy’s wife, 19 Judith. (Id. ¶ 16.) 20 William Clancy later informed Mr. Lyons that negotiations for the strip center 21 purchase were at an “impasse.” As a result, he recommended that Mr. Lyons invest his 22 inheritance differently. Mr. Lyons “rejected the idea,” and made clear that he was only 23 interested in investing the funds in “income producing commercial real estate.” (Id. ¶ 17.) 24 In or about October 2018, Mr. Lyons was “shocked” to discover that William 25 Clancy, through Ole Gray Mare, used his inheritance funds to purchase a condominium for 26 his son, Jere; to purchase inventory for his wife, Judith’s, fabric store; and to pay off a 27 $70,000 second mortgage on his home. (Id. ¶ 18.) Plaintiffs were “devastated” to learn that 28 Defendants had “absconded” with the inheritance because they are, as Defendants knew, 1 retired and were “counting” on living off of the inheritance. (Doc. 19 at 11 ¶ 5.) Mr. Lyons 2 demanded that the funds be returned, but Defendants refused. (Id. ¶¶ 19–20.) William 3 Clancy eventually offered to make $1,000 monthly payments back to Mr. Lyons, which 4 was formalized in a Repayment Agreement. Defendants made these $1,000 payments until 5 October 25, 2019, but have since stopped payments. (Id. ¶ 22.) Despite Plaintiffs’ demands, 6 Defendants have refused to pay back the remaining inheritance balance. (Id. ¶ 23.) 7 All defendants were timely served with the Summons and Complaint. (Docs. 8–12.) 8 Defendants have failed to file an answer, a motion to dismiss, or any other response. Upon 9 Plaintiffs’ application (Doc. 13), the Clerk of the Court entered default against each 10 defendant. (Doc. 14.) Plaintiffs subsequently filed the pending motion for default 11 judgment. (Doc. 15.) No responses have been filed. The Court also required supplemental 12 briefing regarding jurisdictional issues, which Plaintiffs provided. (Doc. 16, 17.) The Court 13 also required a default damages brief “advising the Court whether they intend to prove 14 damages by live witnesses or affidavits”; assessing “the factors addressed in Eitel v. 15 McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471-72 (9th Cir. 1986)”; and “proposed form of judgment, which 16 includes the exact amount of damages Plaintiffs are seeking under each theory of 17 damages.” (Doc. 18.) Plaintiffs filed their default judgment brief and proposed form of 18 judgment on December 17, 2020. (Docs. 19, 20.) 19 II. LEGAL STANDARD 20 Once a default has been entered, the district court has discretion to grant default 21 judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b)(2); Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 22 1980). The court may consider several factors, including (1) the possibility of prejudice to 23 the plaintiff; (2) the merits of the claims; (3) the sufficiency of the complaint; (4) the 24 amount of money at stake; (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts; (6) 25 whether default was due to excusable neglect; and (7) the strong policy favoring a decision 26 on the merits. See Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471–72. In applying the Eitel factors, the factual 27 allegations of a complaint, apart from damages, are taken as true. TeleVideo Sys., Inc. v. 28 Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915, 917-18 (9th Cir. 1987). The moving party has the burden to 1 prove all damages. Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. Castworld Prod., Inc., 219 F.R.D. 494, 498 2 (C.D. Cal. 2003). 3 III. DISCUSSION 4 Before assessing the merits of Plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment, the Court 5 must confirm that it has subject-matter jurisdiction over the case and personal jurisdiction 6 over Defendants. See In re Tuli, 172 F.3d 707, 712 (9th Cir. 1999) (“When entry of 7 judgment is sought against a party who has failed to plead or otherwise defend, a district 8 court has an affirmative duty to look into its jurisdiction over both the subject matter and 9 the parties.”). The Court will first analyze whether it has jurisdiction, before turning to the 10 merits of Plaintiffs’ motion. 11 A. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction 12 Plaintiffs assert that diversity jurisdiction exists in this case. Diversity jurisdiction 13 requires complete diversity of the parties and an amount in controversy exceeding $75,000. 14 See 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(1) requires a federal plaintiff 15 to include “a short and plain statement of the grounds for the court’s jurisdiction” in the 16 complaint because a “party invoking the federal court’s jurisdiction has the burden of 17 proving the actual existence of subject matter jurisdiction.” Thompson v. McCombe, 99 18 F.3d 352, 353 (9th Cir. 1996) (citation omitted). 19 Here, the Complaint asserts that Plaintiffs reside in Maricopa County, Arizona; 20 William and Judith Clancy reside in Mercer County, Kentucky;1 Jere and Jane Doe Clancy 21 reside in Fayette County, Kentucky; the Clancy Company is “an Arizona professional 22 limited liability company . . . registered and authorized to business in Kentucky”; and Ole 23 Gray Mare is a “Kentucky limited liability company and Defendant Judith Clancy is its 24 sole member and manager.” (Doc. 1 ¶¶ 2–6.) As “an LLC is a citizen of every state of 25 which its owners/members are citizens,” the Court required Plaintiffs to address the 26 1 The Complaint also notes that William and Judith Clancy “were residents of Maricopa 27 County, Arizona” before moving to Kentucky. (Id. ¶ 2.) But “the jurisdiction of the court depends upon the state of things at the time of the action brought.” Grupo Dataflux v. Atlas 28 Glob. Grp., L.P., 541 U.S. 567, 570 (2004) (citing Mollan v. Torrance, 9 Wheat. 537, 539, 6 L.Ed. 154 (1824)). 1 citizenship of the Clancy Company’s members in supplemental briefing. Johnson v. 2 Columbia Props. Anchorage, LP, 437 F.3d 894, 899 (9th Cir. 2006); (Doc. 16). Plaintiffs’ 3 supplemental briefing asserts that Judith Clancy is the sole member and manager of the 4 Clancy Company. (Doc. 17 at 4.) Plaintiffs also attach the company’s annual report 5 demonstrating as much. The Court is satisfied that diversity of citizenship exists in this 6 case. 7 Plaintiffs also assert that the amount in dispute exceeds $75,000 because they seek 8 to recoup at least $130,000 from Defendants. (Doc. 1 at 2, 15.) Accordingly, the Court 9 finds that diversity jurisdiction exists pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. 10 B. Personal Jurisdiction 11 “Federal courts ordinarily follow state law in determining the bounds of 12 their jurisdiction over persons.” Daimler AG v. Bauman, 134 S. Ct. 746, 753 (2014). 13 Arizona’s long-arm statute conforms with the requirements of federal due process. Ariz. 14 R. Civ. P. 4.2(a); see also A. Uberti & C. v. Leonardo, 181 Ariz. 565, 569 (1995) The 15 analyses of personal jurisdiction under Arizona law and federal due process are, therefore, 16 the same. See Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 800–01 (9th Cir. 17 2004). 18 For an exercise of personal jurisdiction to comport with federal due process, the 19 non-resident defendant must have certain “minimum contacts” with the forum state such 20 that an exercise of jurisdiction “does not offend traditional notions of fair play and 21 substantial justice.” Id. at 801 (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 22 (1945)). Personal jurisdiction may be general (based on a forum connection unrelated to 23 the underlying suit) or specific (based on an affiliation between the forum and the 24 underlying controversy). See, e.g., Picot v. Weston, 780 F.3d 1206, 1211 (9th Cir. 2015). 25 Plaintiffs do not argue that general jurisdiction applies in this case. 26 Accordingly, the Court must determine whether Defendants are subject to specific 27 jurisdiction. The Ninth Circuit uses a three-part test to analyze specific jurisdiction, which 28 exists if all three parts are satisfied: 1 (1) The non-resident defendant must purposefully direct his activities or consummate some transaction with the forum 2 or resident thereof; or perform some act by which he 3 purposefully avails himself of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum, thereby invoking the benefits and 4 protections of its laws; 5 (2) the claim must be one which arises out of or relates to the defendant’s forum-related activities; and 6 (3) the exercise of jurisdiction must comport with fair play 7 and substantial justice, i.e., it must be reasonable. 8 Picot, 780 F.3d at 1211 (citing Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802) (internal citations 9 omitted). The burden initially falls on the plaintiff to show the first two prongs, but then 10 shifts to the defendant to show the third. See CollegeSource, Inc. v. AcademyOne, Inc., 653 11 F.3d 1066, 1076 (9th Cir. 2011). Jurisdiction may be established with a lesser showing of 12 minimum contacts “if considerations of reasonableness dictate.” Haisten v. Grass Valley 13 Med. Reimbursement Fund, Ltd., 784 F.2d 1392, 1397 (9th Cir. 1986). 14 The first element of specific jurisdiction, “purposeful direction,” is measured using 15 the “effects” test set forth by the Supreme Court in Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984). 16 See Axiom Foods, Inc. v. Acerchem Int’l, Inc., 874 F.3d 1064, 1069 (9th Cir. 2017). The 17 effects test requires the defendant to “have (1) committed an intentional act, (2) expressly 18 aimed at the forum state, (3) causing harm that the defendant knows is likely to be suffered 19 in the forum state.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Plaintiffs assert 20 that Defendant William Clancy, on behalf of himself, his marital estate, and as an agent of 21 the Clancy Company and Ole Gray Mare, purposefully contacted Mr. Lyons to solicit 22 investment services. (Doc. 17 at 8.) They state that the “series of phone calls and electronic 23 communications . . . to induce [Plaintiffs] to send inheritance money to Defendants” were 24 expressly aimed at Arizona and intended to cause harm in Arizona. (Id. at 8.) The first 25 element is met. 26 The second prong requires a claim “which arises out of or relates to the defendant’s 27 forum-related activities.” Picot, 780 F.3d at 1211 (citing Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802) 28 (internal citations omitted). Plaintiffs assert that their claims are all directly related to 1 Defendants’ “numerous and direct contacts” with Arizona. (Doc. 17 at 10.) As examples, 2 Plaintiffs state that William Clancy “directly solicited” them for “offers to provide 3 investment services, negotiations for such services and the agreement for repayment of the 4 inheritance.” (Id.) William Clancy also “made numerous calls” to communicate 5 information regarding the purported investment “in order to further Defendants’ fraudulent 6 scheme.” (Id.) And William and Judith Clancy also misappropriated the inheritance by 7 purchasing a condominium for their son, Jere, “using Ole Gray Mare.” (Id.) The Court 8 finds that the second element is also met. 9 Lastly, the exercise of jurisdiction should be “reasonable.” Picot, 780 F.3d at 1211 10 (citing Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802) (internal citations omitted). Although the burden 11 shifts to Defendants to demonstrate that jurisdiction is not reasonable, Plaintiffs address 12 this requirement, asserting factors including that Defendants purposefully interjected 13 themselves into Arizona; that the burden of litigating would not be substantially greater on 14 Defendants in Arizona than in Kentucky; that Arizona has a strong interest in adjudicating 15 the present dispute; and that Plaintiffs, “thanks to Defendants, have limited financial 16 resources.” (Doc. 17 at 12.) For all of these reasons, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have 17 demonstrated that jurisdiction is proper in this District. 18 C. Default Judgment 19 The Court now turns to the merits of Plaintiffs’ application for default judgment. 20 Plaintiffs have provided supplemental briefing and a declaration of Mr. Lyons in support 21 of the motion.2 (Docs. 17, 19.) 22 1. The first, fifth, sixth, and seventh Eitel factors 23 In a case such as this, where the defendants have not participated in the litigation, 24 the “first, fifth, sixth, and seventh [Eitel] factors are easily addressed.” Zekelman Indus. 25 Inc. v. Marker, 2020 WL 1495210, *3 (D. Ariz. 2020). The first factor weighs in favor of

26 2 Because Mr. Lyons has submitted a declaration attesting to his damages, a hearing is not necessary. (Doc. 19 at 10–13.); J & J Sports Prods., Inc. v. Meza Jimenez, No. CV-17- 27 1320-PHX-DGC, 2018 WL 317288, at *3 (D. Ariz. Jan. 8, 2018) (“A default judgment may be entered without a hearing on damages when the amount claimed is capable of 28 ascertainment from definite figures contained in the documentary evidence or in detailed affidavits.”). 1 default judgment because denying Plaintiffs’ application will leave them “without other 2 recourse for recovery.” PepsiCo, Inc. v. Cal. Sec. Cans., 238 F. Supp. 2d 1172, 1177 (C.D. 3 Cal. 2002). The fifth factor is satisfied. Because all well-pleaded facts in the Complaint are 4 taken as true, there is no “genuine dispute of material facts” that would preclude granting 5 the motions. Id. Similarly, the sixth factor is satisfied; because Defendants were properly 6 served, it is unlikely that their failure to answer was a result of excusable neglect. See 7 Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. v. Streeter, 438 F. Supp. 2d 1065, 1072 (D. Ariz. 2006). 8 And while generally the seventh Eitel factor weighs against default judgement, the 9 existence of Rule 55(b) “indicates that this preference, standing alone, is not dispositive.” 10 PepsiCo, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 1177. The Court finds that this factor is not sufficient to 11 preclude the entry of default judgment. 12 2. The second and third Eitel factors 13 The second and third Eitel factors—the merits of the claim and the sufficiency of 14 the complaint—are often “analyzed together and require courts to consider whether a 15 plaintiff has stated a claim on which it may recover.” Vietnam Reform Party v. Viet Tan- 16 Vietnam Reform Party, 416 F. Supp. 3d 948, 962 (N.D. Cal. 2019). The Court addresses 17 Plaintiffs’ claims in turn.3 18 a. Breach of Contract 19 Plaintiffs allege breach of contract against William and Judith Clancy and the 20 Clancy Company. A breach of contract claim requires “a contract, a breach of contract, and 21 damages.” Best Western Int’l, Inc. v. Patel, 523 F. Supp. 2d 979, 988 (D. Ariz. 2007) (citing 22 Graham v. Asbury, 112 Ariz. 184, 185 (1975)). Mr. Lyons, William Clancy, and the Clancy 23 Company entered into an Investment Service Agreement. (Doc. 1 ¶ 25.) Mr. Lyons 24 performed his obligations under the Investment Services Agreement, but these defendants 25 breached it by spending Mr. Lyons’s inheritance funds in an impermissible manner. (Id. 26 ¶¶ 26–28.) Mr. Lyons, William Clancy, and the Clancy Company also entered into a 27 Repayment Agreement governing the repayment of Mr. Lyons’s inheritance funds. (Id.

28 3 Plaintiffs bring twelve claims. (Doc. 1 at 4–15.) The Court only addresses those claims for which Plaintiffs seek damages. 1 ¶ 33.) Mr. Lyons performed his obligations under the Repayment Agreement, but William 2 Clancy and the Clancy Company breached it by failing to make the agreed-upon payments. 3 (Id. ¶ 34.) As a result of these breaches, the Complaint states that Plaintiffs have suffered 4 damages in an amount not less than $130,000 plus interest, lost profits, and other 5 consequential damages. (Id. ¶ 30.) 6 Based on the facts described in the Complaint, Plaintiffs have pled a prima facie 7 claim for breach of the Investment Service Agreement and the Repayment Agreement. 8 b. Breach of Fiduciary Duty 9 Plaintiffs also assert a claim of breach of fiduciary duty against Defendant Ole Grey 10 Mare. Under Arizona law, establishing a fiduciary duty requires “either peculiar intimacy 11 or an express agreement to serve as a fiduciary.” Cook v. Orkin Exterminating Co., Inc., 12 227 Ariz. 331, 334, ¶ 15, 258 P.3d 149, 152 (App. 2011). A breach of fiduciary duty claim 13 may be brought in the absence of a valid contract between the parties to the dispute. See 14 Sports Imaging of Arizona, L.L.C. v.1993 CKC Tr., No. 1 CA-CV 05-0205, 2008 WL 15 4448063, at *22 (Ariz. Ct. App. Sept. 30, 2008). 16 The Complaint asserts that Ole Gray Mare owed a fiduciary duty to Plaintiffs as the 17 bailor of its funds. It breached these fiduciary duties by misappropriating Plaintiffs’ 18 inheritance funds for its own personal benefit, and “also lied, mislead, and concealed 19 material information from [Mr. Lyons] on multiple occasions.” (Doc. 1 ¶ 94–96.) The 20 Court finds, without concluding that Ole Gray Mare did in fact owe a fiduciary duty to 21 Plaintiffs, that the Complaint sufficiently alleges a prima facie claim of breach of fiduciary 22 duty against Ole Gray Mare. 23 c. Fraud and Consumer Fraud 24 Plaintiffs assert claims of fraud and consumer fraud against Defendants William and 25 Judith Clancy and the Clancy Company. 26 As to the fraud claim, under Arizona law, a “showing of fraud requires (1) a 27 representation; (2) its falsity; (3) its materiality; (4) the speaker’s knowledge of its falsity 28 or ignorance of its truth; (5) the speaker’s intent that it be acted upon by the recipient in the 1 manner reasonably contemplated; (6) the hearer’s ignorance of its falsity; (7) the hearer’s 2 reliance on its truth; (8) the right to rely on it; (9) his consequent and proximate injury.” 3 Echols v. Beauty Built Homes, Inc., 132 Ariz. 498, 500 (1982). Plaintiffs allege that 4 William Clancy, on behalf of Judith Clancy and the Clancy Company, made false 5 representation regarding their investment, which was a material term of the Investment 6 Service Agreement. (Doc. 1 ¶ 59–60.) They assert that Defendants “knew at all relevant 7 times that his representations were false or in reckless disregard for the truth.” (Id. ¶ 61.) 8 Mr. Lyons did not know that the representations were false, relied on them, had the right 9 to do so, and “suffered substantial damages” as a result. (Id. ¶ 62–66.) Plaintiffs have stated 10 a prima facie claim for fraud against William and Judith Clancy and the Clancy Company. 11 Plaintiffs also assert a claim for consumer fraud against the same defendants. The 12 Arizona Consumer Fraud Act, A.R.S. § 44-1521, et seq., is “much broader in its scope” 13 than common-law fraud. Lorona v. Arizona Summit Law Sch., LLC, 188 F. Supp. 3d 927, 14 933 (D. Ariz. 2016). A consumer may bring a private right of action against a violator of 15 the Consumer Fraud Act upon a showing of “a false promise or misrepresentation made in 16 connection with the sale or advertisement of merchandise and the hearer’s consequent and 17 proximate injury.” Dunlap v. Jimmy GMC of Tucson, Inc., 136 Ariz. 338, 342 (Ct. App. 18 1983); A.R.S. § 44-1521. “Merchandise” includes “intangibles” and “services,” and has 19 been interpreted broadly by Arizona courts. See A.R.S. § 44–1521(5); Villegas v. 20 Transamerica Fin. Servs., Inc., 147 Ariz. 100, 102 (Ct. App. 1985). 21 The Complaint states that these defendants made false representations to Plaintiffs, 22 including that they would invest money in the strip center. In making these representations, 23 Defendants “employed an unlawful practice, used deceptions, deceptive acts or practices, 24 frauds, false pretenses, false promises, misrepresentations, and/or concealment, 25 suppressions, and/or omissions, in connection with their investment services.” (Doc. 1. 26 ¶¶ 53–54.) Plaintiffs relied on these assertions and have suffered damages as a result. Based 27 on these allegations, Plaintiffs have also stated a prima facie case of consumer fraud. 28 1 d. Civil Conspiracy 2 Plaintiffs also seek punitive damages on their claim for civil conspiracy against 3 William Clancy, Jere Clancy, and the Clancy Company.4 A civil conspiracy requires that 4 “two or more individuals agree and thereupon accomplish an underlying tort which the 5 alleged conspirators agreed to commit.” Wojtunik v. Kealy, 394 F. Supp. 2d 1149, 1172 (D. 6 Ariz. 2005) (citation omitted). A civil conspiracy is not an independent tort, but instead 7 “requires an underlying tort which the alleged conspirators agreed to commit.” Baker ex 8 rel. Hall Brake Supply, Inc v. Stewart Title & Trust of Phoenix, Inc., 197 Ariz. 535, 545 9 (Ct. App. 2000). 10 The Complaint states that William Clancy, Jere Clancy, and the Clancy Company 11 “conspired and agreed to engage in a scheme to obtain the Inheritance from [Mr. Lyons] 12 by fraudulent means.” (Doc. 1 ¶ 69.) It asserts that they “knowingly aided one another to 13 commit the unlawful acts” and that, as a result, Plaintiffs have “suffered substantial 14 damages” in an amount not less than $130,000. (Doc. 1 at 10.) Based on these allegations, 15 Plaintiffs have stated a claim for civil conspiracy. 16 e. Aiding and Abetting 17 Plaintiffs also allege aiding and abetting against the Clancy Company and Jere 18 Clancy.5 “Arizona recognizes aiding and abetting as embodied in Restatement [(Second) 19 of Torts] § 876(b), that a person who aids and abets a tortfeasor is himself liable for the 20 resulting harm to a third person.” Wells Fargo Bank v. Ariz. Laborers, Teamsters & Cement 21 Masons Local No. 395 Pension Trust Fund, 38 P.3d 12, 23 ¶ 31 (Ariz. 2002). See 22 also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 876 cmt. a (1977) (“Whenever two or more persons 23 commit tortious acts in concert, each becomes subject to liability for the acts of the others, 24 as well as for his own acts.”). An entity can be liable for aiding and abetting. See Sec. Title 25 Agency, Inc. v. Pope, 219 Ariz. 480, 491 (Ct. App. 2008). 26 Plaintiffs allege that William Clancy committed fraudulent acts as part of a scheme 27 4 Although Plaintiffs assert the civil conspiracy claim against Jere Clancy, they do not 28 request damages from him. (Doc. 20 at 3.) 5 Plaintiffs also do not request damages from Jere Clancy on the aiding and abetting claim. 1 to defraud them. Jere Clancy and the Clancy Company knew that the conduct was 2 fraudulent, and substantially assisted by encouraging William Clancy to solicit the 3 Investment Services Agreement and by misappropriating Mr. Lyons’s funds. (Doc. 1 ¶ 74– 4 76.) As a result, Plaintiffs “suffered substantial damages.” (Id. ¶ 77.) Based on these 5 allegations, Plaintiffs have stated a claim for aiding and abetting against the Clancy 6 Company and Jere Clancy. 7 f. Civil Racketeering 8 Plaintiffs also assert a claim against the Clancy Company and Ole Gray Mare under 9 Arizona’s civil racketeering statute, A.R.S. 13-2314.04. That statute provides, in relevant 10 part: 11 A person who sustains reasonably foreseeable injury to his 12 person, business or property by a pattern of racketeering activity, or by a violation of § 13–2312 involving a pattern of 13 racketeering activity, may file an action in superior court for 14 the recovery of up to treble damages and the costs of the suit, including reasonable attorney fees for trial and appellate 15 representation. 16 A.R.S. 13-2314.04(A). “Racketeering,” in relevant part, is defined as “any act, including 17 any preparatory or completed offense, that is chargeable or indictable under the laws of the 18 state or country in which the act occurred . . . and that would be punishable by 19 imprisonment for more than one year.” A.R.S. § 13-2301(D)(4)(b). A “pattern of 20 racketeering activity” means that there must be at least two related and continuous acts of 21 racketeering. A.R.S. § 13-2314.04(T)(3); Lifeflite Med. Air Transp., Inc. v. Native Am. Air 22 Servs., Inc., 198 Ariz. 149, 152, ¶ 12 (App. 2000). 23 Here, Plaintiffs allege that William Clancy’s activity was “unlawful,” and that 24 Defendants “performed, authorized, requested, commended, ratified or recklessly 25 tolerated” the unlawful conduct, but do not assert that any defendant engaged in conduct 26 punishable by imprisonment.6 (Id. ¶ 84.) Plaintiffs have not stated a civil racketeering claim 27

28 6 Plaintiffs’ supplemental briefing states, “If Mr. Clancy was a licensed securities broker, he would be looking at jail time.” (Doc. 19 at 4.) However, this statement does not appear 1 under Arizona law. (Doc. 1 ¶¶ 79–86.) 2 g. Constructive Trust 3 Plaintiffs also seek a constructive trust on any property or funds held by Defendants 4 that are “traced to and derive from” Mr. Lyons’s inheritance funds. (Doc. 1 ¶¶ 99-101.) A 5 constructive trust is an equitable remedy, rather than a separate cause of action, under 6 Arizona law. See In re Allied Gen. Agency, 229 B.R. 190, 195 (D. Ariz. 1998). The Court 7 will address this request in the context of appropriate remedies. 8 3. The fourth Eitel factor 9 Under the fourth Eitel factor, the Court considers the amount of money at stake in 10 relation to the seriousness of the defendants’ conduct. See PepsiCo, Inc., 238 F. Supp. 2d 11 at 1176. If the sum of money at stake is completely disproportionate or inappropriate, 12 default judgment is disfavored. See Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 438 F. Supp. 2d at 13 1071. In contrast to the other allegations in a complaint, allegations pertaining to damages 14 are not taken as true when considering a motion for default judgment. See Fair Housing of 15 Marin, 285 F.3d at 906. A district court has “wide latitude” in determining the amount of 16 damages to award upon default judgment. James v. Frame, 6 F.3d 307, 310 (9th Cir. 1993). 17 Here, Plaintiffs seek $126,260.00 in compensatory damages and a total of 18 $125,000.00 in punitive damages, a constructive trust in the amount of $126,260.00, and 19 attorney’s fees and costs. As discussed below, the Court will award the requested 20 compensatory damages in full and the punitive damages in part, and deny the request for a 21 constructive trust, attorney’s fees, and costs. 22 Upon review of the Eitel factors, Plaintiffs are entitled to default judgment on 23 Plaintiffs’ claims for breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, fraud and consumer 24 fraud, civil conspiracy, and aiding and abetting. 25 D. Remedies 26 The Court now turns to the matter of remedies. Plaintiffs seek compensatory 27 damages, punitive damages, a constructive trust, attorney’s fees, and taxable costs.

28 in the Complaint and is not a sufficient allegation; nowhere is Mr. Clancy alleged to be a securities broker. 1 1. Compensatory Damages 2 Plaintiffs seek $126,260.00 in compensatory damages against William and Judith 3 Clancy and the Clancy Company, jointly and severally, for breach of contract, and against 4 Ole Gray Mare for breach of fiduciary duty. (Doc. 20 at 2.) They assert that after 5 Defendants credited “a few payments,” the outstanding principal amount is $126,260. 6 (Doc. 19 at 5.) The Court finds that, based on Plaintiffs’ claims for breach of contract and 7 breach of fiduciary duty, Plaintiffs are entitled to $126,260 in compensatory damages.7 8 2. Punitive Damages 9 Plaintiffs also seek $25,000 in punitive damages against William and Judith Clancy 10 and the Clancy Company, jointly and severally, for their fraud and consumer fraud claims. 11 In Arizona, “punitive damages are not recoverable in every fraud case, even though fraud 12 is an intentional tort.” Rawlings v. Apodaca, 151 Ariz. 149, 162 n.8 (1986). Instead, “every 13 case must be based on its own facts and the standard of aggravated, wanton, reckless or 14 malicious intentional wrongdoing.” Dawson v. Withycombe, 216 Ariz. 84, 112, 163 P.3d 15 1034, 1062 (Ct. App. 2007). Punitive damages are also permitted for violations of the 16 Consumer Fraud Act “where the wrongdoer’s conduct is wanton or reckless, shows spite 17 or ill will or where the conduct demonstrates a reckless indifference to the interests of 18 others.” Holeman v. Neils, 803 F. Supp. 237, 242–43 (D. Ariz. 1992). 19 Here, the Complaint states that William Clancy and the Clancy Company 20 intentionally acted with an “evil hand” and “guided by an evil heart” with the clear intent 21 to “injure, defraud, or deliberately interfere” with Mr. Lyons’s legal rights. (Doc. 1 ¶¶ 57, 22 67.) Based on these and other allegations in the Complaint, the Court finds that punitive 23 damages are appropriate for these claims. Sandpiper Resorts Dev. Corp. v. Glob. Realty 24 Investments, LLC, 904 F. Supp. 2d 971, 986–87 (D. Ariz. 2012) (“The court agrees with 25 plaintiffs that the defaulted defendants have conceded liability for punitive damages . . . by 26 virtue of their default.”).

27 7 Plaintiffs also seek compensatory damages based on their claims for breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, negligent misrepresentation, consumer fraud, and fraud. 28 (Doc. 20 at 3.) Because the Court awards compensatory damages pursuant to the breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty claims, it need not reach these claims. 1 In determining the amount of punitive damages, there is “no exact monetary 2 standard” in Arizona. Wilson v. Riley Whittle, Inc., 145 Ariz. 317, 322 (Ct. App. 1984). 3 Punitive damages are “for the purpose of punishing the wrongdoer and deterring others 4 from the same sort of conduct.” Bradshaw v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 157 Ariz. 5 411, 424 (1988). Factors to be considered are the wealth of the defendant against whom 6 punitive damages are to be awarded, the reprehensibility of the defendant’s actions, and an 7 appropriate relationship to the amount of compensatory damages. “A rule of thumb 8 applicable in at least some cases limits punitive damages to more than three times the 9 compensatory damages.” Sandpiper Resorts Dev. Corp., 904 F. Supp. 2d at 987. 10 The Court will grant Plaintiffs’ request for $25,000 in punitive damages for the 11 fraud claims. Although the Court is without knowledge of Defendants’ financial status, the 12 aims of punishment and deterrence are warranted here, and a $25,000 punitive damages 13 award is appropriate in scope as compared with the $126,260.00 compensatory damages 14 award. 15 Plaintiffs also seek $25,000 in punitive damages for their civil conspiracy claim. 16 (Doc. 20 at 3.) Plaintiffs have not provided any authorities indicating that punitive damages 17 are appropriate for a civil conspiracy claim, and the Court has found none. Further, the 18 damages that a plaintiff may recover for a civil conspiracy claim are not for “the conspiracy 19 itself but the injury to the plaintiff produced by specific overt acts.” Perry v. Apache 20 Junction Elem. Sch. Dist. No. 43 Bd. of Trs., 20 Ariz. App. 561, 564 (1973). Here, in light 21 of the $126,260.00 compensatory damages award, plus the lack of authority indicating that 22 punitive damages are appropriate, the Court will deny Plaintiffs’ request for punitive 23 damages on their civil conspiracy claim. 24 Plaintiffs also seek $25,000 in punitive damages against the Clancy Company for 25 the aiding and abetting claim. Punitive damages may be imposed in aiding and abetting 26 cases, including in the commercial context. See Sec. Title Agency, 219 Ariz. at 499 (Ct. 27 App. 2008) (“We have no reason to believe that these purposes are served any less when 28 applied to conduct in the marketplace than in other contexts.”). Here, Plaintiffs’ punitive 1 damages request is based on the Clancy Company’s knowledge of and substantial 2 assistance to William Clancy for his purportedly fraudulent scheme. (Doc. 75–77.) The 3 Complaint further states that the Clancy Company “intentionally engaged in a pattern of 4 aggravated and outrageous conduct with an evil hand guided by an evil mind.” (Id. ¶ 78.) 5 The Court will grant $25,000 in punitive damages for Plaintiffs’ aiding and abetting claim. 6 Lastly, Plaintiffs seek $25,000 in punitive damages for the civil racketeering claim. 7 Because Plaintiffs have not stated a claim for civil racketeering, this request is denied. 8 3. Constructive Trust 9 Plaintiffs also seek a “constructive trust and equitable lien” against the property of 10 Defendants Ole Gray Mare, the Clancy Company, and Jere Clancy, jointly and severally, 11 in the amount of $126,260.00. (Doc. 20 at 3.) The Complaint states that “this Court should 12 impose a constructive trust or equitable lien on any property or funds” held by these 13 defendants that “are traced to and derive from the Inheritance.” (Doc. 1 ¶ 101.) 14 A constructive trust is an equitable remedy that may be imposed “whenever title to 15 property has been obtained through actual fraud, misrepresentation, concealment, undue 16 influence, duress or through any other means which render it unconscionable for the holder 17 of legal title to continue to retain and enjoy its beneficial interest.” Harmon v. Harmon, 18 126 Ariz. 242, 244 (Ct. App. 1980). A constructive trust prevents the title holder from 19 continuing to reap the benefits of ownership. See In re Rose’s Estate, 108 Ariz. 101, 104 20 (1972). The plaintiff must have an “equitable interest in the property wrongly held by the 21 defendant to give rise to the defendant’s duty to convey that property to the plaintiff.” Id. 22 In Arizona, “[e]ssential to the imposition of a constructive trust . . . is the 23 identification of specific property, or res, in which the claimant has a direct interest.” In re 24 Allied Gen. Agency, 229 B.R. at 196. Before imposing a collective trust on assets, “courts 25 require the aggrieved party to trace his or her interest in the assets.” Id.; see also Burch & 26 Cracchiolo, P.A. v. Pugliani, 144 Ariz. 281, 286, 697 P.2d 674, 679 (1985). It is this 27 “tracing requirement which distinguishes a constructive trust from a general claim for 28 damages.” In re Allied Gen. Agency, 229 B.R. at 196. See also Amtitle Tr. Co. v. Fitch, 25 1 Ariz. App. 182, 185 (1975) (“The failure of [plaintiff] to demonstrate that it was [h]er 2 money which passed through the hands of the title companies must therefore defeat her 3 claim for a constructive trust against the title companies.”). A party’s failure to trace his or 4 her interest does not foreclose all relief, however; “he or she may still have a claim for 5 damages against the putative wrongdoer.” In re Allied Gen. Agency, 229 B.R. at 196. 6 Here, Plaintiffs’ request for “any property or funds” that are “traced to and derive 7 from the Inheritance,” is not adequately specific. (Doc. 1 ¶ 101.) The tracing requirement 8 “is not dispensed with lightly in Arizona.” In re Allied Gen. Agency, 229 B.R. at 196. 9 Further, the Court finds that Plaintiffs will be adequately compensated by the awards of 10 compensatory and punitive damages. Accordingly, the Court will deny Plaintiffs’ request 11 for a constructive trust. 12 4. Attorney’s Fees and Costs 13 Plaintiffs also state, in passing, that they are owed “attorney’s fees and costs,” and 14 their proposed order awards “attorney’s fees in the amount of $6,500.00 and taxable costs 15 in the amount of $852.00.” (Doc. 20 at 3.) Plaintiffs do not provide any justification for 16 these requests. Rule 54.2(c) of the Local Rules of Civil Procedure requires a party seeking 17 fees and costs to include (1) “the applicable statutory or contractual authority upon which 18 the movant seeks an award of attorneys’ fees and related non-taxable expenses,” including 19 a statement as to the claims the moving party prevailed on in the action; (2) the relevant 20 legal authority supporting the award of attorney's fees and costs; and, (3) the 21 reasonableness of the requested award, listing 13 non-exhaustive factors. LRCiv 54.2(c). 22 As Plaintiffs have not included this information, the request for fees is denied without 23 prejudice. Plaintiffs may move for an award of attorney’s fees in a manner provided by 24 applicable federal and local rules. 25 Further, under Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(1), “costs—other than attorney’s fees—should 26 be allowed to the prevailing party” unless “a federal statute, these rules, or a court order 27 provides otherwise[.]” To recover their taxable costs, Plaintiffs may file a Bill of Costs on 28 the form provided by the Clerk of the Court within 14 days after entry of judgment as || required by LRCiv 54.1(a). Plaintiffs’ requests for costs are also denied without prejudice. 2|| IV. CONCLUSION 3 Accordingly, 4 IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ Application for Default Judgment (Doc. 15) is 5 || granted in part. 6 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED awarding Plaintiffs $126,260.00 in compensatory 7\| damages against Defendants William and Judith Clancy; Clancy Company, PLLC; and Ole 8 || Gray Mare, LLC, jointly and severally. 9 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED awarding Plaintiffs $25,000 in punitive damages || for their fraud and consumer fraud claims against Defendants William and Judith Clancy 11 || and the Clancy Company, PLLC, jointly and severally. 12 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED awarding Plaintiffs $25,000 in punitive damages 13 || for their aiding and abetting claim against Defendant Clancy Company, PLLC. 14 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED denying the Plaintiffs’ Application (Doc. 15) in all 15 || other respects. 16 IT IS FINALLY ORDERED directing the Clerk of the Court to close this case and || to enter judgment accordingly. 18 Dated this 8th day of January, 2021. 19 Mi Chak T. Sibude Michael T. Liburdi 22 United States District Judge 23 24 25 26 27 28

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