DENSON, J.
Action in case to recover the value of a building and its contents, property of the. plaintiff, which Avore destroyed by fire alleged to have been communicated to the building through the negligence of the defendant. There were several counts in the complaint, all of which were withdraAvn except counts 1 and A; and the issues AA’ere made up with respect to these two. The cause was tried on the plea of the general issue.
Plaintiff’s building Avas located east of the defendant’s railroad in Hart selle, Ala., in a row Avith three other buildings, all of AAdiich fronted the railroad and were 75 feet from the track. Tayo of the houses belonged to one Echols, one to a man named Oden, and one to the plaintiff. The houses Avere close together, and stood in the 1’oay in the order named; plaintiff’s building being north of the others. There Avas evidence tending to show that one of the Echols buildings Avas discovered to be on fire soon • after the defendant’s locomotive passed, between 1:30 and 2 o’clock a. m., going south; that sparks of unusual size and in unusual quantities were seen to escape from the engine at noints not far from the four buildine’s, ascending from 30 to 35 feet above the smoke: stack; and that the fire originated in the roof of thé [218]*218Echols building. All four of the buildings were totally destroyed. There was also evidence tending to show an absence of other probable causes of the fire, and that sparks emitted to a height of 30 to 35 feet above the smokestack of an engine will travel 100 feet and still remain alive, under the atmospheric conditions then existing. The evidence for the defendant tended to show that sparks of unusual size and in unusual quantities were not being emitted from the engine; that an experienced and competent engineer had charge of the engine, and that it was handled with care and skill; that the engine was in good condition, and that its appliances to prevent the escape of sparks were of approved patterns-; further, that it would not he possible for an engine, equipped with spark-arresting apparatus, in proper condition ■ and skillfully handled,- going at the rate of 15 -to 20 miles an hour (the rate the train in question was traveling), with the throttle closed, and not working steam, to throw sparks the distance of 30 or 35 feet above the top of the smokestack; and, still further, that if-in -proper condition an engine will not emit sparks to a greater height than 3 or 4 feet.
The case is not in any material respect dissimilar to that of L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Malone, 109 Ala. 509, 20 South. 33. Under the principle settled in that case, and in the cases of L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Marbury Lumber Co., 125 Ala. 237, 28 South. 438, 50 L. R. A. 620, Id., 132 Ala. 520, 32 South. 745, 90 Am. St. Rep. 917, and A. G. S. R. R. Co. u. Taylor, 129 Ala. 238, 29 South. 673, the court properly- refused charges A, B and C, requested by the defendant.
Charge 32 was argumentative, and was properly refused. -
Charge 34, it is insisted by counsel for the appellant, is in- the language of this court employed in the opinion [219]*219in the case of A. G. S. R. R. Co. v. Taylor, supra. A casual inspection of the change in connection with the opinion referred to wall disclose the incorrectness of the insistence. . The bnrden of proof, referred to in that opinion as being shifted back to the plaintiff, was that of showing to the reasonable satisfaction of the jury that a carefully constructed, equipped, and managed engine would not have set fire to the property. Until there was evidence tending to show that the fire originated from sparks emitted from the engine, the defendant was not required to offer any proof at all. Such evidence had been offered by the plaintiff. The charge is inaccurate, and the court did not err in refusing it.
Refused charge 36, in omitting the word “from,” is subject to the criticism that it is an invasion of the province of the jury.
Charge 37 is an invasion of the province of the jury, and is upon the effect of the evidence. True, the engineer testified that the engine was not working steam; but there was evidence that an engine not working steam would not emit sparks, and there was evidence that the engine did emit sparks from 30 to 35 feet above the smokestack. So whether or not the engine was working steam was clearly a question for determination by the jury.
' There was evidence from which the jury had the right to infer that the spark arrester was not in good condition, and that it was not properly equipped nor handled; hence charges 38, 40, 41 and 42 were properly refused.
Other refused charges assigned as error by the appellant are not insisted on in the brief, and the points are therefore waived.
It is araued by appellant that charge No. 1, given for the plaintiff, pretermits inquiry as to whether or not [220]*220the defect in the engine contributed to the burning of plaintiff’s building. The charge is misleading in this respect, and might very properly have been refused; but, construing it in connection with the evidence, we find there was no evidence which in the remotest degree tended to show a defect, except in the spark arrester, and even this was circumstantial. Therefore the court committed no reversible error in giving the charge.
Charge 2, given for the plaintiff, is criticised as assuming that plaintiff should have a verdict.if the locomotive was negligently operated, whether such negligent operation had any connection with the communication of fire to the building or not. This, we think, is hypercriticism when the charge is construed as a whole and in connection with the evidence.
Charge 5 seems to be in accord with previous decisions of this court, and was properly given. — L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Marbury Lumber Co., 125 Ala. 257, 28 South. 438, 50 L. R. A. 620; Id., 132 Ala. 520, 32 South. 745, 00 Am. St. Rep. 917; A. G. S. R. R. Co. v. Taylor, 129 Ala. 243, 29 South. 673. The charge may be misleading in the use of the Avord “all” before the word “negligence;” but this does not render the giving of it reversible error.
There were circumstances in the evidence which warranted the hypothesis stated in charges 6 and 10 given for the plaintiff, and the court committed no error in giving them.
Charge 11 was properly given. There were circumstances disclosed in the evidence from which the jury might have drawn an inference contrary to the testimony of the defendant’s witnesses Avith respect to the equipment and management of the engine.
Other charges given for the plaintiff and embraced in the assignment of errors are not insisted on by the appellant as being erroneous.
[221]*221This brings ns to consideration of the rulings of the court on the admissibility of evidence. Witness H. E. Nichols, examined by the plaintiff, after testifying that he saw one of defendant’s engines and a train pass through Hartselle about 30 minutes before the fire, that the engine was emitting sparks in large quantities to a height of 80 to 35 feet above the smokestack in a regular “sluice,” that the sparks looked to be as large as the end of his finger, and that he had observed other engines just prior to the fire going through Hartselle, was asked by the plaintiff to state whether or not these engines were throwing as many or as great a quantity of sparks as this one did.
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DENSON, J.
Action in case to recover the value of a building and its contents, property of the. plaintiff, which Avore destroyed by fire alleged to have been communicated to the building through the negligence of the defendant. There were several counts in the complaint, all of which were withdraAvn except counts 1 and A; and the issues AA’ere made up with respect to these two. The cause was tried on the plea of the general issue.
Plaintiff’s building Avas located east of the defendant’s railroad in Hart selle, Ala., in a row Avith three other buildings, all of AAdiich fronted the railroad and were 75 feet from the track. Tayo of the houses belonged to one Echols, one to a man named Oden, and one to the plaintiff. The houses Avere close together, and stood in the 1’oay in the order named; plaintiff’s building being north of the others. There Avas evidence tending to show that one of the Echols buildings Avas discovered to be on fire soon • after the defendant’s locomotive passed, between 1:30 and 2 o’clock a. m., going south; that sparks of unusual size and in unusual quantities were seen to escape from the engine at noints not far from the four buildine’s, ascending from 30 to 35 feet above the smoke: stack; and that the fire originated in the roof of thé [218]*218Echols building. All four of the buildings were totally destroyed. There was also evidence tending to show an absence of other probable causes of the fire, and that sparks emitted to a height of 30 to 35 feet above the smokestack of an engine will travel 100 feet and still remain alive, under the atmospheric conditions then existing. The evidence for the defendant tended to show that sparks of unusual size and in unusual quantities were not being emitted from the engine; that an experienced and competent engineer had charge of the engine, and that it was handled with care and skill; that the engine was in good condition, and that its appliances to prevent the escape of sparks were of approved patterns-; further, that it would not he possible for an engine, equipped with spark-arresting apparatus, in proper condition ■ and skillfully handled,- going at the rate of 15 -to 20 miles an hour (the rate the train in question was traveling), with the throttle closed, and not working steam, to throw sparks the distance of 30 or 35 feet above the top of the smokestack; and, still further, that if-in -proper condition an engine will not emit sparks to a greater height than 3 or 4 feet.
The case is not in any material respect dissimilar to that of L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Malone, 109 Ala. 509, 20 South. 33. Under the principle settled in that case, and in the cases of L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Marbury Lumber Co., 125 Ala. 237, 28 South. 438, 50 L. R. A. 620, Id., 132 Ala. 520, 32 South. 745, 90 Am. St. Rep. 917, and A. G. S. R. R. Co. u. Taylor, 129 Ala. 238, 29 South. 673, the court properly- refused charges A, B and C, requested by the defendant.
Charge 32 was argumentative, and was properly refused. -
Charge 34, it is insisted by counsel for the appellant, is in- the language of this court employed in the opinion [219]*219in the case of A. G. S. R. R. Co. v. Taylor, supra. A casual inspection of the change in connection with the opinion referred to wall disclose the incorrectness of the insistence. . The bnrden of proof, referred to in that opinion as being shifted back to the plaintiff, was that of showing to the reasonable satisfaction of the jury that a carefully constructed, equipped, and managed engine would not have set fire to the property. Until there was evidence tending to show that the fire originated from sparks emitted from the engine, the defendant was not required to offer any proof at all. Such evidence had been offered by the plaintiff. The charge is inaccurate, and the court did not err in refusing it.
Refused charge 36, in omitting the word “from,” is subject to the criticism that it is an invasion of the province of the jury.
Charge 37 is an invasion of the province of the jury, and is upon the effect of the evidence. True, the engineer testified that the engine was not working steam; but there was evidence that an engine not working steam would not emit sparks, and there was evidence that the engine did emit sparks from 30 to 35 feet above the smokestack. So whether or not the engine was working steam was clearly a question for determination by the jury.
' There was evidence from which the jury had the right to infer that the spark arrester was not in good condition, and that it was not properly equipped nor handled; hence charges 38, 40, 41 and 42 were properly refused.
Other refused charges assigned as error by the appellant are not insisted on in the brief, and the points are therefore waived.
It is araued by appellant that charge No. 1, given for the plaintiff, pretermits inquiry as to whether or not [220]*220the defect in the engine contributed to the burning of plaintiff’s building. The charge is misleading in this respect, and might very properly have been refused; but, construing it in connection with the evidence, we find there was no evidence which in the remotest degree tended to show a defect, except in the spark arrester, and even this was circumstantial. Therefore the court committed no reversible error in giving the charge.
Charge 2, given for the plaintiff, is criticised as assuming that plaintiff should have a verdict.if the locomotive was negligently operated, whether such negligent operation had any connection with the communication of fire to the building or not. This, we think, is hypercriticism when the charge is construed as a whole and in connection with the evidence.
Charge 5 seems to be in accord with previous decisions of this court, and was properly given. — L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Marbury Lumber Co., 125 Ala. 257, 28 South. 438, 50 L. R. A. 620; Id., 132 Ala. 520, 32 South. 745, 00 Am. St. Rep. 917; A. G. S. R. R. Co. v. Taylor, 129 Ala. 243, 29 South. 673. The charge may be misleading in the use of the Avord “all” before the word “negligence;” but this does not render the giving of it reversible error.
There were circumstances in the evidence which warranted the hypothesis stated in charges 6 and 10 given for the plaintiff, and the court committed no error in giving them.
Charge 11 was properly given. There were circumstances disclosed in the evidence from which the jury might have drawn an inference contrary to the testimony of the defendant’s witnesses Avith respect to the equipment and management of the engine.
Other charges given for the plaintiff and embraced in the assignment of errors are not insisted on by the appellant as being erroneous.
[221]*221This brings ns to consideration of the rulings of the court on the admissibility of evidence. Witness H. E. Nichols, examined by the plaintiff, after testifying that he saw one of defendant’s engines and a train pass through Hartselle about 30 minutes before the fire, that the engine was emitting sparks in large quantities to a height of 80 to 35 feet above the smokestack in a regular “sluice,” that the sparks looked to be as large as the end of his finger, and that he had observed other engines just prior to the fire going through Hartselle, was asked by the plaintiff to state whether or not these engines were throwing as many or as great a quantity of sparks as this one did. Objection was made, because it was not attempted to show that said other engines were operated under like conditions and circumstances. The witness answered: “This one (engine) was throwing more sparks than the others I had noticed.” When this case was here on a former appeal, in respect to this evidence and the point now presented, we said: “The emission of sparks from a locomotive in unusual and dangerous quantities and of unusually large size is evidence tending to show either that the locomotive was improperly constructed or that its appliances for arresting sparks are not in proper condition, or that it was improperly and negligently operated at the time. In cases of this sort, therefore, it is always competent to prove that the locomotive supposed to have thrown sparks upon adjacent property, and thereby set fire to it, was at the time of its passage emitting sparks in greater quantities and of larger size than are emitted by locomotives generally; and not only may a witness who has had opportunity for observation in this connection testify that the particular locomotive was emitting sparks in unusual quantities and of unusual size as compared with other engines, but he may testify that the locomotive in question [222]*222on that occasion was exceeding in these respects the emission' of other locomotives passing the point abont the same time. The question is quite different from that discussed in the cases of Louisville & N. R. R. Co. v. Miller, 109 Ala. 500, 19 South. 989, and Louisville & N. B. Co. v. Malone, 109 Ala. 509, 20 South. 33, where it was proposed to prove the communication of fire by sparks from engines on other occasions.” It was held that the court erred in not admitting the testimony. When the case was tried after remandment, the court admitted the testimony.
We have inspected the original record, -filed on the former appeal, and have been unable to discover any material difference in the facts or circumstances under which the testimony was offered on the first and second trials of the case; and, following the former opinion, we hold that the court properly admitted the evidence, and therefore that the appellant can take nothing by the grounds in the assignment of error presenting for review the rulings of the court in respect to questions propounded to witness Nichols calling for such evidence, nor by those presenting the rulings on motions to exclude the answers to the questions. It must be borne in mind, as was pointed out in the former opinion, that such evidence is addressed to the question of whether or not the engine was emitting sparks of unusual size and in unusual, quantities. It would seem impossible to determine this question without comparison of the engine in question with others belonging to the same company. Indeed, a layman’s knowledge can only be obtained by such comparison; and that the engine in question was emitting more sparks and in larger quantities than other engines of the defendant is recognized as legitimate evidence, affording an inference that the particular engine was defective in construction or that it was unskillfully [223]*223bandied, and thus tending to show negligence on tbe part of defendant.
Tbe court committed no error in allowing tbe plaintiff, on cross-examination of tbe witness Will White, to ask wbat Starling said to him about going to Hartselle. Starling was a detective employed by defendant, and tbe question was asked manifestly for tbe purpose of showing bias or interest on tbe part of tbe witness.
Witness Broyles did not give testimony showing or tending to show that be was sufficiently familiar with Graves as an engineer to authorize him to testify that be was an experienced engineer; nor was a sufficient predicate laid to render him competent as an expert to expressan opinion or to give bis conclusion in respect to whether or not tbe engine was prudently bandied on tbe occasion referred to. Consequently tbe court did not err in sustaining objections to questions calling for such evidence from this witness.
There are other assignments of error with reference to rulings on tbe admissibility of evidence, but they are not insisted on, and must be considered as waived.
No error being shown, tbe judgment appealed from is affirmed.
Affirmed.
All tbe Justices concur.