AFFIRMED and Opinion Filed January 29, 2014.
Court of Appeals S In The
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-12-00968-CV
DAVID SCOT LYND, Appellant V. BASS PRO OUTDOOR WORLD, INC., Appellee
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 3 Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. CC-08-9862-C
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices O'Neill, Myers, and Brown Opinion by Justice Myers David Scot Lynd appeals the trial court’s judgment that he take nothing on his claims
against Bass Pro Outdoor World, Inc. and imposing a permanent injunction against him. Lynd
brings thirty-three issues on appeal. 1 We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
Lynd filed suit against Bass Pro on November 14, 2008 (the 2008 case), alleging that on
November 16, 2006, a Bass Pro employee negligently operated a forklift in the parking lot of the
Bass Pro store in Garland and damaged Lynd’s 1991 pickup truck. Lynd sought monetary
1 These are the issues contained in the body of Lynd’s appellant’s brief. The appendix to Lynd’s brief appears to contain additional argument as well as citations to the record. We do not consider any issues, arguments, or citations to the record or authorities presented in the appendix that do not also appear in the brief itself. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(k)(2) (“Items should not be included in the appendix in attempt to avoid the page limits for the brief.”); Gleason v. Isbell, No. 14-03-00166-CV, 2004 WL 1205784, *1 n.2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 3, 2004, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (“We respectfully decline to consider the six additional issues contained within the appendices to appellant’s brief.”). damages for the cost to repair the truck and for his lost wages as a result of the accident. During
the pretrial litigation, Lynd was represented by attorney Robert Fitzgerald. The case was set for
trial on June 29, 2010. On May 28, 2010, Fitzgerald moved to withdraw from representing
Lynd; however, the trial court did not rule on this motion. On June 28, 2010, the day before the
trial setting, Fitzgerald filed a motion for continuance, stating Lynd needed time to find a new
attorney and that Lynd desired to conduct further written discovery.
On June 29, 2010, the parties appeared for trial with Fitzgerald representing Lynd, and
the trial court denied the motion for continuance. Before the trial began, the parties announced
in open court that they had reached a settlement requiring Bass Pro to pay Lynd $1500. 2 Lynd
signed a settlement agreement on July 15, 2010, cashed the $1500 check, and the case was
dismissed on the parties’ joint motion on July 29, 2010.
The settlement agreement released Bass Pro and its “subsidiaries, related and affiliated
companies, corporations and entities, insurers, past or future stockholders, officers, directors
employees, agents, servants, legal representatives, attorneys, component part suppliers,
successors, and assigns, as well as all other persons, firms, or corporations in privity with same”
from all claims in any way related to the incident.
On September 8, 2011, Bass Pro filed a motion to enforce the settlement agreement and
request for injunctive relief (the 2011 litigation). This pleading alleged that after the settlement,
Lynd violated the settlement agreement by contacting Bass Pro’s employees telling them the
settlement was not valid, that he demanded additional compensation, being “aggressive and
threatening” to Bass Pro’s employees, stating he will “own Bass Pro” if he is not properly
compensated, threatening to “show up on the doorstep of the founder of Bass Pro if he needs to,”
2 At the time, Lynd’s vehicle was worth only $1200 or $1300. The settlement exceeded the value of the vehicle by at least $200. Lynd’s counsel announced he was waiving all fees for the case.
–2– bothering employees at their homes, calling the president of Bass Pro at his home, and sending a
letter to the president at his home. Bass Pro also alleged Lynd violated the terms of the
settlement agreement by sending an ex parte letter to the trial court stating Bass Pro obtained the
“settlement and dismissal by ‘fraud upon the court’ and misrepresented fact statements to the
court.” Bass Pro asked that Lynd be restrained from contacting Bass Pro and its employees,
insurers, and attorneys regarding the incident of damage to Lynd’s truck; prohibit Lynd from
going within 100 feet of any Bass Pro retail store, corporate headquarters, or within 100 feet of
the residences of John Morris (Bass Pro’s founder and chairman of the board of directors), Jim
Hagale (Bass Pro’s president), or of any other Bass Pro employee, officer, or director. On
October 7, 2011 the trial court signed a fourteen-day temporary restraining order granting the
injunctive relief Bass Pro requested.
On October 21, 2011, following a hearing, the trial court signed a preliminary injunction
imposing the same injunctive relief as the temporary restraining order as well as prohibiting
Lynd from going within 100 feet of the office or residence of any of Bass Pro’s attorneys.
On November 22, 2011, Lynd, pro se, filed a response to the request for enforcement of
the settlement agreement and for injunctive relief, requested that the court enter a decree
cancelling the parties’ July 15, 2010 settlement agreement and vacate the July 29, 2010 judgment
dismissing the case, and asked that the court impose sanctions on Bass Pro and its counsel “for
abuse of process and frivolous filing,” as well as for “[f]raud, violation of the non disclosure, and
misleading the court, and plaintiff.” Lynd alleged that certain of Bass Pro’s discovery responses
in the 2008 case were false and constituted fraud.
Following a trial before the court, the trial court entered a permanent injunction against
Lynd and denied his requests to cancel the settlement agreement, to vacate the July 29, 2010
–3– judgment, and to impose sanctions against Bass Pro and its counsel. Lynd now appeals that
judgment.
PRO SE PARTIES
Lynd is pro se before this Court. We liberally construe pro se pleadings and briefs.
Washington v. Bank of N.Y., 362 S.W.3d 853, 854 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.). However,
we hold pro se litigants to the same standards as licensed attorneys and require them to comply
with applicable laws and rules of procedure. Mansfield State Bank v. Cohn, 573 S.W.2d 181,
184–85 (Tex. 1978); Washington, 362 S.W.3d at 854. To do otherwise would give a pro se
litigant an unfair advantage over a litigant who is represented by counsel. Shull v. United Parcel
Serv., 4 S.W.3d 46, 53 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. denied).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
This case was tried before the court. The parties did not request findings of fact and
conclusions of law, and the trial court did not make findings of fact and conclusions of law.
When no findings of fact and conclusions of law were requested or filed, it is implied that the
trial court made all findings necessary to support its judgment. Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d
108, 109 (Tex. 1990) (per curiam); Niskar v. Niskar, 136 S.W.3d 749, 753 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2004, no pet.). The judgment will be upheld on any legal theory that finds support in the
evidence. Niskar, 136 S.W.3d at 754.
We review the implied findings of fact for legal and factual sufficiency, and we review
the trial court’s implied legal conclusions de novo. In re M.P.B., 257 S.W.3d 804, 808 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.). When addressing a legal sufficiency challenge, we view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the challenged finding, crediting favorable evidence if a
reasonable fact-finder could and disregarding contrary evidence unless a reasonable fact-finder
could not. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). Anything more than a
–4– scintilla of evidence is legally sufficient to support the finding. Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v.
Presidio Eng’rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 48 (Tex. 1998). In a factual sufficiency
review, we view all the evidence in a neutral light and set aside the finding only if the finding is
so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence such that the finding is clearly wrong
and unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986) (per curiam); Morris v. Wells Fargo
Bank, N.A., 334 S.W.3d 838, 842 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.).
LYND’S ISSUES
Lynd’s issues fall into four categories. Some of the issues concern asserted errors in the
2008 case. Lynd did not appeal the judgment dismissing that case, and it is now final and is not
subject to attack except by bill of review. Second, other of Lynd’s issues assert that the
settlement agreement leading to the dismissal of his lawsuit was void because he was
fraudulently induced to sign it. Third, some issues involved the sufficiency of the evidence to
support the elements for an injunction. The fourth category of issues concerns additional matters
in the 2011 litigation. We discuss each of these categories in turn.
ISSUES CONCERNING THE 2008 CASE
Lynd’s first three issues assert error in the 2008 case. Because Lynd did not file a motion
for new trial or appeal the judgment, the trial court’s plenary jurisdiction expired after thirty
days, that is, after August 28, 2010. See Emerald Oaks Hotel/Conference Ctr., Inc. v.
Zardenetta, 776 S.W.2d 577, 578 (Tex. 1989) (per curiam); In re New Hampshire Ins. Co., No.
02-12-00281-CV, 2012 WL 3264392, *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 13, 2012, orig.
proceeding) (mem. op.). Thereafter, the judgment could not be set aside “except by bill of
review for sufficient cause.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 329b(f). The trial court dismissed the 2008 case on
July 29, 2010, and Lynd brought his claim to vacate the dismissal 481 days later, on November
22, 2011. Because the trial court’s plenary power over the 2008 case had expired, the July 29,
–5– 2010 judgment could not be vacated except through a bill of review. Lynd’s pleading in this
case did not include a petition for bill of review.
Lynd’s first issue is, “Can a court force a plaintiff to trial when counsel of record[]
testifies he is not ready?” Lynd also states in his brief that his attorney “clear and concisely
made the court aware that not only was he not ready but had never prepared.” Lynd does not cite
to the record, and the record does not support his assertion that his attorney was “not ready [and]
had never prepared.” Regardless of whether Lynd’s counsel was prepared, this error, if any,
affected only the judgment in the 2008 case. Accordingly, that issue was final in 2010 and may
not be considered in this appeal. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 329b(f). We overrule Lynd’s first issue.
Lynd’s second issue is, “Can [a] Judge incorrectly issue a ruling/statement from the
bench claim fact [sic], about what can be recovered prior to evidence being presented to induce a
settlement?” This issue concerns the trial court’s statements from the bench at the June 29, 2010
hearing. As the parties explained to the court what the case was about, Bass Pro’s counsel
mentioned that Bass Pro had offered more than the pickup’s Blue-Book value as a settlement
offer. The court stated that the value of the truck was the most Lynd was likely to receive from a
jury. The court told Lynd that based on the court’s extensive experience as a practicing lawyer
and as a judge, accepting the settlement “will be your last chance to get more than the value of
the truck. After this, you’ll be throwing your money away.” Lynd replied that, “A thousand
dollars is an insult.” The court responded, “Well, you’re going to be insulted more by the
jury. . . . So pick your insult.” The court also stated, “I’m just telling you what you can get as a
matter of law. And if they’re offering you more than the value of the truck, you’re not going to
get any more.” Lynd does not explain how the trial court’s statements prevented him from
pursuing his lawsuit. Nor does he explain how the statements were incorrect or cite authority
showing the trial court’s statements were misrepresentations of the law under the fact of his case.
–6– We conclude Lynd has not shown the trial court erred. Moreover, any error by the trial court
was final after August 28, 2010 and may not be raised in this appeal. See TEX. R. CIV. P.
329b(f). We overrule Lynd’s second issue.
In his third issue, Lynd asks, “Can a judge order in depth discovery be completed in the
hallway of the courthouse?” Lynd asserts that the trial court ordered the parties to conduct
discovery in the hallway on the day the case was set for trial. The record of the June 29, 2010
hearing shows Lynd’s attorney was seeking the name and contact information of the forklift
operator on duty at Bass Pro the day of the accident. An “Unidentified Speaker” in the
courtroom said he would try to get that information from Bass Pro’s human resources
department. The court then said,
[S]ee if you can’t get him subpoenaed for in the morning. And if you talk to him and you don’t care what he says, you don’t have to use him as a witness. So you don’t have to worry about what he says that way. You can talk to him in the hallway.
The court’s statement was not an order that the parties complete discovery in the hallway of the
courthouse. The statement was that Lynd’s attorney could speak to the forklift operator in the
hallway the next morning before the trial began and decide whether to call him as a witness. The
record does not show that the court ordered the parties to conduct discovery in the hallway.
Moreover, any potential error was final after August 28, 2010 and may not be considered in this
appeal. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 329b(f). We overrule Lynd’s third issue.
FRAUDULENTLY INDUCED CONTRACT
Many of Lynd’s issues contend the settlement agreement is void because he was
fraudulently induced into signing the settlement agreement.
In his twenty-third issue, Lynd asserts that settlement agreements are governed by
contract law. We agree. See Buys v. Buys, 924 S.W.2d 369, 372 (Tex. 1996); Cadle Co. v.
Castle, 913 S.W.2d 627, 630 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995, writ denied). In his twenty-fourth issue,
–7– Lynd asserts that a settlement agreement “obtain[ed] by a form of fraud” is void. Appellant is
correct. “A contract is subject to avoidance on the ground of fraudulent inducement.” Italian
Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 341 S.W.3d 323, 331 (Tex. 2011). The
elements for fraudulent inducement are the same as for fraud: (1) a material misrepresentation,
(2) which was false, (3) which was either known to be false when made or was asserted without
knowledge of the truth, (4) which was intended to be acted upon, (5) which was relied upon, and
(6) which caused injury. DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 793 S.W.2d 670, 688 (Tex. 1990);
Hoagland v. Butcher, 396 S.W.3d 182, 190 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied).
However, neither of these issues asserts the trial court erred. Therefore, even though we agree
with the issues’ statements of the law, we cannot reverse the trial court’s judgment based solely
on those issues.
Lynd appears to base his fraudulent-inducement claim on alleged misrepresentations by
the trial court and by Bass Pro’s counsel. In his thirtieth issue, Lynd contends he was induced to
enter into the settlement agreement in the 2008 case by a knowing misrepresentation from the
trial court. Lynd asserts the trial court made a misrepresentation when the court, while urging
Lynd to accept Bass Pro’s settlement offer of $1500, said the maximum damages Lynd could
recover was the value of the damaged vehicle. In support of his argument, Lynd cites a case
stating that in fraud cases, damages are not limited to economic damages but may include tort
damages and exemplary damages. See Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng’rs &
Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 47 (Tex. 1998). However, Lynd did not plead a cause of
action for fraud in the 2008 case; his only cause of action was for negligence. Thus, Formosa
Plastics and the cases it cites in support of its decision that damages for fraud are not limited to
economic damages are not applicable. Lynd cites no authority showing he would have been
entitled to damages exceeding the value of his truck in the 2008 suit. Accordingly, we conclude
–8– he has not shown the trial court made a material misrepresentation to him causing him to sign the
settlement agreement. 3 We overrule Lynd’s thirtieth issue. 4
Lynd’s fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, twenty-eighth, and twenty-ninth issues concern what
he asserts was a misrepresentation by Bass Pro’s counsel at the June 29, 2010 hearing. Lynd
appears to assert that Bass Pro committed fraud at that hearing by falsely stating that the
employees who investigated Lynd’s damages claim were no longer employed by Bass Pro and
that the company did not know where they were.
The June 29, 2010 hearing was admitted into evidence at the trial of this case. At that
hearing, which ended with the settlement, the trial court asked Lynd’s counsel, Robert
Fitzgerald, what additional discovery he needed from Bass Pro. Fitzgerald told the court that
Bass Pro had disbanded its risk-management department, that the employees who had
investigated Lynd’s accident claim were gone, and that Lynd had no addresses or way of
contacting those people to learn what they knew and what they did to investigate his claim.
Fitzgerald did not request information on these individuals. Instead, Fitzgerald stated he had
“narrowed it down to just the employees who were working forklifts that day because that’s the
nature of the claim.” He stated that although Bass Pro had provided information about one
forklift driver, Lynd had told Fitzgerald he had seen three or four forklift operators in the parking
lot on the day of the accident. Fitzgerald stated he wanted “some information where we can find
them.” The court asked if that was all the information Fitzgerald wanted, and Fitzgerald stated,
“Yeah, and to the core of it, judge, is we would like an opportunity to talk to these people.” Bass
Pro’s counsel, Jeffrey Cox, stated he had given Fitzgerald his entire file with information about
3 We do not conclude the trial court was correct in its statement in the 2008 case that Lynd could not recover damages exceeding the value of his vehicle. Our conclusion is limited to observing that Lynd has not shown the trial court’s statement was incorrect. 4 In his brief, Lynd also asserts that in the 2011 litigation, the trial court made misrepresentations about the law. Because these representations were made years after Lynd accepted the settlement agreement, Lynd cannot have relied on them in 2010 when agreeing to the settlement.
–9– all the forklift operators. Cox stated that it had provided the information it had about Carl
Oversham, the forklift operator on duty at the store that day. Cox also stated that Bass Pro had
reorganized and that the risk-management departments at three stores were eliminated.
Fitzgerald asked where the Garland store’s manager of loss prevention, Robert Wisdom, was,
and Cox said Bass Pro did not know because Wisdom had been gone for about three years. Cox
then provided the telephone number for Oversham so Fitzgerald could talk to him and decide
whether to call him as a witness. The court then took a break; when court resumed, the parties
announced their settlement.
During the evidentiary hearings on Bass Pro’s request for injunctive relief, Rodney
Thoms testified. Thoms was the security supervisor for Bass Pro’s corporate headquarters in
Springfield, Missouri. Thoms testified that in December 2006, Lynd began calling the risk-
management department of Bass Pro’s corporate headquarters in Springfield, Missouri,
demanding payment for his truck and stating “he was going to arrive on . . . [the] doorstep” of
John Morris, the company’s founder. Thoms stated Lynd called Bass Pro at least twenty times
within one week. Thoms filed a report with the Springfield police about Lynd’s statements.
Thoms testified that on June 2, 2011, Lynd called Bass Pro’s risk-management department
“telling them that the lawsuit was void . . . [and] [t]hat he would own Bass Pro when it was
done.” Thoms stated that when he prepared his affidavit for Bass Pro’s application for
temporary restraining order, he went through the security files from “that time period,” which
appears to refer to December 2006. Thoms testified that those security files were not turned over
in discovery.
Thoms also testified that the risk-management department had been “severely reduced,
and so we just have a few people at corporate now who handle it.” He testified that the loss-
prevention groups at the stores were “rolled over into the retail admin group.” Thoms testified
–10– that he did not know if any of the same employees working in the loss-prevention department
before it was converted into “the retail admin group” were still employed by Bass Pro: “I know
some of them stayed, and some of them didn’t. Due to the economy, there was a lot of deep cuts
had to be made, and, you know, a lot of deep cuts were done.” Thoms testified he did not know
where Robert Wisdom was working.
Lynd asserts that Thoms’s testimony shows Bass Pro misrepresented at the June 29, 2010
hearing that the employees about which Lynd sought discovery were no longer employed by
Bass Pro. Lynd states in his brief: “Lynd clearly was seeking discovery from those parties who
handled his initial claim at the corporate office, Bass [P]ro clearly [kept] stating they no longer
worked there, and the Court [kept] stating to Lynd it didn’t matter. Then Bass Pro’s own witness
clearly stated that some if not all were still employed.” (Emphasis omitted.)
We disagree with Lynd’s interpretation of the evidence. At the June 29, 2010 hearing,
Fitzgerald, at the most, was seeking discovery of the identity of any employees at the Garland
Bass Pro store who investigated Lynd’s claim and the identities of any employees who may have
witnessed the accident, such as the forklift operators. Viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the judgment, the trial court could interpret Thoms’s testimony as stating that the
risk-management department at the Garland store was eliminated. Thoms also testified that the
corporate headquarters’ risk-management department investigated Lynd’s act of making the
2006 telephone calls to it demanding compensation for his damaged vehicle and investigated
Lynd’s statement that he would arrive on the doorstep of Bass Pro’s founder. The record does
not show that any Bass Pro employee at the corporate office investigated Lynd’s claim for
damages. The record also does not show that Fitzgerald sought discovery of any employees at
the corporate office or that Thoms “stated that some if not all” of the Bass Pro employees who
investigated Lynd’s damages claim “were still employed” by Bass Pro.
–11– Lynd also complains that Thoms’s name was not disclosed in the discovery of the 2008
case. However, nothing in the record shows that Thoms investigated Lynd’s claim for damages.
Instead, the record shows Thoms investigated the reports that Lynd was telephoning the
corporate risk-management department about the accident and later about the settlement and
about Lynd’s threatening to arrive on Morris’s doorstep. Nothing in the record shows any
information Thoms had was relevant to Lynd’s 2008 suit against Bass Pro for damaging his
vehicle.
We conclude the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s
implied finding that Lynd failed to prove that Bass Pro made a material misrepresentation to him
in discovery or at the June 29, 2010 hearing. We overrule Lynd’s fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh,
and twenty-eighth issues, and we overrule the twenty-ninth issue insofar as it concerns Lynd’s
assertion that the settlement agreement was void due to fraud in the inducement.
In his thirty-first issue, Lynd contends the settlement agreement was rendered void by
“betrayal by own counsel.” Lynd’s brief fails to explain how Fitzgerald “betrayed” him in the
2008 suit. Lynd cites Alexander v. Hagedorn, 226 S.W.2d 996 (Tex. 1950). In that case, the
supreme court stated that extrinsic fraud would entitle a complainant to relief from a final
judgment, even where the extrinsic fraud resulted from betrayal by the complainant’s attorney.
See id. at 1001. Alexander concerned extrinsic fraud that must be proven in a bill of review, not
fraudulent inducement to set aside a contract. See id. Lynd has not brought a bill of review.
Moreover, the supreme court has also concluded that in a bill of review, even if a complainant
alleges his attorney’s wrongful act caused an adverse judgment, the complainant must still prove
the opposing party’s extrinsic fraud. King Ranch v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 752 (Tex.
2003). As discussed above, the evidence is sufficient to support the implied findings that Lynd
failed to prove Bass Pro committed fraud. We overrule Lynd’s thirty-first issue.
–12– SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT INJUNCTION
In his sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth issues, Lynd asserts the trial court erred by
finding Bass Pro met its burden of proof on the elements for an injunction. To obtain injunctive
relief, a party must generally show: (1) the existence of a wrongful act; (2) the existence of
imminent harm; (3) the existence of irreparable injury; and (4) the absence of an adequate
remedy at law. Lagos v. Plano Econ. Dev. Bd., Inc., 378 S.W.3d 647, 650 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2012, no pet.); Priest v. Tex. Animal Health Comm’n, 780 S.W.2d 874, 875 (Tex. App.—Dallas
1989, no writ).
In his sixteenth issue, Lynd contends Bass Pro presented insufficient evidence to support
the trial court’s award of injunctive relief. 5 In this case, although the evidence did not show that
Lynd ever expressly requested additional money from Bass Pro, the trial court could conclude
that Lynd’s telephone calls to Hagale and the corporate headquarters complaining of fraud in the
settlement agreement and stating the agreement was void and that he would end up owning Bass
Pro were implicit demands for additional compensation. The trial court could conclude that
these implied demands were wrongful acts in violation of Lynd’s promise in the settlement
agreement to release and discharge Bass Pro and its officers, directors, and employees from any
liability from “the Incident in Question.” Bass Pro presented evidence of imminent harm,
namely, the evidence of Lynd’s telephone calls to the corporate headquarters and to Hagale
complaining of the settlement.
An injury is irreparable when the applicant cannot be compensated by damages or when
damages cannot be measured by any certain pecuniary standard. Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co., 84
5 Lynd’s issue reads, “If any of the four requirements for an [i]njunction are not meet [sic], is the injunction ordered declared void and dissolved?” We interpret this issue as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the injunction.
–13– S.W.3d 198, 204 (Tex. 2002). Thoms testified that the problem of Lynd telephoning Bass Pro’s
employees about the settlement could not be solved by an award of monetary damages.
“An adequate remedy at law is one that is as complete, practical, and efficient to the
prompt administration of justice as is equitable relief.” Wilson N. Jones Mem’l Hosp. v. Huff,
188 S.W.3d 215, 218 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. denied). However, “if damages cannot be
calculated, or if the defendant will be unable to pay damages, there is no adequate remedy at
law.” Alert Synteks, Inc. v. Jerry Spencer, L.P., 151 S.W.3d 246, 254 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2004,
no pet.). In this case, the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s
implied finding that Bass Pro’s damages could not be calculated. After considering all the
evidence, we conclude sufficient evidence supports the trial court’s implied findings on the
elements for awarding injunctive relief. We overrule Lynd’s sixteenth issue.
In his seventeenth issue, Lynd contends the trial court erred by awarding injunctive relief
because Bass Pro presented evidence of only speculative harm, not imminent harm. The purpose
of injunctive relief is to halt wrongful acts that are threatened or are in the course of
accomplishment and not to grant relief against past actionable wrongs or to prevent the
commission of wrongs not imminently threatened. Tex. Health Care Info. Council v. Seton
Health Plan, Inc., 94 S.W.3d 841, 853 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. denied). “An injunction
will not lie to prevent an alleged threatened act, the commission of which is speculative and the
injury from which is purely conjectural.” Id. (quoting Markel v. World Flight, Inc., 938 S.W.2d
74, 80 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, no writ)). In this case, Lynd’s violations of the
settlement agreement continued until the entry of the temporary restraining order. Lynd argued
to the trial court that he was not subject to the settlement agreement because it was void due to
fraudulent inducement. As discussed above, Lynd failed to show that the settlement agreement
was void. The evidence showed Lynd continued to contact Bass Pro’s personnel complaining of
–14– the settlement agreement and implicitly seeking additional compensation until ordered not to do
so in the temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction. Nothing in the evidence
showed that Lynd would not immediately resume contacting Bass Pro’s personnel complaining
of the settlement if the injunction was lifted, which would result in continued violations of the
settlement agreement. Based on the evidence before it, the trial court could find a likelihood that
Lynd would continue violating the settlement agreement unless the permanent injunction was
entered. Accordingly, the trial court did not err by implicitly finding that the harm was imminent
and not speculative. We overrule Lynd’s seventeenth issue.
In his eighteenth issue, Lynd asserts that Bass Pro had an adequate remedy at law,
namely, its motion to enforce the settlement agreement. Bass Pro’s pleading was styled,
“Motion to Enforce Settlement Agreement, Application for Temporary Restraining Order,
Request for Temporary Injunction, & Request for Permanent Injunction.” However, the only
relief requested was injunctive relief. Therefore, the “Motion to Enforce Settlement Agreement”
was not brought as a remedy at law. See Minexa Ariz., Inc. v. Staubach, 667 S.W.2d 563, 567
(Tex. App.—Dallas 1984, no writ) (adequate remedy at law barring injunctive relief is one where
“damages are adequate to compensate the plaintiffs for any wrong committed by the defendant
and . . . the damages are subject to measurement by a certain pecuniary standard”). As discussed
above, Bass Pro met the requirement of no adequate remedy at law by presenting evidence that
Bass Pro’s damages could not be calculated. The record contains no evidence that Bass Pro’s
damages could be calculated or that monetary damages would provide a remedy as “complete,
practical, and efficient to the prompt administration of justice as is equitable relief.” Huff, 188
S.W.3d at 218. We overrule Lynd’s eighteenth issue.
–15– REMAINING ISSUES CONCERNING THE 2011 LITIGATION
In his twenty-ninth issue, Lynd asserts that the fraud in the inducement of the settlement
of the 2008 case was relevant to Bass Pro’s motion to enforce the settlement. As discussed
above, Lynd failed to prove Bass Pro fraudulently induced Lynd to sign the settlement
agreement. We overrule the twenty-ninth issue.
In his eighth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, nineteenth, and twenty-second
issues, Lynd complains of the injunction’s specifically naming Hagale and Morris as protected
persons in the injunction even though they were not parties to the suit for injunction. Lynd cites
no authority in support of this assertion, nor does he explain why Bass Pro could not seek an
injunction to protect Morris, its founder and chairman of the board of directors, and Hagale, its
president. Rule 38.1 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure requires that an appellant’s brief
include “a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate citations to
authorities and to the record.” TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). Failure to cite applicable authority or
provide substantive analysis waives an issue on appeal. Huey v. Huey, 200 S.W.3d 851, 854
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). We conclude these issues are not properly briefed and any
error is waived. We overrule Lynd’s eighth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, nineteenth,
and twenty-second issues.
In Lynd’s ninth and tenth issues, he contends a suit for injunction may not be filed to
enforce a contract, citing Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co., 84 S.W.3d 198 (Tex. 2002). In Butnaru,
the supreme court stated, “generally, a court will not enforce contractual rights by injunction,
because a party can rarely establish an irreparable injury and an inadequate legal remedy when
damages for breach of contract are available.” Id. at 211. In this case, however, the trial court
implicitly concluded that an award of legal damages against Lynd would not be an adequate
remedy for Lynd’s alleged breach of the settlement agreement by contacting Bass Pro’s
–16– president, chairman, and employees about his claim. See id. (trial court did not abuse discretion
by awarding injunctive relief in contract case when plaintiff did not have adequate legal remedy).
We overrule Lynd’s ninth and tenth issues.
In his fifteenth, twenty-first, twenty-fifth, twenty-sixth, and twenty-seventh issues, Lynd
contends he was denied discovery. In his twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh issues, Lynd argues
the trial court erred by denying him discovery from Bass Pro, including requests for admissions
from Hagale and Morris. Lynd served the requests for admissions on Jeffrey Cox, Bass Pro’s
counsel. Bass Pro objected to the requests for admissions from Hagale and Morris because they
were not parties. A party may request admissions only from other parties. See TEX. R. CIV. P.
198.1 (“ A party may serve on another party . . .”); see also In re Estate of Ayala, 986 S.W.2d
724, 727 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1999, no pet.) (nonparty’s response to requests for
admissions are “legal nullities, absent another affirmative act by the non-party”). Hagale and
Morris were not parties to Bass Pro’s suit for injunction and enforcement, nor did Lynd name
them as defendants in his suit to set aside the settlement agreement. Accordingly, we conclude
the trial court did not err by not deeming admitted the requests for admissions Lynd addressed to
Hagale and Morris. We overrule Lynd’s twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh issues.
In his twenty-first issue, Lynd contends the trial court erred by ruling that Hagale and
Morris were not subject to subpoena. Hagale and Morris reside in Missouri, which the trial court
observed was outside the range for subpoenas. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 176.3 (“A person may not be
required by subpoena to appear or produce documents or other things in a county that is more
than 150 miles from where the person resides or is served.”). We conclude the trial court did not
err by denying subpoenas to Hagale and Morris. We overrule Lynd’s twenty-first issue.
Lynd contends in his twenty-fifth issue that discovery could not be considered complete
because the trial court refused to rule on a motion to compel discovery. Lynd’s motion to
–17– compel sought to require Bass Pro to answer interrogatories and requests for admissions to which
Bass Pro had objected. The trial court went through many of the interrogatories and requests for
admissions and ruled on Bass Pro’s objections. The parties then agreed the trial court could take
the remaining issues under submission. Lynd does not identify which of the remaining
interrogatories and requests for admissions the trial court failed to rule on, nor does he explain
how the trial court’s failure to compel Bass Pro to answer caused him harm. See In re M.S., 115
S.W.3d 534, 538 (Tex. 2003) (appellant’s burden to show trial court’s error prejudiced
appellant); Meachum v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 36 S.W.3d 612, 615 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2000, pet. denied) (appellant’s burden to establish reversible error). We overrule Lynd’s twenty-
fifth issue.
In his fifteenth issue, Lynd generally asserts that discovery is mandatory in an equitable
suit. Lynd does not explain what discovery he was denied beyond that discussed above, nor does
he cite to the record or to any authorities in support of this issue. Accordingly, we conclude it is
improperly briefed, it presents nothing for us to review, and any error is waived. See TEX. R.
APP. P. 33.1(i); Huey, 200 S.W.3d at 854. We overrule Lynd’s fifteenth issue.
Lynd states in his thirty-second issue, “Is Lynd[’]s measure of damages due to fraud,
inducement and detrimental reliance become the full amount of the original suit?” Lynd argues
in his brief, “The court was required to enter judgment for Lynd in the full amount of his original
damages claimed in the original cause of action, and was entered as evidence by Bass Pro
[S]hops in the deposition it entered as evidence.” Lynd’s pleading in this case requested the
court vacate the 2010 judgment, declare the settlement agreement void and canceled, and impose
sanctions against Bass Pro. Lynd’s pleading did not seek an award of damages. We conclude
the trial court did not err by failing to award Lynd damages. We overrule Lynd’s thirty-second
issue.
–18– In his thirty-third issue, Lynd asserts that the trial court erred by denying his offer of case
law as evidence. Legal arguments and authorities are not evidence. Smith v. Montemayor, No.
03-02-00466-CV, 2003 WL 21401591, *9 (Tex. App.—Austin June 19, 2003, no pet.) (mem.
op.). We conclude the trial court did not err by refusing to admit case law into evidence. We
overrule Lynd’s thirty-third issue.
In his twentieth issue, Lynd argues the trial court abused its discretion by denying him a
jury trial at the trial of Bass Pro’s application for a permanent injunction. To obtain a jury trial in
district or county court, rule of civil procedure 216 requires that a party file a written request for
a jury and pay the required fee not less than thirty days before the date set for trial. See TEX. R.
CIV. P. 216. This time limitation applies equally to the filing of the written request and to the
payment of the jury fee. Huddle v. Huddle, 696 S.W.2d 895, 895 (Tex. 1985) (per curiam). It
is within the discretion of the court to deny a jury trial in the absence of an untimely jury request
or payment of a jury fee. Id. Even where a party does not timely pay the jury fee, the trial court
should accord the right to jury trial if it can be done without interfering with the court’s docket,
delaying the trial, or injuring the opposing party. Gen. Motors v. Gayle, 951 S.W.2d 469, 476
(Tex. 1997). In this case, the clerk’s record does not show that Lynd filed a request for jury trial
in the 2011 litigation or that he paid the jury fee. Lynd states in his brief that he properly and
timely requested a jury trial, but he does not cite to the record showing he timely filed the written
request and paid the fee. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i) (argument must include appropriate
citations to the record). On the day of the trial, Lynd told the court he paid the fee during the
week before the trial. Bass Pro’s counsel told the court that Bass Pro did not prepare a jury
charge and did not prepare for a jury trial. The trial court then denied Lynd’s request for a jury
trial. Lynd’s payment of the fee less than thirty days before trial was untimely. TEX. R. APP. P.
216(b). Because Lynd did not timely pay the jury fee and because the trial court could have
–19– concluded that granting the request for a jury trial would have injured Bass Pro, we conclude the
trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Lynd a jury trial. We overrule Lynd’s
twentieth issue.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/Lana Myers/ LANA MYERS JUSTICE
120968F.P05
–20– S Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
DAVID SCOT LYND, Appellant On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 3, Dallas County, Texas No. 05-12-00968-CV V. Trial Court Cause No. CC-08-9862-C. Opinion delivered by Justice Myers. BASS PRO OUTDOOR WORLD, INC., Justices O'Neill and Brown participating. Appellee
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED. It is ORDERED that appellee BASS PRO OUTDOOR WORLD, INC. recover its costs of this appeal from appellant DAVID SCOT LYND.
Judgment entered this 29th day of January, 2014.
–21–