Lusk v. Five Guys Enterprises LLC

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: October 19, 2020
• Docket: 1:17-cv-00762
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 3 4 JEREMY R. LUSK, CASE NO. 1:17-cv-00762-AWI-EPG

5 Plaintiff, ORDER RE PRELIMINARY FAIRNESS 6 v. EVALUATION

7 FIVE GUYS ENTERPRISES LLC; and (Doc. No. 52) ENCORE FGBF, LLC, 8 Defendants. 9

10 11 I. Introduction 12 In this lawsuit, an employee, on behalf of himself and a proposed class of his fellow 13 employees, is suing his two employers for violating California wage-and-hour laws and California 14 and federal consumer reporting laws. The employee is Plaintiff Jeremy Lusk, and the employers 15 are Defendant Five Guys Enterprises LLC and Defendant Encore FGBF, LLC (collectively 16 “Defendants”). 17 After Plaintiff filed this lawsuit, Plaintiff and Defendants reached a proposed class action 18 settlement agreement. Plaintiff moved the Court to preliminarily approve the proposed settlement 19 agreement under Rule 23(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The Court denied Plaintiff’s 20 motion, concluding that Plaintiff failed to demonstrate that the proposed settlement agreement was 21 fair and warranted class treatment. 22 Plaintiff then moved the Court a second time to preliminarily approve a proposed class 23 action settlement agreement. That second motion is now before the Court, and for the reasons 24 discussed below, the Court will deny the second motion. 25 II. Background 26 From approximately August 2016 to November 2016, Plaintiff worked in California as a 27 manager-in-training for his fast-food restaurant employers, Defendants. In addition to employing 28 Plaintiff, Defendants also employed a class of at least 2,206 non-exempt employees (hereinafter 1 the “Class”) in California from August 2013 to the present. According to Plaintiff, Defendants 2 violated several California wage-and-hour laws and California and federal consumer reporting 3 laws with respect to Plaintiff and the Class. Based on those violations, Plaintiff filed this lawsuit 4 against Defendants, pleading the following class claims: 5 • FCRA, ICRAA, and CCRAA disclosures (first, second, third, and fourth claims): 6 Defendants evaluated Plaintiff and the Class for potential employment. In doing so, 7 Defendants procured and/or caused to be prepared credit reports, background reports, 8 and investigative consumer reports on Plaintiff and the Class. Defendants failed to 9 make disclosures to Plaintiff and the Class that are required under the federal Fair 10 Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”),1 California’s Investigative Consumer Reporting 11 Agencies Act (“ICRAA”),2 and California’s Consumer Credit Reporting Agencies Act 12 (“CCRAA”).3 13 • Meal breaks (fifth claim): Defendants failed to provide Plaintiff and the Class with 14 meal breaks, and Defendants failed to pay premium wages to Plaintiff and the Class for 15 unprovided meal breaks, thereby violating California’s Labor Code. 16 • Rest breaks (sixth claim): Defendants failed to provide Plaintiff and the Class with rest 17 breaks, and Defendants failed to pay premium wages to Plaintiff and the Class for 18 unprovided rest breaks, thereby violating California’s Labor Code. 19 • Minimum wages and overtime wages (seventh claim): Defendants forced Plaintiff and 20 the Class to work off-the-clock. Consequently, Defendants failed to pay Plaintiff and 21 the Class minimum wages and overtime wages, thereby violating California’s Labor 22 Code. 23 • Expenditure indemnification (eighth claim): Defendants failed to reimburse Plaintiff 24 and the Class for necessary vehicle gas and mileage expenditures, thereby violating 25 California’s Labor Code. 26 • Wage statements (ninth claim): Defendants failed to provide Plaintiff and the Class 27 1 FCRA is codified at 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681 et seq. 28 2 ICRAA is codified at Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1786 eq seq. 1 with accurate itemized wage statements, thereby violating California’s Labor Code. 2 • Timely payment of final wages (tenth claim): When the employment of Plaintiff and 3 the Class ended, Defendants failed to timely pay Plaintiff and the Class all final wages, 4 thereby violating California’s Labor Code. 5 • Unfair competition (eleventh claim): On the basis of Defendant’s alleged conduct 6 identified supra in the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth claims, Defendants engaged in 7 unfair competition, thereby violating California’s unfair competition law (“UCL”).4 8 • PAGA (twelfth claim): On the basis of Defendant’s alleged violations of the California 9 Labor Code, Plaintiff and the Class are aggrieved employees who seek penalties from 10 Defendants on behalf of the State of California pursuant to California’s Private 11 Attorney General Act (“PAGA”).5 12 After Plaintiff filed this lawsuit, Plaintiff and Defendants conducted some discovery. 13 Plaintiff and Defendants then participated in a mediation with Deborah Crandall Saxe on October 14 10, 2018. The mediation resulted in the parties agreeing on October 12, 2018, to the terms of a 15 proposed class-wide settlement agreement. 16 Plaintiff then moved the Court to preliminarily approve the proposed settlement agreement 17 under Rule 23(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. This motion will be referred to as 18 Plaintiff’s “first motion for preliminary approval.” The Court denied Plaintiff’s first motion for 19 preliminary approval, concluding that Plaintiff failed to demonstrate that the proposed settlement 20 agreement was fair and warranted class treatment. In particular, the Court made the following 21 conclusions. First, Plaintiff failed to sufficiently demonstrate that the proposed settlement 22 agreement provided adequate relief to the Class in light of the Class’s potential recovery, 23 discounted by the risks of adjudication on the merits. Second, Plaintiff failed to demonstrate that 24 the parties, prior to agreeing to the proposed class action settlement agreement, engaged in 25 sufficient discovery that allowed the parties, and particularly Plaintiff, to sufficiently evaluate the 26 merits of each claim. Third, the proposed attorney’s fee award of $400,000 in the proposed 27

28 4 UCL is codified at Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17200 et seq. 1 settlement agreement is approximately 33.3% of the gross settlement amount, which obviously 2 exceeds the Ninth Circuit’s common-fund benchmark of 25% of the gross settlement amount. 3 Fourth, in Plaintiff’s briefing on the first motion for preliminary approval, Plaintiff failed to 4 address the expenditure indemnification claim and the multiple consumer reporting claims, despite 5 the fact that the proposed settlement agreement would certify those claims for class treatment and 6 release Defendants from liability on those claims. 7 After the Court denied Plaintiff’s first motion for preliminary approval, Plaintiff moved the 8 Court a second time for preliminary approval. This second motion will be referred to as the 9 “second motion for preliminary approval,” and it is this second motion that is now before the 10 Court. Plaintiff attached exhibits to the second motion, including a copy of the proposed 11 settlement agreement and a copy of the proposed notice of class action settlement. According to 12 Plaintiff’s briefing on the second motion for preliminary approval, a summary of the terms of the 13 second proposed settlement agreement is as follows: 14 • Class certification: For purposes of settlement, all of Plaintiff’s claims will be certified 15 for class treatment pursuant to Rule 23(b)(3). 16 • Class definition: As noted above, the Class consists of approximately 2,206 non- 17 exempt employees who worked for Defendants in California from August 2013 to the 18 present. For purposes of the settlement agreement and class notice, the Class will be 19 defined as follows: 20 All persons who, from August 22, 2013 through the date of preliminary approval is granted, have previously been or 21 currently are employed in California by Defendants as hourly- paid or “non-exempt” employees (“Employees”) disclosed to 22 Plaintiff during mediation and which is roughly 2,206 (two thousand two hundred and six) individuals and does not apply 23 to work performed by any individual during a week in which he/she was classified by Defendants as exempt from overtime 24 compensation. Class members include those employed directly by ENCORE FGBF, LLC or through employment agencies or 25 professional services organizations. 26 • Class representative: Plaintiff will be appointed as the class representative. 27 • Class counsel: Plaintiff’s counsel, Shaun Setareh, will be appointed as the class 28 counsel. 1 • Class payment: Defendants will pay a maximum of $1,200,000 as the “Gross 2 Settlement Amount.” The Gross Settlement Amount covers: 3 o a payment to the class representative of $15,000 for compensation for 4 prosecuting this lawsuit; 5 o a payment of approximately $760,000 to the class members (i.e., 6 approximately $344.51 per class member, on average); 7 o a payment of $100,000 for civil penalties under PAGA, which includes 8 $75,000 awarded to the State of California and $25,000 awarded to 9 qualified claimants; 10 o the class members’ shares of any applicable payroll taxes, including 11 Defendants’ respective shares of any applicable employer payroll taxes, 12 attributable to any payments under the settlement; 13 o an award of fees to Plaintiff’s counsel not to exceed $300,000 (i.e., not to 14 exceed 25% of the Gross Settlement Amount), plus costs not to exceed 15 $20,000; and 16 o fees and expenses not to exceed $30,000 paid to the third-party claims 17 administrator, Phoenix Settlement Administrators. 18 • Release of liability: In consideration for Defendants’ payment of the Gross Settlement 19 Amount, Defendants will be released from liability for all claims in this lawsuit. 20 • Notice of class settlement: Defendants will provide the claims administrator with the 21 following information about the class members: the members’ names, last known 22 mailing addresses, last known telephone numbers, social security numbers, dates of 23 employment, number of workweeks attributable to each class member, and whether 24 each class members’ employment with Defendants has ended. After receiving that 25 information from Defendants, the claims administrator will perform a national change 26 of address search, update the class members’ addresses based on that search, and mail 27 notice packets to the class members. The notice packets will contain a notice that 28 indicates that the Court granted preliminary approval of the settlement. The notice will 1 provide information concerning this lawsuit and a summary of the settlement’s 2 principal terms, including the allocation of the Gross Settlement Amount. The notice 3 will also inform the members of their rights and the manner and deadline to dispute the 4 information in the claim form. The class members will have forty-five days after the 5 packets are mailed by the claims administrator to dispute the information in the notice 6 and elect not to participate in the settlement. 7 III. Legal Standard for Preliminary Fairness Determination 8 under Rule 23(e)(1) 9 Rule 23(e) requires judicial review and approval of any proposed class action settlement 10 agreement. This requirement is in place because “the parties that are present and settling the case 11 — class counsel, the class representatives, and the defendants — are proposing to compromise the 12 rights of absent class members,” and judicial review “aims to ensure that the interests of these 13 absent class members are safeguarded.” Newberg on Class Actions § 13:40 (5th ed.). In 14 reviewing the proposed class action settlement, the “judge must adopt the role of a skeptical client 15 and critically examine the class certification elements, the proposed settlement terms, and 16 procedures for implementation.” Manual for Complex Litigation § 21.61 (4th ed.). This is 17 because in the context of a proposed class action settlement, “there is typically no client with the 18 motivation, knowledge, and resources to protect its own interests.” Id. 19 Rule 23(e)(1), as amended in 2018, requires the movant to “provide the court with 20 information” that shows that “the court will likely be able to” make two separate determinations. 21 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(1). First, approval of the settlement agreement is warranted under Rule 22 23(e)(2). Second, class certification is warranted under Rule 23(a)-(b) “for purposes of judgment 23 on the proposal.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(1)(B)(ii). 24 As for the first determination of whether approval of the settlement agreement is 25 warranted, Rule 23(e)(2) authorizes final approval of class action settlement agreement only if the 26 movant shows that the settlement agreement is “fair, reasonable, and adequate.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 27 23(e)(2). To determine whether the settlement agreement is fair, reasonable, and adequate, the 28 court must consider the following four factors. First, whether “the class representatives and class 1 counsel have adequately represented the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(A). Second, whether 2 “the proposal was negotiated at arm’s length.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(B). Third, whether “the 3 relief provided for the class is adequate.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(C). Fourth, whether “the 4 proposal treats class members equitably relative to each other.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(D). The 5 first and second factors are viewed as “procedural” in nature, and the third and fourth factors are 6 viewed as “substantive” in nature. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2) Advisory Committee’s note to 2018 7 amendment. 8 For the procedural factors — adequate representation and arm’s length negotiation — the 9 following considerations are relevant: (1) the amount of adversarial litigation preceding the 10 proposed settlement agreement; (2) the nature and amount of discovery conducted before the 11 proposed settlement agreement; (3) the conduct of the negotiations, such as the involvement of a 12 neutral mediator; and (4) the award of attorney’s fees, including the manner of negotiating the fee. 13 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2) Advisory Committee’s note to 2018 amendment; see also Hanlon v. 14 Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1026 (9th Cir. 1998); Class Plaintiffs v. City of Seattle, 955 F.2d 15 1268, 1276 (9th Cir. 1992); Richardson v. L’Oreal USA, Inc., 951 F. Supp. 2d 104, 107 (D.D.C. 16 2013) (emphasizing “substantial” litigation history preceding the settlement). 17 For the substantive factors — adequate relief and equitable treatment to the class members 18 — the following considerations are relevant: (1) the amount of the settlement in light of the class’s 19 potential recovery, discounted by the costs, risks, and delay of trial and appeal; (2) the extent to 20 which the parties have engaged in sufficient discovery to evaluate the merits of the case; (3) the 21 complexity and potential costs of trial; (4) the recommendations of experienced counsel; (5) 22 unreasonably high attorney’s fees as well as timing of attorney’s fees; (6) unduly preferential 23 treatment of class representatives; (7) deficient notice plan; (8) the effectiveness and 24 burdensomeness of any proposed method of distributing relief to the class, including the method 25 of processing class-member claims; (9) plainly unfair allocation scheme; and (10) overly-broad 26 releases of liability. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(C); Newberg on Class Actions § 13:15 (5th ed.); 27 see also Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1026; City of Seattle, 955 F.2d at 1276. 28 As for the second determination as to whether class certification is warranted under Rule 1 23(a)-(b), the court must determine whether it is “likely” that it will be able to “certify the class for 2 purposes of judgment on the proposal.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(1). Accordingly, the court must 3 review the class certification standards under Rule 23(a)-(b), and based on those standards the 4 court must “reach a tentative conclusion that it will be able to certify the class in conjunction with 5 final approval of the settlement.” Newberg on Class Actions § 13:18 (5th ed.). 6 IV. Discussion 7 Based on the information provided by Plaintiff to the Court in the second motion for 8 preliminary approval, the Court will not conclude at this time that the proposed settlement 9 agreement is fair, reasonable, and adequate under Rule 23(e)(2). This is because Plaintiff’s 10 description in the motion briefing of the settlement agreement’s terms and the class notice’s terms 11 is at odds with the terms in the actual proposed settlement agreement and the actual proposed class 12 notice. For example, in Plaintiff’s motion briefing, Plaintiff tells the Court that the attorney’s fees 13 award will be $300,000. See Doc. No. 52 at 7, 11. However, in the proposed settlement 14 agreement, the attorney’s fees provision states that the award may total $420,000, and in the 15 proposed class notice, the attorney’s fees provision states that “Class Counsel will request an 16 award of 33 1/3% of [$1,200,000], equal to $400,000.” See Doc. No. 52-1 at 28 (proposed 17 settlement agreement); id. at 52 (proposed class notice).. 18 Similarly, in Plaintiff’s motion briefing, Plaintiff tells the Court that the class payment may 19 total approximately $760,000 (i.e., approximately $344.51 per class member, on average). See 20 Doc. No. 52 at 9, 11. However, according to the terms in the proposed settlement agreement and 21 the proposed class notice, the class payment will total no more than approximately $660,000 (i.e., 22 approximately $299.18 per class member, on average). See Doc. No. 52-1 at 28-29 (proposed 23 settlement agreement); id. at 50-52 (proposed class notice). 24 Similarly, in Plaintiff’s motion briefing, Plaintiff tells the Court that the class is defined as 25 follows: 26 All persons who, from August 22, 2013 through the date of preliminary approval is 27 granted, have previously been or currently are employed in California by Defendants as hourly-paid or “non-exempt” employees (“Employees”) disclosed to 28 Plaintiff during mediation and which is roughly 2,206 (two thousand two hundred 1 a week in which he/she was classified by Defendants as exempt from overtime compensation. Class members include those employed directly by ENCORE 2 FGBF, LLC or through employment agencies or professional services organizations. 3 4 Doc. No. 52 at 10-11. However, in the actual proposed settlement agreement, the class is defined 5 as follows: 6 All persons who, from August 22, 2013, to the date the Court grants preliminary approval of this settlement, have previously been or currently are employed in 7 California by Defendants, whether directly or through an employment agency or a professional services organization, as a non-exempt or hourly employee of 8 Defendants. 9 Doc. No. 52-1 at 32. And in the actual proposed class notice, the class is defined as follows: 10 All persons who, during the Class period (August 22, 2013 through ), have previously been or currently are 11 employed in California by Defendants as hourly-paid or “non-exempt” employees (“Employees”). Class members include those employed directly by Defendants or 12 through employment agencies or professional services organizations. 13 Id. at 49. 14 It appears to the Court that in Plaintiff’s second motion for preliminary approval, Plaintiff 15 simply reused the copies of the proposed settlement agreement and the proposed class notice that 16 Plaintiff presented to the Court in the first motion for preliminary approval — even though the 17 Court explicitly rejected certain terms in the first proposed settlement agreement and first 18 proposed class notice, such as the attorney’s fees award. This is unacceptable by Plaintiff because, 19 as discussed above, Plaintiff’s second motion for preliminary approval describes a settlement 20 agreement and class notice that are at odds with the actual terms of the proposed settlement 21 agreement and proposed class notice. If Plaintiff again moves the Court for preliminary approval 22 of a settlement agreement and proposed class notice, then Plaintiff is expected to provide the Court 23 with copies of a proposed settlement agreement and proposed class notice that actually support 24 and mirror the motion’s description of the settlement agreement and class notice. 25 / / /

26 27 28 1 ORDER 2 Accordingly, it is HEREBY ORDERED as follows: 3 1. Plaintiffs second motion for preliminary approval (Doc. No. 52) is DENIED 4 without prejudice;° 5 2. This case is REFERRED BACK to the Magistrate Judge for further scheduling and 6 management. 7 g IT IS SO ORDERED. g | Dated: _ October 17, 2020 Ye Z Cb it — SENIOR DISTRICT JUDGE 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ® Tf the deficiencies discussed in this order can be cured, then Plaintiff may again move the Court for a preliminary fairness determination. Ww