[288]*288The opinion of the court was/delivered hy
Hadley, J.
— Tbe respondent railway company applied to tbe city council of tbe city of Spokane for leave to construct its line of railroad along and across certain streets and alleys of said city. An ordinance granting said privilege was passed and approved. Washington street, in said city, extends upon both sides of tbe Spokane river; tbe portions of tbe street separated by tbe river having been connected by a wooden bridge at the time of!the passage of the ordinance above mentioned. By the terms of said ordinance a steel bridge was required to be 'constructed, and tbe plans called for certain changes in tbe grade of tbe street. Tbe respondent entered upon the work of changing said grade and constructing said bridge as required by the ordinance. In the prosecution of the work, it became necessary to close up the street at the place where it crosses the river, and the traveling public were thereby prevented from crossing there. The street was a much-traveled one, and the work of construction upon the bridge occupied more than a year, during which time no travel was permitted to cross the river at that place. Appellant was the owner of real estate upon said street situate a short distance from the end of the bridge. The premises were, however, accessible from another direction. Bor a time before the street was closed at the bridge crossing appellant had ibeen conducting a hotel, with barroom attached, upon said premises. He claims that the interference with travel across the river upon that street greatly affected his business, and reduced the profits thereof, to his serious damage. He brought this suit to recover from respondent for such alleged damages. He alleges that by the exercise of reasonable and proper diligence in the making of said improvements the respondent [289]*289might have constructed said bridge; and opened it for public use and! travel, 'within three months from the time of commencing the work, and that said period of three months was a reasonable time within which to complete the same. He further alleges that, if said bridge had been constructed within a reasonable time, the profits of his business would have been at least $20 per day greater; that in consequence of the unreasonable delay, travel was diverted from his premises; and that he has been damaged in the sum of $5,000. The material allegations of the complaint are denied by the answer. A trial was had before a jury, which resulted in a verdict for respondent. Appellant moved for a new trial, which was denied. Judgment was entered upon the verdict;’that appellant take nothing by his suit, and from said judgment he has appealed.
Error is assigned upon certain, instructions in relation to the question of reasonable time for the construction of the bridge. The criticism urged is that the case was submitted to the jury upon the theory that, fin order for appellant to' recover, it was necessary to show want of care and diligence on the part of respondent. It /is insisted that such/ a theory is a wrong conception of the case, and that the real question is'iwheither the facts concerning the street obstruction constituted a nuisance, and, if so, that respondent cannot be relieved from liability, though the work of j construction may have been done in the most approved manner. It is further urged that the mere fact that injurious' results were occasioned by the work is sufficient, if a nuisance existed, and that care on the part of respondent is not an element in the case. It appears to' us that the theory of counsel and that of the court both lead to the same result. The city had the un[290]*290doubted right to close the Street for the purpose of building the bridge, and the obstruction occasioned thereby could not within a reasonable time havei been classified as a nuisance. The city delegated ■'the respondent company to make the improvement, and thereby vested it with authority to exercise the privileges belonging to the city in the premises. Therefore, as long as respondent exercised reasonable diligence, the obstruction could not constitute a nuisance. But, if want of care and diligence existed, then the obstruction was no 'longer a necessity, and became a nuisance. If follows! thaf the instructions criticised correctly stated the law of the case.
It is assigned that the court erroneously instructed the jury to the effect thati if the obstruction of the street was continued by reason of the failure of the steel company to furnish the necessary 'steel, and not because of any lack of diligence on respondent’s part, then appellant could not recover. The evidence showed that respondent had promptly contracted with the American Bridge Company to furnish the structural steel required by the plans approved by the city for use in this bridge. That company was shown to be probably the best-equipped one in the entire country. The testimony was not contradicted that such material as was required for this bridge is not kept in stock by any company, but must be manufactured under special order’, according to' plans submitted. There was' no showing in the evidence that the manufactured material could have been procured at an earlier date from any other source. There was also evidence to the effect that the delay of the manufacturing company was duo to strikes and labor troubles, and that element was also made a feature of the instructions of the court in the connection now under consideration. The respondent liad [291]*291been delegated by the city to do this work, and no time was specified within wbicb it should be done. It was therefore under obligation to finish the structure within a reasonable time. It applied to probably the best recognized source for obtaining the manufactured material— a material which respondent itself was not prepared to manufacture, and which must have been known to the city at the time it delegated respondent to do the work. There was testimony that the work was forwarded with dispatch, with the exception of that portion thereof which required the steel, and that the delay was really due to the failure of that material to arrive. Appellant urges that respondent cannot be excused for any delay beyond the reasonable time required for the actual constructive work, and that the only excuse that can be offered for failure to perform a public duty must be the act of God or the public enemy. Such a harsh rule, applied to a case of this kind, cannot be the law. Appellant invokes the rule adopted in Herrman v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 27 Wash. 472 (68 Pac. 82, 57 L. R. A. 390), which is to the effect that one cannot evade liability because of the neglect of another to whom certain duties have been delegated by him, for the reason that the primary liability rests with the one who has delegated the neglectful parly. There, however, the duty neglected by the delegated party was such as, in its nature, coxrld have been easily discharged by the one primarily liable, and the rule stated is reasonable and right in such cases. But here the respondent could not manufacture the steel, and was compelled to depend upon another, who was prepared for such skillful work. It is manifest, in the nature of things, that great expense and skillful preparation are required for such manufacture. The evidence shows that but few are thus engaged, and [292]*292it follows that those who wash the manufactured product may, without any neglect of their own, be delayed. Under such unusual and really compulsory conditions, liability should not be lodged against one who has himself been diligent.
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[288]*288The opinion of the court was/delivered hy
Hadley, J.
— Tbe respondent railway company applied to tbe city council of tbe city of Spokane for leave to construct its line of railroad along and across certain streets and alleys of said city. An ordinance granting said privilege was passed and approved. Washington street, in said city, extends upon both sides of tbe Spokane river; tbe portions of tbe street separated by tbe river having been connected by a wooden bridge at the time of!the passage of the ordinance above mentioned. By the terms of said ordinance a steel bridge was required to be 'constructed, and tbe plans called for certain changes in tbe grade of tbe street. Tbe respondent entered upon the work of changing said grade and constructing said bridge as required by the ordinance. In the prosecution of the work, it became necessary to close up the street at the place where it crosses the river, and the traveling public were thereby prevented from crossing there. The street was a much-traveled one, and the work of construction upon the bridge occupied more than a year, during which time no travel was permitted to cross the river at that place. Appellant was the owner of real estate upon said street situate a short distance from the end of the bridge. The premises were, however, accessible from another direction. Bor a time before the street was closed at the bridge crossing appellant had ibeen conducting a hotel, with barroom attached, upon said premises. He claims that the interference with travel across the river upon that street greatly affected his business, and reduced the profits thereof, to his serious damage. He brought this suit to recover from respondent for such alleged damages. He alleges that by the exercise of reasonable and proper diligence in the making of said improvements the respondent [289]*289might have constructed said bridge; and opened it for public use and! travel, 'within three months from the time of commencing the work, and that said period of three months was a reasonable time within which to complete the same. He further alleges that, if said bridge had been constructed within a reasonable time, the profits of his business would have been at least $20 per day greater; that in consequence of the unreasonable delay, travel was diverted from his premises; and that he has been damaged in the sum of $5,000. The material allegations of the complaint are denied by the answer. A trial was had before a jury, which resulted in a verdict for respondent. Appellant moved for a new trial, which was denied. Judgment was entered upon the verdict;’that appellant take nothing by his suit, and from said judgment he has appealed.
Error is assigned upon certain, instructions in relation to the question of reasonable time for the construction of the bridge. The criticism urged is that the case was submitted to the jury upon the theory that, fin order for appellant to' recover, it was necessary to show want of care and diligence on the part of respondent. It /is insisted that such/ a theory is a wrong conception of the case, and that the real question is'iwheither the facts concerning the street obstruction constituted a nuisance, and, if so, that respondent cannot be relieved from liability, though the work of j construction may have been done in the most approved manner. It is further urged that the mere fact that injurious' results were occasioned by the work is sufficient, if a nuisance existed, and that care on the part of respondent is not an element in the case. It appears to' us that the theory of counsel and that of the court both lead to the same result. The city had the un[290]*290doubted right to close the Street for the purpose of building the bridge, and the obstruction occasioned thereby could not within a reasonable time havei been classified as a nuisance. The city delegated ■'the respondent company to make the improvement, and thereby vested it with authority to exercise the privileges belonging to the city in the premises. Therefore, as long as respondent exercised reasonable diligence, the obstruction could not constitute a nuisance. But, if want of care and diligence existed, then the obstruction was no 'longer a necessity, and became a nuisance. If follows! thaf the instructions criticised correctly stated the law of the case.
It is assigned that the court erroneously instructed the jury to the effect thati if the obstruction of the street was continued by reason of the failure of the steel company to furnish the necessary 'steel, and not because of any lack of diligence on respondent’s part, then appellant could not recover. The evidence showed that respondent had promptly contracted with the American Bridge Company to furnish the structural steel required by the plans approved by the city for use in this bridge. That company was shown to be probably the best-equipped one in the entire country. The testimony was not contradicted that such material as was required for this bridge is not kept in stock by any company, but must be manufactured under special order’, according to' plans submitted. There was' no showing in the evidence that the manufactured material could have been procured at an earlier date from any other source. There was also evidence to the effect that the delay of the manufacturing company was duo to strikes and labor troubles, and that element was also made a feature of the instructions of the court in the connection now under consideration. The respondent liad [291]*291been delegated by the city to do this work, and no time was specified within wbicb it should be done. It was therefore under obligation to finish the structure within a reasonable time. It applied to probably the best recognized source for obtaining the manufactured material— a material which respondent itself was not prepared to manufacture, and which must have been known to the city at the time it delegated respondent to do the work. There was testimony that the work was forwarded with dispatch, with the exception of that portion thereof which required the steel, and that the delay was really due to the failure of that material to arrive. Appellant urges that respondent cannot be excused for any delay beyond the reasonable time required for the actual constructive work, and that the only excuse that can be offered for failure to perform a public duty must be the act of God or the public enemy. Such a harsh rule, applied to a case of this kind, cannot be the law. Appellant invokes the rule adopted in Herrman v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 27 Wash. 472 (68 Pac. 82, 57 L. R. A. 390), which is to the effect that one cannot evade liability because of the neglect of another to whom certain duties have been delegated by him, for the reason that the primary liability rests with the one who has delegated the neglectful parly. There, however, the duty neglected by the delegated party was such as, in its nature, coxrld have been easily discharged by the one primarily liable, and the rule stated is reasonable and right in such cases. But here the respondent could not manufacture the steel, and was compelled to depend upon another, who was prepared for such skillful work. It is manifest, in the nature of things, that great expense and skillful preparation are required for such manufacture. The evidence shows that but few are thus engaged, and [292]*292it follows that those who wash the manufactured product may, without any neglect of their own, be delayed. Under such unusual and really compulsory conditions, liability should not be lodged against one who has himself been diligent. Such is the the effect of the instructions criticized under this assignment of error. Kespondent’s obligation, as we have said, was to complete the work within a reasonable time, and what is a reasonable time must depend upon the circumstances of each particular case. In this case, under the evidence, the delay occasioned by the manufacturing company was an important circumstance.
“If it is proper’ to attempt any definition of the words reasonable time, that given by Chief Baron Pollock may he suggested, namely, that £a reasonable time means, as soon as' circumstances will permit.’ ” 2 Thompson, Trials, §1531.
The respondent stood in the place of the city, and we should inquire under what circumstances the city would have been liable.
“It may be stated as a general rule that if the legislature, acting within its constitutional limitations, directs or authorizes the doing of a particular thing, the doing of it in the authorized way and without negligence cannot he wrongful j if damage results as a consequence of its being done, it is damnum absque injuria, and no action will lie for it.” 8 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d ed.), p. 697.
The city, as a subdivision of the state, was empowered hv the legislature to> maintain streets and ’to erect bridges where required for necessary street purposes. That power in this instance was delegated to respondent, and the rule above stated as applicable to the city itself must apply to respondent. It is a recognized rule that the right of [293]*293transit in the use of a highway is subject to such incidental, temporary obstructions as necessity may require; and “these are not evasions of, but.simply incidents to, or rather qualifications of, the right of transit; and the limitation! upon them is, that they must not be unnecessarily and unreasonably interposed or prolonged.” Clark v. Fry, 8 Ohio St. 358, 374 (72 Am. Dec. 590).
See, also, Shepherd v. Baltimore & O. R. R. Co., 130 U. S. 426 (9 Sup. Ct. 598); Coyne v. Mississippi, etc., Boom Co., 72 Minn. 533 (75 N. W. 748, 71 Am. St. Rep. 508, 41 L. R. A. 494); Taylor v. Baltimore & O. R. R. Co., 33 W. Va. 39 (10 S. E. 29); Stewart v. Havens, 17 Neb. 211 (22 N. W. 419); 2 Thompson, Commentaries on ETegligence, §1368.
Under the above authorities, the city itself would not have been liable if the work had been necessarily delayed without any neglect of its own, and if the delay had been solely due to the failure of the manufacturer to furnish material of such unusual character as the 'product of a limited field of manufacture. The same was true of respondent, and we think the instructions were not erroneous.
ft is urged that the court erred in instructing the jury not to consider any statement of counsel relative to the liability of the American Bridge Company to reimburse respondent for any sum it may be required to pay on account of the delay occasioned by the bridge company. We think the instruction was correct. The bridge company was not a party to the case and the question of its liability to respondent was not an issue for the jury to consider. Moreover, the remarks of counsel upon this subject are not shown in the record, and we cannot say [294]*294that they may not have been such as warranted the instruction.
It is further assigned that error was committed, in instructing the jury that the respondent would be liable under the same circumstances as would make the city liable, for.the reason, as alleged, that the court failed to state under what circumstances the city would he liable. This assignment is not well taken, for the reason that in a previous instruction the court had clearly stated the conditions which would make the city liable. Under the well-known rule! that all the instructions must be considered together, the particular instruction criticized was not erroneous.
Error is predicated upon the court’s refusal to permit appellant to show the amount of receipts from his business for a period of more than three months after the completion- of the bridge and the opening of the street. The purpose of this testimony was to- endeavor to establish the amount of loss to- appellant’s business by comparison between the monthly receipts after’ the opening of the bridge and those during the time it was closed. It was not unreasonable that some limit should be placed upon the scope of that class of testimony. What that limitation should be, was largely a matter for the discretion of the trial court. Other influences than those arising directly from the opening of the street may have operated to affect the amount of receipts as time progressed. We think there was no- manifest abuse of- discretion.
Error is urged that the court permitted respondent to introduce- testimony as to the condition of the steel and the coal markets, for the alleged reason that it was incompetent, under the answer, which was a general denial. That testimony tended to show that the delay was oicca[295]*295sioned by circumstances over which respondent had no control, and therefore negatived the theory of negligence and want of care on its part. This may be done under the general denial, in an action based on negligence, which, as we have already said, this action was. 14 Enc. PL & Pr., 344.
The last error assigned is upon the denial of the motion for new trial. We find no error in the conduct of the trial, and, the jury having passed upon the evidence, the verdict will not be disturbed.
The judgment is affirmed.
Mount, Dunbab and Andebs, JJ., concur.
Eullebton, C. J., not sitting in this case.