Mr. Presiding Justice Freeman
delivered the opinion of the court.
The principal contention of defendant’s attorney is that if the crime was committed at all it was committed more than eighteen months prior to the indictment, and was therefore barred by the Statute of of Limitations, E. S., chap. 38, sec. 316. It is argued that the statute began to run at the time in 1901 when the conspiracy was formed without reference to overt acts thereafter committed more than eighteen months later in pursuance of the conspiracy. This contention is thus stated: “We insist that when the policy was issued and the first payment was accepted the Statute of Limitations began to run and even if Jackson had paid one dollar to Lowéll, as he testified, and Lowell had put the amount in his book, clearly it was beyond the Statute of Limitation.” The payment referred to was made by Jackson in October, 1902, and was a payment on account of premium upon a fraudulent policy of insurance issued, as the indictment charges, to obtain money by false pretenses. In support of Ms contention defendant’s attorney cites from pp. 590-1, vol. 4, of A. & E. Ency. of Law, 1st ed’n which in part is as follows: “A conspiracy is a substantive offense, and is punishable at common law, though nothing be done in execution of its purpose. The offense is complete when the confederacy is made; and an act done in pursuance of it is no part of the offense, which is in fact punished to prevent the execution of the act proposed to be done. The original corrupt agreement is itself the offense; and overt acts done in pursuance thereof are mere matters of aggravation and not necessary to the consummation of the crime;” and further that “the conspiracy and consummation are separate and distinct offenses in the sense at least that thé fact that the offense has been completed is no legal bar to the prosecution for the conspiracy;” citing also from McClain on Criminal Law, vol. 2, sec. 966. The offense doubtless is complete under the common law and our statute when the unlawful combination is made, and parties to the conspiracy may be prosecuted therefor whether they are proved to have committed overt acts in pursuance of the unlawful combination or not. They can likewise be prosecuted for the conspiracy when overt acts have been actually committed in pursuance of the unlawful combination. It does not, however, follow that prosecution is barred by the Statute of Limitation because the original combination was made at a time so far ante-dating the incident as to be itself within the bar of the statute. In Ochs v. The People, 124 Ill. 399, 426, this question is considered. Certain commissioners of Cook comity were tried and convicted under an indictment containing counts charging that the defendants and others feloniously conspired together, with the fraudulent and malicious intent by false pretenses to cheat and defraud the county of Cook of its moneys, etc. As to two of the defendants it appeared that the bar of the statute applied to all acts committed by them prior to October 3, 1885, which was about two months before their terms of office expired. The court says: “The existence of the conspiracy prior to October 3, 1885, having been satisfactorily established, as we think it was, it is necessary for the avoidance of the bar of the statute to inquire whether there were any overt acts in furtherance of the conspiracy committed by the defendants subsequent to that time. We think the proof of the commission by all the defendants of such overt acts subsequent to October 3, 1885, is abundant.” In commenting upon an instruction which it was complained in behalf of the defendants had been erroneously refused, the court further said: ‘£ The first instruction as to all the defendants was faulty and misleading in telling the jury that the crime of conspiracy was complete and the offense was then committed when the agreement or confederacy was entered into and that the period of limitation would commence to run from the time of committing the offense. The instruction was calculated to lead the jury erroneously to think that the period of limitation would commence to run from the time a defendant first became, a member of the conspiracy, instead of from the time of the commission of the last overt act in furtherance of the object of the conspiracy.”
It is to be borne in mind that prosecutions for conspiracy in the federal court are not brought under the common law but under a federal statute which differs both from the common law and from the statute of this state. The federal courts do resort to the common law in the interpretation of criminal federal statutes, but not as a source of jurisdiction.
In Ex parte Black, 147 Fed. Reporter, 832-837, the act of Congress relating to conspiracy is considered, and it is said that it “introduced a radical change in the law of conspiracy when it incorporated Section 5440 into the statute. At the common law a conspiracy was ripe when the secret agreement had been reached by and among the conspirators. * * * The policy of Congress was not to introduce a new element into the crime, but to allow a period of grace, an opportunity for repentance after the plot had been perfected and before any decisive act had been done in furtherance of it. Therefore the courts are required to differentiate sharply between the agreement per se and acts in furtherance of the agreement. During all such time and until some act has been done to effect the purpose—some overt act—the parties may abandon the conspiracy and be held guiltless of the offense.” It appeared in that case that “at the date of the earliest alleged overt act the conspiracy laid in the indictment had been consummated.7 7 It was therefore held that the action was barred by the Statute of Limitations. To the same effect is United States v. McCord, 72 Fed. Rep. 159, 163, where it was said: “Now it seems to me the material question in this case is when the Statute of Limitations commenced to run, whether these defendants might have been indicted under the evidence of this conspiracy in the spring of 1891, and that they might seem to’me quite clear from the testimony.” It was held that the action was therefore barred by the federal statute. The law of Illinois contains no such provision as appears in the federal statutes and in the statutes of some of the states that in order to complete the offense of conspiracy there must be some overt act. Under our statute it is sufficient that the unlawful combination has been formed. R. S., chap. 38, sec. 46. Cases therefore in the federal courts and -in states having statutes similar to the federal statute in this respect are not in point in this state. It is said in Ex parte Black (supra, p. 840), that “an overt act presupposes a pending conspiracy, so that the act of any one done in furtherance of the conspiracy may bind all of his associates. "When a conspiracy has been completely effected this implied agency disappears (citing cases). It is a contradiction of terms to speak of an act done to effect the purpose of the conspiracy after the conspiracy has been accomplished. Such an anomalous doctrine might prolong a conspiracy, and would keep it in active operation until every obligation incurred during the formative period of the plot had been liquidated;” and it is said “where would be the locus penitentiae in such case.” These extracts will sufficiently show the distinction made in the federal courts under the federal statute, and why those cases are not applicable in our state. Here there is no provision of the statute for a locus penitentiae after the unlawful combination has been formed and before it has been followed by an overt act.
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Mr. Presiding Justice Freeman
delivered the opinion of the court.
The principal contention of defendant’s attorney is that if the crime was committed at all it was committed more than eighteen months prior to the indictment, and was therefore barred by the Statute of of Limitations, E. S., chap. 38, sec. 316. It is argued that the statute began to run at the time in 1901 when the conspiracy was formed without reference to overt acts thereafter committed more than eighteen months later in pursuance of the conspiracy. This contention is thus stated: “We insist that when the policy was issued and the first payment was accepted the Statute of Limitations began to run and even if Jackson had paid one dollar to Lowéll, as he testified, and Lowell had put the amount in his book, clearly it was beyond the Statute of Limitation.” The payment referred to was made by Jackson in October, 1902, and was a payment on account of premium upon a fraudulent policy of insurance issued, as the indictment charges, to obtain money by false pretenses. In support of Ms contention defendant’s attorney cites from pp. 590-1, vol. 4, of A. & E. Ency. of Law, 1st ed’n which in part is as follows: “A conspiracy is a substantive offense, and is punishable at common law, though nothing be done in execution of its purpose. The offense is complete when the confederacy is made; and an act done in pursuance of it is no part of the offense, which is in fact punished to prevent the execution of the act proposed to be done. The original corrupt agreement is itself the offense; and overt acts done in pursuance thereof are mere matters of aggravation and not necessary to the consummation of the crime;” and further that “the conspiracy and consummation are separate and distinct offenses in the sense at least that thé fact that the offense has been completed is no legal bar to the prosecution for the conspiracy;” citing also from McClain on Criminal Law, vol. 2, sec. 966. The offense doubtless is complete under the common law and our statute when the unlawful combination is made, and parties to the conspiracy may be prosecuted therefor whether they are proved to have committed overt acts in pursuance of the unlawful combination or not. They can likewise be prosecuted for the conspiracy when overt acts have been actually committed in pursuance of the unlawful combination. It does not, however, follow that prosecution is barred by the Statute of Limitation because the original combination was made at a time so far ante-dating the incident as to be itself within the bar of the statute. In Ochs v. The People, 124 Ill. 399, 426, this question is considered. Certain commissioners of Cook comity were tried and convicted under an indictment containing counts charging that the defendants and others feloniously conspired together, with the fraudulent and malicious intent by false pretenses to cheat and defraud the county of Cook of its moneys, etc. As to two of the defendants it appeared that the bar of the statute applied to all acts committed by them prior to October 3, 1885, which was about two months before their terms of office expired. The court says: “The existence of the conspiracy prior to October 3, 1885, having been satisfactorily established, as we think it was, it is necessary for the avoidance of the bar of the statute to inquire whether there were any overt acts in furtherance of the conspiracy committed by the defendants subsequent to that time. We think the proof of the commission by all the defendants of such overt acts subsequent to October 3, 1885, is abundant.” In commenting upon an instruction which it was complained in behalf of the defendants had been erroneously refused, the court further said: ‘£ The first instruction as to all the defendants was faulty and misleading in telling the jury that the crime of conspiracy was complete and the offense was then committed when the agreement or confederacy was entered into and that the period of limitation would commence to run from the time of committing the offense. The instruction was calculated to lead the jury erroneously to think that the period of limitation would commence to run from the time a defendant first became, a member of the conspiracy, instead of from the time of the commission of the last overt act in furtherance of the object of the conspiracy.”
It is to be borne in mind that prosecutions for conspiracy in the federal court are not brought under the common law but under a federal statute which differs both from the common law and from the statute of this state. The federal courts do resort to the common law in the interpretation of criminal federal statutes, but not as a source of jurisdiction.
In Ex parte Black, 147 Fed. Reporter, 832-837, the act of Congress relating to conspiracy is considered, and it is said that it “introduced a radical change in the law of conspiracy when it incorporated Section 5440 into the statute. At the common law a conspiracy was ripe when the secret agreement had been reached by and among the conspirators. * * * The policy of Congress was not to introduce a new element into the crime, but to allow a period of grace, an opportunity for repentance after the plot had been perfected and before any decisive act had been done in furtherance of it. Therefore the courts are required to differentiate sharply between the agreement per se and acts in furtherance of the agreement. During all such time and until some act has been done to effect the purpose—some overt act—the parties may abandon the conspiracy and be held guiltless of the offense.” It appeared in that case that “at the date of the earliest alleged overt act the conspiracy laid in the indictment had been consummated.7 7 It was therefore held that the action was barred by the Statute of Limitations. To the same effect is United States v. McCord, 72 Fed. Rep. 159, 163, where it was said: “Now it seems to me the material question in this case is when the Statute of Limitations commenced to run, whether these defendants might have been indicted under the evidence of this conspiracy in the spring of 1891, and that they might seem to’me quite clear from the testimony.” It was held that the action was therefore barred by the federal statute. The law of Illinois contains no such provision as appears in the federal statutes and in the statutes of some of the states that in order to complete the offense of conspiracy there must be some overt act. Under our statute it is sufficient that the unlawful combination has been formed. R. S., chap. 38, sec. 46. Cases therefore in the federal courts and -in states having statutes similar to the federal statute in this respect are not in point in this state. It is said in Ex parte Black (supra, p. 840), that “an overt act presupposes a pending conspiracy, so that the act of any one done in furtherance of the conspiracy may bind all of his associates. "When a conspiracy has been completely effected this implied agency disappears (citing cases). It is a contradiction of terms to speak of an act done to effect the purpose of the conspiracy after the conspiracy has been accomplished. Such an anomalous doctrine might prolong a conspiracy, and would keep it in active operation until every obligation incurred during the formative period of the plot had been liquidated;” and it is said “where would be the locus penitentiae in such case.” These extracts will sufficiently show the distinction made in the federal courts under the federal statute, and why those cases are not applicable in our state. Here there is no provision of the statute for a locus penitentiae after the unlawful combination has been formed and before it has been followed by an overt act. The original conspiracy is an offense of itself. It would seem to be sound common sense as well as good law in this jurisdiction that each overt act by which the conspiracy becomes effective should be deemed a renewal of the original conspiracy. Otherwise, under our statute, parties might effect an unlawful combination to obtain money by false pretenses as in this case, make all their preparations to carry into effect on a large scale the unlawful scheme, postpone its actual operation eighteen months from the formation of the conspiracy and then go on fleecing the community with impunity under protection of the Statute of Limitation. What is said' in McKee v. The State, 111 Ind. 378, is directly in point: “After the joint design was once fairly established, every act done in pursuance of the original purpose, whether by one or more of the conspirators or by their agent, was a renewal of the original conspiracy.” To hold otherwise in this State would be not only contrary to the law as stated by our Supreme Court, but would exalt a technical objection in favor of the law breaker to the dignity of a substantial and just defense. We are of opinion that the evidence sufficiently justifies the finding that defendant Lowell was actively participating in the fraudulent combination at the time of the overt act charged in the indictment.
Objection is made that incompetent evidence was in some cases admitted over objection. We are inclined to think that some of the documentary evidence admitted might properly have been excluded. But we are of opinion that the erroneous admissions were not and could not have been prejudicial in view of the great mass of competent evidence which convincingly sustains the verdict.
It is urged that when the conspiracy was executed the offense merged into a felony, thus making the indictment for conspiracy, which is a misdemeanor, incapable of supporting a conviction. It is sufficient to say that under our statute the offense of conspiracy to obtain money by false pretenses is punishable either by fine or imprisonment or both, and the indictment supports the conviction.
Objection is made to certain instructions on the ground generally that.they are not warranted by the indictment or by the evidence, but without pointing out any specific or material error in these respects, and we discover none. Complaint is made that the state’s attorney went outside the record in his address to the jury, but it is not shown wherein the alleged improper remarks were injurious. We find some extravagant expressions, and some statements which it is said there was nó evidence to sustain. Wh.en objection was made on this ground the trial judge who had heard the evidence did not seem to regard the objection as well taken, saying that the jury had heard the testimony. We find nothing in the remarks referred to which would justify interference with the verdict.
Upon careful consideration of the whole record we find no material error and the judgment of the Criminal Court must be affirmed.
Affirmed.