ELLISON, J.
— The petition filed in this cause seeks to recover of defendant as executor of the estate of Michael Lynch the sum of $1000, as rent alleged to have been received by said executor from the tenant of plaintiff’s land for the year beginning the 1st of March, 1907, and ending the 1st of March, 1908. The trial court rendered judgment for plaintiff for the sum of $282, and he, being dissatisfied with that amount appealed.
It appears that plaintiff is the son of the deceased, Michael. That the latter owned a farm of two hundred acres in Saline county. That on the 13th of April, 1896, he conveyed it to plaintiff in. consideration of natural love and affection and other named considerations, among them being that “the grantee, Wm. G. Lynch, hereby agrees to pay tor the grantor, Michael Lynch, during his natural life, the following sums of money: nine hundred dollars per annum for five years commencing March 1, 1897, and the first payment to be due at that date, and after the first five payments, then the sum of seven hundred and fifty dollars per annum, payable [170]*170annually on the first day of March of each year until the death of said Michael Lynch, when all payments cease. And for the payment of said sums of money to said Michael Lynch as aforesaid, a lien is hereby retained, constituted and made in favor of said Michael Lynch on the lands hereby conveyed.”
At the date of the deed Michael Lynch was not in the manual possession of the land, it having been rented by him to a tenant, and he continued to rent it until his death. He collected the rents and applied them in payment of the sums due him under the deed until his death which occurred on the 15th of February 1908, a period of nearly twelve years. On the 21st of August, 1905, he rented it for a period of five years, at $1000 per year, commencing the 1st of March, 1906, and ending the 1st of March, 1911, the rent becoming due on the 1st of January of each year. As just stated, Michael died on the 15th of February, 1908, and this defendant, in April following, collected the past year’s rent, due the 1st of January, 1908, and put the funds into the estate.
It is evident from the amount of the judgment rendered for plaintiff that the court, in effect, charged defendant with the $1000 he received from the tenant and then credited him with $750, the annual payment due Michael, less $31.25 allowed on account of the latter’s death one-half month before snch annual payment was due. That is, he credited defendant with $718.75, the proportionate amount due deceased at date of his death, which left a balance of $281.25, for which judgment was rendered.
There has been much discussion by counsel concerning the question whether the annual payments reserved in the deed to plaintiff constituted an annuity or a rent charge. Plaintiff’s theory is that they were an annuity and that an annuity could not be apportioned — that is bo say that if the annuitant died before the annual day of payment, nothing would be due for that year; and that, therefore, as Michael died on the 15th of February, [171]*1711908, preceding the 1st of March, the day of annual payment, nothing was due his estate for that entire year and therefore the trial court erred in making any allowance therefor out of the sum collected by defendant.
The general rule at common law as well as in equity is that an annuity is not apportionable in respect to time. It is said in Nehls y. Sauer, 119 Iowa'l. c. 441, that “The practically universal holding of the courts appears to be that an annuity will not be apportioned, and if the annuitant dies during the year, even though it be on the last day, before the payment falls due, the right to demand the annuity dies with him, and his executor can recover no part of it.”
There are exceptions to this rule which arise out of the nature and object of the annuity itself. . Thus an annuity to be paid the widow in lieu of her life dower estate, or to minor children for support, may be apportioned so that she or they will receive a proportionate amount for the year in which either may die. [Blight v. Blight, 51 Pa. St. 420; Gheen v. Osborn, 17 Serg. & Rawle, 171; Sweigart v. Feay, 8 Serg. & Rawle, 299; Lackawanna Iron Co’s Case, 37 N. J. Eq. 26.] The latter case was where land was conveyed in consideration of an annuity reserved secured by bond and mortgage to the grantor and the court held the annuity apportionable. But it will be observed that the case was influenced by the fact that part of the consideration for the deed was the release of dower in the grantor’s wife.
But the rule itself, as stated in Nehls v. Sauer, supra, is approved and emphasized in what appears to be an unbroken line of cases. [Kearney v. Cruikshank, 117 N. Y. 95; Chase v. Darby, 110 Mich. 314; Heizer v. Heizer, 71 Ind. 526.] Each of the cases here cited, excepting that of Kearney v. Cruikshank, was where the father, as in this case, conveyed lands to his son in consideration of annual payments of stated sums during life. In Dexter v. Phillips, 121 Mass. 178, it is said that “at common law, followed in chancery, sums of money, [172]*172payable periodically, at fixed times, are not apportionable during tbe intervening periods.” The rule “proceeds upon the interpretation of the contract by which the grantor binds himself to pay a certain sum, at fixed days, during the life of the annuitant, and when the latter dies, such day not having arrived, the former is discharged from his obligation.” [Kearney v. Cruikshank, supra.] The rule is conceded to be harsh, yet is declared to be “unbending.” We deduce from the authorities on the question that the contract is looked upon as in effect engaging the grantor of the annuity to pay to the grantee a certain annual full sum on the day fixed if he he alive on that day; and that a payment of a part of that sum if he be dead, has not entered into the agreement.
But while the courts should not search for questionable reasons with which to break in upon long established rules of law, however harsh they may be, yet they should not overlook any provision in the contract itself which discloses an intention that the annuity shall be apportioned. Thus, in Kearney v. Cruikshank, supra, where a will directed an annuity to be paid, the court stated in the course of the opinion that the testator might have directed that the annuity “be apportionable, and if there was no express direction, if the intention to make it apportionable was inferable from any provision of the will, that intention would prevail.”
So, in directing our attention to the above quoted terms of the deed in this case, we find that they do not stop at a mere provision for an annual payment to the father until his death, but add that at his death “all payments cease.” Now, we have already stated that a provision for annual payments to the annuitant at a stated time “during life” is interpreted to mean as long as he shall live to such time of payment. But when such usual mode of annuity contract is departed from and there is added thereto the provision, and at his death all payments shall cease, it is nothing less than saying [173]*173they shall continue to the day of his death. In other words, a mere provision for an annual payment of a certain sum at a certain time, is referable to the time of payment, and if the annuitant is not alive at the time, no payment is due.
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ELLISON, J.
— The petition filed in this cause seeks to recover of defendant as executor of the estate of Michael Lynch the sum of $1000, as rent alleged to have been received by said executor from the tenant of plaintiff’s land for the year beginning the 1st of March, 1907, and ending the 1st of March, 1908. The trial court rendered judgment for plaintiff for the sum of $282, and he, being dissatisfied with that amount appealed.
It appears that plaintiff is the son of the deceased, Michael. That the latter owned a farm of two hundred acres in Saline county. That on the 13th of April, 1896, he conveyed it to plaintiff in. consideration of natural love and affection and other named considerations, among them being that “the grantee, Wm. G. Lynch, hereby agrees to pay tor the grantor, Michael Lynch, during his natural life, the following sums of money: nine hundred dollars per annum for five years commencing March 1, 1897, and the first payment to be due at that date, and after the first five payments, then the sum of seven hundred and fifty dollars per annum, payable [170]*170annually on the first day of March of each year until the death of said Michael Lynch, when all payments cease. And for the payment of said sums of money to said Michael Lynch as aforesaid, a lien is hereby retained, constituted and made in favor of said Michael Lynch on the lands hereby conveyed.”
At the date of the deed Michael Lynch was not in the manual possession of the land, it having been rented by him to a tenant, and he continued to rent it until his death. He collected the rents and applied them in payment of the sums due him under the deed until his death which occurred on the 15th of February 1908, a period of nearly twelve years. On the 21st of August, 1905, he rented it for a period of five years, at $1000 per year, commencing the 1st of March, 1906, and ending the 1st of March, 1911, the rent becoming due on the 1st of January of each year. As just stated, Michael died on the 15th of February, 1908, and this defendant, in April following, collected the past year’s rent, due the 1st of January, 1908, and put the funds into the estate.
It is evident from the amount of the judgment rendered for plaintiff that the court, in effect, charged defendant with the $1000 he received from the tenant and then credited him with $750, the annual payment due Michael, less $31.25 allowed on account of the latter’s death one-half month before snch annual payment was due. That is, he credited defendant with $718.75, the proportionate amount due deceased at date of his death, which left a balance of $281.25, for which judgment was rendered.
There has been much discussion by counsel concerning the question whether the annual payments reserved in the deed to plaintiff constituted an annuity or a rent charge. Plaintiff’s theory is that they were an annuity and that an annuity could not be apportioned — that is bo say that if the annuitant died before the annual day of payment, nothing would be due for that year; and that, therefore, as Michael died on the 15th of February, [171]*1711908, preceding the 1st of March, the day of annual payment, nothing was due his estate for that entire year and therefore the trial court erred in making any allowance therefor out of the sum collected by defendant.
The general rule at common law as well as in equity is that an annuity is not apportionable in respect to time. It is said in Nehls y. Sauer, 119 Iowa'l. c. 441, that “The practically universal holding of the courts appears to be that an annuity will not be apportioned, and if the annuitant dies during the year, even though it be on the last day, before the payment falls due, the right to demand the annuity dies with him, and his executor can recover no part of it.”
There are exceptions to this rule which arise out of the nature and object of the annuity itself. . Thus an annuity to be paid the widow in lieu of her life dower estate, or to minor children for support, may be apportioned so that she or they will receive a proportionate amount for the year in which either may die. [Blight v. Blight, 51 Pa. St. 420; Gheen v. Osborn, 17 Serg. & Rawle, 171; Sweigart v. Feay, 8 Serg. & Rawle, 299; Lackawanna Iron Co’s Case, 37 N. J. Eq. 26.] The latter case was where land was conveyed in consideration of an annuity reserved secured by bond and mortgage to the grantor and the court held the annuity apportionable. But it will be observed that the case was influenced by the fact that part of the consideration for the deed was the release of dower in the grantor’s wife.
But the rule itself, as stated in Nehls v. Sauer, supra, is approved and emphasized in what appears to be an unbroken line of cases. [Kearney v. Cruikshank, 117 N. Y. 95; Chase v. Darby, 110 Mich. 314; Heizer v. Heizer, 71 Ind. 526.] Each of the cases here cited, excepting that of Kearney v. Cruikshank, was where the father, as in this case, conveyed lands to his son in consideration of annual payments of stated sums during life. In Dexter v. Phillips, 121 Mass. 178, it is said that “at common law, followed in chancery, sums of money, [172]*172payable periodically, at fixed times, are not apportionable during tbe intervening periods.” The rule “proceeds upon the interpretation of the contract by which the grantor binds himself to pay a certain sum, at fixed days, during the life of the annuitant, and when the latter dies, such day not having arrived, the former is discharged from his obligation.” [Kearney v. Cruikshank, supra.] The rule is conceded to be harsh, yet is declared to be “unbending.” We deduce from the authorities on the question that the contract is looked upon as in effect engaging the grantor of the annuity to pay to the grantee a certain annual full sum on the day fixed if he he alive on that day; and that a payment of a part of that sum if he be dead, has not entered into the agreement.
But while the courts should not search for questionable reasons with which to break in upon long established rules of law, however harsh they may be, yet they should not overlook any provision in the contract itself which discloses an intention that the annuity shall be apportioned. Thus, in Kearney v. Cruikshank, supra, where a will directed an annuity to be paid, the court stated in the course of the opinion that the testator might have directed that the annuity “be apportionable, and if there was no express direction, if the intention to make it apportionable was inferable from any provision of the will, that intention would prevail.”
So, in directing our attention to the above quoted terms of the deed in this case, we find that they do not stop at a mere provision for an annual payment to the father until his death, but add that at his death “all payments cease.” Now, we have already stated that a provision for annual payments to the annuitant at a stated time “during life” is interpreted to mean as long as he shall live to such time of payment. But when such usual mode of annuity contract is departed from and there is added thereto the provision, and at his death all payments shall cease, it is nothing less than saying [173]*173they shall continue to the day of his death. In other words, a mere provision for an annual payment of a certain sum at a certain time, is referable to the time of payment, and if the annuitant is not alive at the time, no payment is due. But if there is added to such provision, that at his death payments shall cease, it alters the entire meaning and the provision is referable to the time of death instead of time of payment. If this view of the contract is correct, it follows that the trial court was right in deciding that the annuity was apportionable by force of the contract itself.
But another phase of the case has been made the subject -of a learned and interesting discussion by counsel. It involves the question whether the contract does not, in fact, provide for a rent charge upon the land instead of an annuity. It is frequently difficult to distinguish between a rent charge and an annuity. The latter is generally a charge against the person, whereas a rent charge is against land in the hands of the purchaser, and' it arises out of the land.
An annuity is “A yearly sum stipulated to be paid another in fee, or for life, and chargeable only on the person of the grantor.” [Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, 124.]
An annuity is “A yearly payment of a certain sum of money granted to a person for life, or years, or in fee, chargeable upon the person of the grantor; it therefore differs from a rent charge which is charged upon the land.” ^Wharton’s Law Dictionary, 43.]
“An annuity is a thing very distinct from a rent charge, with which it is frequently confounded; a rent charge being a burden imposed upon and issuing out of lands, whereas an annuity is a yearly sum chargeable only upon the person of the grantor.” [2 Blackstone, 40.]
An “annuity is chargeable upon the person of the grantor, for if the annuity was made chargeable upon [174]*174land, it would then become a rent charge.” [2 Kent’s Com. (12 Ed.), 460.]
The contract contained in the deed of Michael Lynch (which became binding on this plaintiff by his acceptance of it) shows no indication of an intention to charge the rent or production of the land with the annual payment. It was the mere personal obligation of plaintiff and thereby, in that respect, came within the terms of the definition of an annuity. The payment of this obligation is secured by a lien on the land, it is true, but that does not affect the personal character of plaintiff’s obligation, any more than a mortgage affects the personal character of a promissory note which it secures. The annual payment is to be made by plaintiff at all hazards, it making no difference whether anything by way of rent or production was obtained out of the land. The personal obligation apart from any consideration of what the land produced stamps the contract as that of an annuity notwithstanding such annuity is secured by a lien on the land. In Bacon’s Abridgment (title “Annuities” ) ■ it is stated that “An annuity, strictly taken, is a yearly payment of a certain sum of money granted to another in fee simple, fee tail, or life, or years, charging' the person of the grantor only: if payable out of lands, it is properly called a rent charge; but if the person and estate be made liable, as they most commonly are, then it is generally called an annuity.” (Italics ours.) Payment out of land by way of the land’s rent or production, is a different thing from the land being made liable. The former, with right of distraint, would be a rent charge at common law; the latter is a charge against the land for which it, itself, may be sold in discharge of the annuity. We therefore refuse to consider this contract as being a rent charge.
We do not consider the fact that the deceased, Michael, rented the land, collected rents and applied them to the payment of the'annual sums due him had any effect on the plain terms of the contract set out in
[175]*175the deed. It was done by acquiescence of the son and the annual debt was allowed to be discharged in that way. We are satisfied with, the view of the trial court and hence affirm the judgment.
All concur.