Opinion Of the Court by
Judge Carroll
Affirming.
On the night of August 11, 1907, Alonzo Dow Johnson was struck and killed by one of appellant’s street cars just outside of the city limits of Louisville, while on Ms way to the city in company with a large crowd of people who had been spending the evening at Fountain Ferry Park, a pleasure resort near the city. For some reason, street car traffic was delayed, and a number of persons started to walk into the city in the road over which, the street cars run. They had gone some distance1, when a large motor car carrying a trailer came along. These cars were crowded with people, and, according to the testimony of several witnesses, were running at an unusually high rate of speed at the time Johnson, who was in the road' with the other people, was struck. The theory of appellee is that Johnson was struck by the front end or fender of the first car; while appellant contends that he was walking on the roadway adjacent to the track and in no danger from the cars, but that, after the front end of the car had passed him in safety, he ran into, or [280]*280fell or was pushed by one of his companions against, the side or middle of the motor car, causing him to fall between the motor:car and the trail car attached' to it. Each party introduced evidence in support of its theory of the accident, and, the jury having found against the appellant, it prosecutes this appeal from the judgment entered on the verdict.
It is complained that the court erred in admitting incompetent evidence and in rejecting competent evidence, in giving instructions to the jury, and that the verdict is not sustained by the evidence. Taking up these points in the order named, the first error assigned is in permitting W. H. Kahl and F. J. Owens to testify as to the statements made by the motorman and conductor in charge of the car immediately at the time of the accident. These witnesses said they were present in the crowd that was walking up the street when the accident occurred, and were’ among the first persons to go to Johnson after he was struck; that about the same time they reached the body, the conductor and motorman came up, and they said’ to the motorman, “You have killed a man back there,” and the motorman said, “Well, I seen the man, I seen his fate and all, and tried to make the stop, but couldn’t make it,” and the conductor said1 to the motorman, “Keep your damned mouth still, and don’t make any statement until you are called upon to make one. The conductor and motorman both denied that they made the statements attributed' tc\ them, which were admited as evidence over the objection of appellee; the trial court holding that the testimony was competent as. a park of the rest gestee. It is not seriously contended that these statements were not made close enough to the time of the accident to be admissible as a part of the res gestse, but it is insisted [281]*281that flie statement of the motorman threw no light on the accident, and did not explain or illustrate how it occurred, hut was merely a narrative of what had happened; (while the remark attributed to the conductor is said to have no connection whatever with the transaction, ■ and f-or this reason was clearly incompetent.
No hard and fast rule can be laid down as to the admissibility of evidence as a part of the res gesta*. The facts and circumstances of each case are different, and the courts have come to the point of adjudging this question as it is presented by the particular case under consideration. This is well illustrated in the numerous decisions that may be found on the subject, as it is by the further fact that'the courts are not harmonious in their treatment of the principle upon which the admissibility of the evidence rests. In some jurisdictions a liberal practice prevails, while in others the ancient rule has not been relaxed. But, generally speaking, the rule in this State is that declarations which would otherwise be incompetent to be admissible as a part of the res gestae must be made by one of the actors in the affair, contemporaneous in point of time with the principal transaction under consideration, be made at or near to the place of its occurrence, and illustrate or explain how or what caused it to happen; but, if a declaration is so far removed in point of time from the main fact under investigation as to make it a mere narrative of a transaction that has happened, or if it does not illustrate or explain the principal fact, or was made at some distance from the place of its occurrence, or by a bystander or third party, the declaration is not admissible as substantive evidence or as a part of the res gestae. Grreenleaf on Evidence, section 107; Elliott on Evidence, volume 1, [282]*282section 542; Floyd v. Paducah Ry. Co., 64 S. W. 653, 23 Ky. Law Rep. 1077; McLeod v. Ginther, 80 Ky. 399, 4 Ky. Law Rep. 276; Illinois Central R. Co. v. Houchins, 101 S. W. 924, 125 Ky. 483, 31 Ky. Law Rep. 93; L. & N. R. Co. v. Ellis, 97 Ky. 330, 17 Ky. Law Rep. 259, 30 S. W. 979; L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Molloy, 122 Ky. 219, 28 Ky. Law Rep. 1113, 91 S. W. 685; C., N. O. & T. P. Ry. Co. v. Evans, 110 S. W. 844, 33 Ky. Law Rep. 596, 129 Ky. 152; Vicksburg, etc., R. Co. v. O’Brien, 119 U. S. 99, 7 Sup. Ct. 172, 30 L. Ed. 299, 24 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 660. Tested by this rule, we have no doubt that the statements of the motorman were competent as substantive evidence. It was coincident in time with the accident. It was made at the very place where the accident occurred, by one of the principal actors, and illustrated or explained a material point in the case by showing that the deceased was struck by the front end of the motor car, and not thrown or pushed against the side of it. The remark of the conductor was not competent, because it did not illustrate or explain how or what caused the accident; but neither was it prejudicial. It was addressed to the motorman. The admonition of the conductor that the motorman ought not to make a statement until he was called on to make one could not have influenced the jury either one way or the other. It was an idle speech that had no connection with the case and did not throw any light on any phase of it. In Illinois Central R. Co. v. Watson, 117 Ky. 374, 78 S. W. 175, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 1360, the court said: “The trial court erred in allowing the plaintiff to prove by Fred Collins that he said to the engineer, about two minutes after the accident, ‘It looks like that engine could have been stopped before that,’ and that the engineer said, ‘well, damn it, that [283]*283won’t bring the boy back.’ What Collins thought about the stopping of the engine was immaterial, and the answer of the engineer was a statement of no fact and was incompetent.” If the remark made by the conductor was prejudicial, its admission over the objection of the defendant would be reversible error; but, although incompetent, the error is too trifling to justify a reversal upon this ground. In the Watson case a reversal was had, not because the court admitted the evidence mentioned in the excerpt from the opinion, but upon the ground that the verdict was palpably excessive.
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Opinion Of the Court by
Judge Carroll
Affirming.
On the night of August 11, 1907, Alonzo Dow Johnson was struck and killed by one of appellant’s street cars just outside of the city limits of Louisville, while on Ms way to the city in company with a large crowd of people who had been spending the evening at Fountain Ferry Park, a pleasure resort near the city. For some reason, street car traffic was delayed, and a number of persons started to walk into the city in the road over which, the street cars run. They had gone some distance1, when a large motor car carrying a trailer came along. These cars were crowded with people, and, according to the testimony of several witnesses, were running at an unusually high rate of speed at the time Johnson, who was in the road' with the other people, was struck. The theory of appellee is that Johnson was struck by the front end or fender of the first car; while appellant contends that he was walking on the roadway adjacent to the track and in no danger from the cars, but that, after the front end of the car had passed him in safety, he ran into, or [280]*280fell or was pushed by one of his companions against, the side or middle of the motor car, causing him to fall between the motor:car and the trail car attached' to it. Each party introduced evidence in support of its theory of the accident, and, the jury having found against the appellant, it prosecutes this appeal from the judgment entered on the verdict.
It is complained that the court erred in admitting incompetent evidence and in rejecting competent evidence, in giving instructions to the jury, and that the verdict is not sustained by the evidence. Taking up these points in the order named, the first error assigned is in permitting W. H. Kahl and F. J. Owens to testify as to the statements made by the motorman and conductor in charge of the car immediately at the time of the accident. These witnesses said they were present in the crowd that was walking up the street when the accident occurred, and were’ among the first persons to go to Johnson after he was struck; that about the same time they reached the body, the conductor and motorman came up, and they said’ to the motorman, “You have killed a man back there,” and the motorman said, “Well, I seen the man, I seen his fate and all, and tried to make the stop, but couldn’t make it,” and the conductor said1 to the motorman, “Keep your damned mouth still, and don’t make any statement until you are called upon to make one. The conductor and motorman both denied that they made the statements attributed' tc\ them, which were admited as evidence over the objection of appellee; the trial court holding that the testimony was competent as. a park of the rest gestee. It is not seriously contended that these statements were not made close enough to the time of the accident to be admissible as a part of the res gestse, but it is insisted [281]*281that flie statement of the motorman threw no light on the accident, and did not explain or illustrate how it occurred, hut was merely a narrative of what had happened; (while the remark attributed to the conductor is said to have no connection whatever with the transaction, ■ and f-or this reason was clearly incompetent.
No hard and fast rule can be laid down as to the admissibility of evidence as a part of the res gesta*. The facts and circumstances of each case are different, and the courts have come to the point of adjudging this question as it is presented by the particular case under consideration. This is well illustrated in the numerous decisions that may be found on the subject, as it is by the further fact that'the courts are not harmonious in their treatment of the principle upon which the admissibility of the evidence rests. In some jurisdictions a liberal practice prevails, while in others the ancient rule has not been relaxed. But, generally speaking, the rule in this State is that declarations which would otherwise be incompetent to be admissible as a part of the res gestae must be made by one of the actors in the affair, contemporaneous in point of time with the principal transaction under consideration, be made at or near to the place of its occurrence, and illustrate or explain how or what caused it to happen; but, if a declaration is so far removed in point of time from the main fact under investigation as to make it a mere narrative of a transaction that has happened, or if it does not illustrate or explain the principal fact, or was made at some distance from the place of its occurrence, or by a bystander or third party, the declaration is not admissible as substantive evidence or as a part of the res gestae. Grreenleaf on Evidence, section 107; Elliott on Evidence, volume 1, [282]*282section 542; Floyd v. Paducah Ry. Co., 64 S. W. 653, 23 Ky. Law Rep. 1077; McLeod v. Ginther, 80 Ky. 399, 4 Ky. Law Rep. 276; Illinois Central R. Co. v. Houchins, 101 S. W. 924, 125 Ky. 483, 31 Ky. Law Rep. 93; L. & N. R. Co. v. Ellis, 97 Ky. 330, 17 Ky. Law Rep. 259, 30 S. W. 979; L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Molloy, 122 Ky. 219, 28 Ky. Law Rep. 1113, 91 S. W. 685; C., N. O. & T. P. Ry. Co. v. Evans, 110 S. W. 844, 33 Ky. Law Rep. 596, 129 Ky. 152; Vicksburg, etc., R. Co. v. O’Brien, 119 U. S. 99, 7 Sup. Ct. 172, 30 L. Ed. 299, 24 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 660. Tested by this rule, we have no doubt that the statements of the motorman were competent as substantive evidence. It was coincident in time with the accident. It was made at the very place where the accident occurred, by one of the principal actors, and illustrated or explained a material point in the case by showing that the deceased was struck by the front end of the motor car, and not thrown or pushed against the side of it. The remark of the conductor was not competent, because it did not illustrate or explain how or what caused the accident; but neither was it prejudicial. It was addressed to the motorman. The admonition of the conductor that the motorman ought not to make a statement until he was called on to make one could not have influenced the jury either one way or the other. It was an idle speech that had no connection with the case and did not throw any light on any phase of it. In Illinois Central R. Co. v. Watson, 117 Ky. 374, 78 S. W. 175, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 1360, the court said: “The trial court erred in allowing the plaintiff to prove by Fred Collins that he said to the engineer, about two minutes after the accident, ‘It looks like that engine could have been stopped before that,’ and that the engineer said, ‘well, damn it, that [283]*283won’t bring the boy back.’ What Collins thought about the stopping of the engine was immaterial, and the answer of the engineer was a statement of no fact and was incompetent.” If the remark made by the conductor was prejudicial, its admission over the objection of the defendant would be reversible error; but, although incompetent, the error is too trifling to justify a reversal upon this ground. In the Watson case a reversal was had, not because the court admitted the evidence mentioned in the excerpt from the opinion, but upon the ground that the verdict was palpably excessive.
The defendant company offered to prove by a witness that, immediately after the accident, he got off the car before it stopped and went to the place where the body of deceased was lying, and heard a man who was in the crowd surrounding the body, but whom he did not know, say, not in answer to any question, but as a spontaneous exclamation, “No wonder he was hurt, the way you fellows were wrestling.” The trial judge refused to admit the statement heard by this witness, and of this ruling appellant complains. In support of the proposition that this evidence was competent, our attention is called to L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Carothers, 65 S. W. 833, 66 S. W. 385, 23 Ky. Law Rep. 1675. That was an action brought by a passenger on. a train to recover damages for personal injuries received in a collision, and it was said: “The fact that there were exclamations, outcries, or screams by the other passengers may be shown as part of the res gesta:; but the particulars of what they said do not seem to have been material to any issue in the case. The opinion in the Simpson case was intended to go no further than this, and the opinion in this case is modified to this extent.” In the Simpson case (L. & [284]*284N. R. R. Co v Simpson, 111 Ky. 754, 64 S. W. 733, 23 Ky. Law Rep. 1044), which was an action to recover damages for injuries sustained in the same collision in which Carothers was injured, the court said: “It was also shown by some of the witnesses that outcries and scréams were made by passengers in this coach when the collision occurred, and that in the darkness great confusion reigned. None of this was objected to by appellant, so far as the record shows. The outcries and’ exclamations by others than appellee were not relevant matters to go to the jury, but we can not reverse for errors not excepted to at the time.” In Louisville & Cincinnati Packet Co. v. Samuels, 59 S. W. 3, 22 Ky. Law Rep. 979, also cited by counsel for appellant, which was an action for damages for personal injuries sustained by the breaking of a plank, the plaintiff was permitted to prove that just before the plank broke some one hollered, “Look out, that plank is cracked.” In commenting on this evidence1, the court held it to be incompetent, although its admission under the circumstances was not a reversible error. With the exception of the rather misleading statement in the Carothers ease, we know of no Kentucky case holding that the exclamations of bystanders are admissible. In Stroud v. Commonwealth, 19 S .W. 976, 14 Ky. Law Rep. 179, the court, in considering a question like this, said: “Whatever is said by a party to the occurrence or a coadjutor, in eases of homicide, is competent to show the character or quality of the act; but the statement of a bystander, who is in no way acting in concert with the parties to the transaction, does not constitute a part of the1 res geste.” In Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 10 Bush 576, the court, in holding evidence of this character incompetent, said: “It is clearly hearsay, and does not [285]*285fall within any of the exceptions to the general rule that hearsay evidence is incompetent to establish any specific act which in its nature is susceptible of being proven by witnesses who can speak from their own knowledge. The cries or exclamations allowed to be proved did not proceed from either one of the parties engaged in the transaction, nor from any one acting-in concert with either of them. They do not constitute part of the res gestee.” To the same effect is Kaelin v. Commonwealth, 84 Ky. 354,1 S. W. 594, 8 Ky. Law Rep. 293.
In our opinion, it would be a dangerous enlargement of the res gestae rule to permit the dleidarations of bystanders in cases like this to be received as evidence. It would open wide the door for the admission of reckless or thoughtless or ill-considered exclamations, and at the same time would put it out of the power of the party whose interest they adversely affected to investigate, impeach, contradict, or explain the situation, temperament, character, or position of the declarant. To permit a person to testify that he heard a bystander state how or what caused an accident would sanction the admissibility of hearsay evidence of the most unreliable and unsatisfactory character. The declarations of agents and servants of a corporation, for whose acts the principal is responsible, when brought within the res gestae rule, are permitted to be introduced for the purpose of fixing liability upon the principal, and upon these statements, if they are sufficient to sustain a verdict, the jury may rest their finding. And so the declarations of a party injured, if brought within this rule are competent in his behalf; but, to these actors in the occurrence, the admissibility of evidence as a part of the res gestae should, except in rare cases, be limited. The bystand[286]*286er in this case, who made the remark attempted to he introduced as evidence, was not a party to the transaction. He had no connection with it. The declaration was merely an expression of opinion on the part of the declarant. It did not describe "anything he saw or did. If he had been introduced as a witness, it would not have been competent to have permitted him to make' the statements attributed to him, and its inherent incompetency would have been aggravated by permitting another person to repeat it. Third parties are permitted to testify concerning what they saw, or what they did; but their declarations are not admissible. Although there is authority from other courts holding a contrary view, the cases in which declarations of bystanders have been admitted will" generally be found to be actions against common carriers by persons to recover damages for injuries received in jumping off of cars in anticipation of a collision or other imminent peril. In this class of cases the outcries and exclamations of other persons are properly admitted to show the danger that confronted the passengers, and that they acted with reasonable prudence in escaping. Kleiber v. People Ry. Co., 107 Mo. 240, 17 S. W. 946, 14 L. R. A. 613; Twomley v. Central Park R. Co., 69 N. Y. 158, 25 Am. Rep. 163; St. Louis Ry. Co. v. Murray, 55 Ark. 248, 18 S. W. 50, 16 L. R. A. 787, 29 Am. St. Rep. 32; 24 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law; 684; Senn v. Southern Ry. Co., 108 Mo. 142, 18 S. W. 1007; Mobile, etc., R. Co. v. Ash-craft, 48 Ala. 15; Indiana St. Ry. Co. v. Whitaker, 160 Ind. 125, 66 N. E. 433. But whatever may be the ' practice in other jurisdictions, we are satisfied with the soundness of the rule laid down by this court excluding the declarations or statements of bystand[287]*287ers, and are not disposed to depart from it in cases similar to the one under consideration.
The next complaint is that the court erred in saying to the jury, as a part of instruction No. 1, that it was the duty of the motorman “to keep a lookout ahead for persons on the track, or so near thereto as to be in danger of being injured by the car.” There is no merit in this criticism. It is the duty of a motorman, from the time and immediately before the car starts, until it comes to a stop, to be constantly on the lookout for persons and vehicles on the track, or so near thereto as to be in danger of being injured by the car; and this duty has been repeatedly declared by this court.
There was sufficient evidence to support the verdict, and the judgment is affirmed.