Comstock, C. J.
The appellee brought this action to recover damages for the death of-jiis decedent, Loren G. Coker, who was a brakeman in the employ of the appellant company, and who was killed in a collision between two freight-' trains. It is claimed in the complaint that the death of Coker was due to the negligence of the appellant Hart, who was a train dispatcher for the appellant company at the time of the accident, and that his negligence consisted in giving wrong telegraphic orders as to the movement of the trains which came into collision. The first paragraph of the complaint, after setting forth that the appellant company operates a railroad extending from St. Louis, Missouri, to Evansville, Indiana, alleges that, for the safety of the public and of its employes, appellant company maintains a dispatcher’s-office in the city of Evansville, which was, at the time of the accident, in charge of the appellant Ira O. Hart as train dispatcher; that as such dispatcher Hart was charged with [482] the duty of carefully notifying the company’s agents along the line of the railroad of the time of the departure and arrival of trains, of giving such agents orders to stop, start, and side-track all approaching trains, and of seeing that his dispatches to the different agents were verified by the agents receiving them, and, upon verification, of announcing to the agents that the orders were correct, but that all this must be done before the agents delivered the orders to the employes of appellant. The appellant company filed its petition and bond to remove the cause into the circuit court of the United States. The petition was overruled and exception taken. Afterward appellee filed a second paragraph of complaint in which the allegations were the same as in the first, except, in addition to the alleged negligence of train dispatcher Hart in transmitting and verifying the orders affecting the two trains, it is charged that the agentf at Mt. Vernon was negligent in receiving and properly reporting to Hart said orders, and through the joint carelessness of Hart and the agent at Mt. Vernon the agent was not apprised of the fact that the trains were to meet and pass at Mt. Vernon, and in consequence this train No. 80 was allowed to pass Mt. Vernon and come into collision with train No. 79, on which decedent, Coker, was working as a brakeman. After the appellant company had unsuccessfully tried to remove the cause to the circuit court of the United States, and after the appellants had unsuccessfully demurred jointly and severally to the complaint, the issue was formed by appellant’s filing joint and separate answers of a general denial to the complaint. There was a trial by jury resulting in a verdict and judgment for appellee for $5,000.
Counsel for appellants discussed only three questions — and they are properly reserved — upon which a reversal is asked: (1) The refusal of the court below to remove the cause, to o the United States court; (2.) excessive damages; (3) error in admission of evidence.
[483] 1. [482] It is claimed in behalf of appellants that the cause should [483] have been removed to the federal court upon the petition and bond of appellant railroad company, for the reason that the petition states a separable controversy, and that Plart, the resident defendant, was made a party to. the action, for the fraudulent purpose of defeating the jurisdiction of the federal court, and that the negligence of the railroad company to have concurred with, the negligence of defendant Plart, which is alleged to have been the cause of the accident. In other words the whole ease depends upon the negligence of IPart in transmitting an incorrect message, and the railroad company was not charged with any concurrence in this act of negligence, or with any other negligence except that which grew out of the alleged act of Hart in sending the incorrect message. Although the negligence of Hart was, under §7083 Burns 1901, Acts 1893, p. 294, §1, the negligence of the appellant railroad, he was also liable as a joint tort-feasor. Charman v. Lake Erie, etc., R. Co. (1900), 105 Fed. 449; Lake Erie, etc., R. Co. v. Charman (1903), 161 Ind. 95. The ease last cited affirms the rule and cites Wright v. Compton (1876), 53 Ind. 337; City of Peoria v. Simpson (1884), 110 Ill. 294, 51 Am. Rep. 683; Johnson v. Magnuson (1886), 68 Ill. App. 448; Hoye v. Raymond (1881), 25 Kan. 665; Phelps v. Wait (1884), 30 N. Y. 78; Wright v. Wilcox (1838), 19 Wend. 343, 32 Am. Dec. 507; Montfort v. Hughes (1854), 3 E. D. Smith (N. Y.) 591; Suydam v. Moore (1850), 8 Barb. 358; Wilkins v. Ferrell (1895), 10 Tex. Civ. App. 231, 30 S. W. 450; Schaefer v. Otserbrink (1886), 67 Wis. 495, 30 N. W. 922, 58 Am. Rep. 875; Greenberg v. Whitcomb Lumber Co. (1895), 90 Wis. 225, 63 N. W. 93, 28 L. R. A. 439, 48 Am. St. 911; Shearer v. Evans (1883), 89 Ind. 400; Michael v. Alestree (1677), 2 Lev. 172; Steel v. Lester (1877), 3 C. P. D. 121; Morton v. Hardern (1825), 4 Barn. & Cr. 223; Newman v. Fowler (1874), 37 N. J. L. 89; Comitez v. Parkerson (1892), 50 Fed. 170; Connell v. Utica, etc., R. Co. (1882), 13 Fed. 241; 5 Thompson, Negligence (2d ed.), §5776; Cooley, Torts (2d [484] ed.), *142, *143. In 54 Cent. L. J. 404, 405, and 60 Cent. L. J. 305, this view is sustained, with many citations.
2. This action is joint as to the company and its servant, being joint and separable, and the plaintiff having elected to make it joint it follows that the defendant cannot make it separable for the purpose of removal from a state to a federal court. “ ‘A separate defense may defeat a joint recovery, but it cannot deprive a plaintiff of his right to prosecute his suit to final decision in his own way. The cause of action is the subject-matter of the controversy, and that is, for all the purposes of the suit, whatever the plaintiff declares it to be.’ ” Chesapeake, etc., R. Co. v. Dixon (1900), 179 U. S. 131, 21 Sup. Ct. 67, 45 L. Ed. 121, and cases cited. And see Powers v. Chesapeake, etc., R. Co. (1898), 169 U. S. 92, 18 Sup. Ct. 264, 42 L. Ed. 673. The motive of a party asserting a right is not material, and so the purpose of appellee in making appellant Hart a party does not affect the merits of the question.
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Comstock, C. J.
The appellee brought this action to recover damages for the death of-jiis decedent, Loren G. Coker, who was a brakeman in the employ of the appellant company, and who was killed in a collision between two freight-' trains. It is claimed in the complaint that the death of Coker was due to the negligence of the appellant Hart, who was a train dispatcher for the appellant company at the time of the accident, and that his negligence consisted in giving wrong telegraphic orders as to the movement of the trains which came into collision. The first paragraph of the complaint, after setting forth that the appellant company operates a railroad extending from St. Louis, Missouri, to Evansville, Indiana, alleges that, for the safety of the public and of its employes, appellant company maintains a dispatcher’s-office in the city of Evansville, which was, at the time of the accident, in charge of the appellant Ira O. Hart as train dispatcher; that as such dispatcher Hart was charged with [482] the duty of carefully notifying the company’s agents along the line of the railroad of the time of the departure and arrival of trains, of giving such agents orders to stop, start, and side-track all approaching trains, and of seeing that his dispatches to the different agents were verified by the agents receiving them, and, upon verification, of announcing to the agents that the orders were correct, but that all this must be done before the agents delivered the orders to the employes of appellant. The appellant company filed its petition and bond to remove the cause into the circuit court of the United States. The petition was overruled and exception taken. Afterward appellee filed a second paragraph of complaint in which the allegations were the same as in the first, except, in addition to the alleged negligence of train dispatcher Hart in transmitting and verifying the orders affecting the two trains, it is charged that the agentf at Mt. Vernon was negligent in receiving and properly reporting to Hart said orders, and through the joint carelessness of Hart and the agent at Mt. Vernon the agent was not apprised of the fact that the trains were to meet and pass at Mt. Vernon, and in consequence this train No. 80 was allowed to pass Mt. Vernon and come into collision with train No. 79, on which decedent, Coker, was working as a brakeman. After the appellant company had unsuccessfully tried to remove the cause to the circuit court of the United States, and after the appellants had unsuccessfully demurred jointly and severally to the complaint, the issue was formed by appellant’s filing joint and separate answers of a general denial to the complaint. There was a trial by jury resulting in a verdict and judgment for appellee for $5,000.
Counsel for appellants discussed only three questions — and they are properly reserved — upon which a reversal is asked: (1) The refusal of the court below to remove the cause, to o the United States court; (2.) excessive damages; (3) error in admission of evidence.
[483] 1. [482] It is claimed in behalf of appellants that the cause should [483] have been removed to the federal court upon the petition and bond of appellant railroad company, for the reason that the petition states a separable controversy, and that Plart, the resident defendant, was made a party to. the action, for the fraudulent purpose of defeating the jurisdiction of the federal court, and that the negligence of the railroad company to have concurred with, the negligence of defendant Plart, which is alleged to have been the cause of the accident. In other words the whole ease depends upon the negligence of IPart in transmitting an incorrect message, and the railroad company was not charged with any concurrence in this act of negligence, or with any other negligence except that which grew out of the alleged act of Hart in sending the incorrect message. Although the negligence of Hart was, under §7083 Burns 1901, Acts 1893, p. 294, §1, the negligence of the appellant railroad, he was also liable as a joint tort-feasor. Charman v. Lake Erie, etc., R. Co. (1900), 105 Fed. 449; Lake Erie, etc., R. Co. v. Charman (1903), 161 Ind. 95. The ease last cited affirms the rule and cites Wright v. Compton (1876), 53 Ind. 337; City of Peoria v. Simpson (1884), 110 Ill. 294, 51 Am. Rep. 683; Johnson v. Magnuson (1886), 68 Ill. App. 448; Hoye v. Raymond (1881), 25 Kan. 665; Phelps v. Wait (1884), 30 N. Y. 78; Wright v. Wilcox (1838), 19 Wend. 343, 32 Am. Dec. 507; Montfort v. Hughes (1854), 3 E. D. Smith (N. Y.) 591; Suydam v. Moore (1850), 8 Barb. 358; Wilkins v. Ferrell (1895), 10 Tex. Civ. App. 231, 30 S. W. 450; Schaefer v. Otserbrink (1886), 67 Wis. 495, 30 N. W. 922, 58 Am. Rep. 875; Greenberg v. Whitcomb Lumber Co. (1895), 90 Wis. 225, 63 N. W. 93, 28 L. R. A. 439, 48 Am. St. 911; Shearer v. Evans (1883), 89 Ind. 400; Michael v. Alestree (1677), 2 Lev. 172; Steel v. Lester (1877), 3 C. P. D. 121; Morton v. Hardern (1825), 4 Barn. & Cr. 223; Newman v. Fowler (1874), 37 N. J. L. 89; Comitez v. Parkerson (1892), 50 Fed. 170; Connell v. Utica, etc., R. Co. (1882), 13 Fed. 241; 5 Thompson, Negligence (2d ed.), §5776; Cooley, Torts (2d [484] ed.), *142, *143. In 54 Cent. L. J. 404, 405, and 60 Cent. L. J. 305, this view is sustained, with many citations.
2. This action is joint as to the company and its servant, being joint and separable, and the plaintiff having elected to make it joint it follows that the defendant cannot make it separable for the purpose of removal from a state to a federal court. “ ‘A separate defense may defeat a joint recovery, but it cannot deprive a plaintiff of his right to prosecute his suit to final decision in his own way. The cause of action is the subject-matter of the controversy, and that is, for all the purposes of the suit, whatever the plaintiff declares it to be.’ ” Chesapeake, etc., R. Co. v. Dixon (1900), 179 U. S. 131, 21 Sup. Ct. 67, 45 L. Ed. 121, and cases cited. And see Powers v. Chesapeake, etc., R. Co. (1898), 169 U. S. 92, 18 Sup. Ct. 264, 42 L. Ed. 673. The motive of a party asserting a right is not material, and so the purpose of appellee in making appellant Hart a party does not affect the merits of the question.
3. Are the damages excessive? There is no hard and fast rule by which this question may be answered. The question of damages is essentially one of faej;. The deceased -was under no legal obligation to support the next of kin for whose benefit the action was brought. The amount awarded should depend upon the facts in the particular case. ‘ ‘ The sole inquiry is how many dollars are necessary to compensate the beneficiaries for the pecuniary loss caused to them by the wrongful death.” 8 Am. and Eng. Ency. Law (2d ed.), 909. The jury was instructed that the compensation should be limited to the pecuniary loss. Another jury might have fixed a greater sum, another a less; but, in a matter so difficult of measurement, we cannot say that, under the evidence, the amount named is excessive. There is no intimation that the jury acted partially or corruptly.
[485] 4. [484] When appellants offered in evidence what they claimed was the original dispatch sent by the train dispatcher Hart [485] to the agent at Mt. Vernon, there was attached to it by a pin a letter, addressed to the appellant company’s superintendent at Evansville, from its master of transportation at Louisville, stating, in effect, that he returned to the superintendent at the Carmi office a copy of the dispatch. Appellee was permitted, over the objection of appellants, to put this letter in evidence. It is insisted that the action was error, for the reason that it was not a part of the dispatch, was a mere statement made by one officer of the company to another in 'the transmission of the dispatch, and was hearsay testimony. If this were error, which we do not decide, we cannot see that it was prejudicial.
Appellant Hart and the witness Becker had testified to the contents of the dispatch sent by Hart to the agent at Mt. Vernon. Witnesses were also permitted to testify as to why thé original dispatch was taken from the book in which it belonged, in the dispatcher’s office, and sent to Louisville, and from there back to Evansville. Appellants had the benefit of'their version of the dispatch.
5. The jury found in answer to interrogatories that the appellant Hart sent the correct dispatch to Whiting, the agent at Mt. Vernon, but that Whiting did not properly repeat the dispatch to Hart, and that Hart did not properly verify the order. The correct dispatch sent by Hart was to the effect that train No. 59 would wait at Carmi until train No. 80 should arrive at that point. The train order as given to the train crew of No. 80 by Whiting was to the effect that No. 79 would wait at Carmi. Train No. 79 was the one that came in collision with No. 80 and caused the death of decedent. The mistake therefore, according to these findings, was made by Whiting in delivering a wrong message to the train men of No. 80, and this resulted directly from Whiting’s mistake in repeating the order to Hart, and Hart’s mistake in not verifying the message thus repeated, and in telegraphing to Whiting that the order was complete. The combined negligence of Hart and Whiting [486] caused the death of decedent. We conclude that the admission of this evidence, even if erroneous, was harmless.
Some criticism; is made of instructions given and refused.
Appellants ’ request for a peremptory instruction to return a verdict in behalf of appellant Hart was correctly refused.
6. The other instructions requested and refused were substantially covered by those given. The verdict is • sustained by the evidence. We find no reversible error.
Judgment affirmed.