Field, J.
1. The question “whether or not there were reports of the brutal treatment of his children by the plaintiff prior to the first publication of such reports,” which was ruled out by the court, was not put for the purpose of introducing evidence affecting the damages. It is contended, that, as one of the issues in the cause was whether the defendants published the truth with malicious intention, the fact of the existence of such reports would be pertinent on the issue of malicious intention, because malice might be inferred if the reports published were invented by the defendants, and might not, if they published only what was currently reported. But, without absolutely deciding this, and without considering how far the cases, cited by the plaintiff, of Clarle v. Munsell, 6 Met. 373, 389, and Bodwell v. Swan, 3 Pick. 376, have any application to this question, it is manifest that, to make the existence of these reports competent in this [477]*477view, it is necessary that the defendants should have known of their existence before the publication. As reports unknown to the defendants, they have no relevancy to the intention with which the defendants made the publication, and no offer appears in the exceptions to show that the defendants knew of these reports before the publication. The exceptions therefore do not show that the defendants were aggrieved by the ruling.
The exceptions state that it appeared in evidence that one Griffin was the chief local editor of the Springfield Republican in 1876; that Griffin had sent an assistant local editor or reporter to Amherst, before the publication of the alleged libels, to investigate the matters concerning the plaintiff, the results of whose inquiries were published in the Springfield Republican. Apparently, then, the defendants were not prohibited from showing that what they published was the result of inquiries made in Amherst, and, under the circumstances, we are not to presume that the defendants, in offering evidence of reports of brutal treatment, at the same time offered to show that they were known to the defendants before their publication, or called the attention of the presiding justice to the pertinency of the evidence offered, with other evidence to be offered, to show a want of malicious intention.
2. The reply of Charles, when asked what he should say “ if he was inquired of as to whether his father kicked Mary,” it was within the discretion of the presiding justice to admit.
The practice has been to permit testimony that a material witness is living and within the jurisdiction of the court, and then to permit argument to the jury upon the inferences to be drawn from the fact that he has not been called. In this case the defendants’ counsel went further, and asked a witness if the plaintiff had asked Charles what he would say if he were inquired of as to whether he kicked Mary, and the witness answered in the affirmative. The inference to be drawn from this was that the plaintiff knew what Charles would testify, and, as he did not call him, that Charles, if he had testified, would have testified against the plaintiff. To rebut this inference, the reply of Charles was admitted. As evidence of any fact in issue, the whole of this testimony was incompetent, but, as bearing upon the fairness of the conduct of the trial by the plaintiff, we think [478]*478it was within the discretion of the presiding justice to admit it. If the fact of the inquiry was admitted, the reply was admissible. Clark v. Fletcher, 1 Allen, 53.
3. The defendants, among other things in the alleged libel, charged the plaintiff with cruel and abusive treatment of one of his children. The plaintiff rested his case upon the pleadings. The defendants then introduced their evidence, a part of which related to the plaintiff’s whipping his daughter Anna. The plaintiff then testified that he whipped Anna because he believed her guilty of stealing. The defendant then offered evidence that Anna was not guilty of stealing. This evidence was rejected by the court, because it was not competent to show merely that the plaintiff was mistaken in the facts upon which he acted, and also upon the ground that it was not admissible as of right at this stage of the case. The ruling was clearly right.
4. In a civil action for a libel, before the passing of any statute on the subject, the truth of the words published was a defence, whether they were published with or without malice; but if the words published were false, it was no defence that the person who published them believed them to be true, unless the communication was privileged. Except, then, in cases of privileged communications, it was generally true that evidence of actual malice or of the want of actual malice was immaterial to the right of action, and-was admissible, if admissible at all, only for the purpose of enhancing or diminishing the damages.
The Gen. Sts. c. 129, § 77, provide that, “ In every prosecution and in every civil action for writing or for publishing a libel, the defendant may upon the trial give in evidence the truth of the matter contained in the publication charged as libellous; and such evidence shall be deemed a sufficient justification, unless malicious intention shall be proved.” This is a reenactment of the St. of 1855, c. 396. For previous statutes, see Rev. Sts. c. 100, § 19; c. 133, § 6; St. 1826, c. 107, § 1. Since the passage of the St. of 1855, c. 396, the truth of the words published is no longer an absolute defence; the plaintiff may, notwithstanding the words are true, maintain his action if he can show that they were published with malicious intention.
The defendants in this case were copartners, engaged in the publication of a newspaper. The court was requested by the [479]*479defendants to rule that express malice of one of the defendants could not affect the other defendants, unless it appeared that they participated in such malice; and if the jury should find a verdict on the ground of express malice, they could find it as to those only who were shown to be actuated by such malice.” The court refused to give this ruling. The statute undoubtedly, by using the words “ malicious intention,” means an actual malicious intention, which the defendants in their request properly enough denominate “ express malice.” The malice which it has been said the law ordinarily implies, in actions of slander or libel, from the uttering or publishing of false defamatory words, is in one sense a fiction, invented to satisfy the forms of pleading. The words “ express malice ” have been used, in contradistinction to the malice which it was said the law implies, to mean actual malice, or malice in fact, which is the same thing as malicious intention. The correctness of the ruling asked for must be determined by the rules of law applicable to civil actions, in which a specific actual intention or purpose must be shown to exist in order to maintain the action. But it has been established, on much consideration, as one of the general principles of the law of agency, that the principal is liable civilly in damages for the torts of his agent done for his benefit in the prosecution of his business, and within the scope of the agent’s employment, and this rule has been extended to wilful trespasses, fraudulent misrepresentations, malicious prosecutions and libels. The greatest difficulty has been felt in extending this liability to corporations aggregate. Reed v. Home Savings Bank, 130 Mass.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Field, J.
1. The question “whether or not there were reports of the brutal treatment of his children by the plaintiff prior to the first publication of such reports,” which was ruled out by the court, was not put for the purpose of introducing evidence affecting the damages. It is contended, that, as one of the issues in the cause was whether the defendants published the truth with malicious intention, the fact of the existence of such reports would be pertinent on the issue of malicious intention, because malice might be inferred if the reports published were invented by the defendants, and might not, if they published only what was currently reported. But, without absolutely deciding this, and without considering how far the cases, cited by the plaintiff, of Clarle v. Munsell, 6 Met. 373, 389, and Bodwell v. Swan, 3 Pick. 376, have any application to this question, it is manifest that, to make the existence of these reports competent in this [477]*477view, it is necessary that the defendants should have known of their existence before the publication. As reports unknown to the defendants, they have no relevancy to the intention with which the defendants made the publication, and no offer appears in the exceptions to show that the defendants knew of these reports before the publication. The exceptions therefore do not show that the defendants were aggrieved by the ruling.
The exceptions state that it appeared in evidence that one Griffin was the chief local editor of the Springfield Republican in 1876; that Griffin had sent an assistant local editor or reporter to Amherst, before the publication of the alleged libels, to investigate the matters concerning the plaintiff, the results of whose inquiries were published in the Springfield Republican. Apparently, then, the defendants were not prohibited from showing that what they published was the result of inquiries made in Amherst, and, under the circumstances, we are not to presume that the defendants, in offering evidence of reports of brutal treatment, at the same time offered to show that they were known to the defendants before their publication, or called the attention of the presiding justice to the pertinency of the evidence offered, with other evidence to be offered, to show a want of malicious intention.
2. The reply of Charles, when asked what he should say “ if he was inquired of as to whether his father kicked Mary,” it was within the discretion of the presiding justice to admit.
The practice has been to permit testimony that a material witness is living and within the jurisdiction of the court, and then to permit argument to the jury upon the inferences to be drawn from the fact that he has not been called. In this case the defendants’ counsel went further, and asked a witness if the plaintiff had asked Charles what he would say if he were inquired of as to whether he kicked Mary, and the witness answered in the affirmative. The inference to be drawn from this was that the plaintiff knew what Charles would testify, and, as he did not call him, that Charles, if he had testified, would have testified against the plaintiff. To rebut this inference, the reply of Charles was admitted. As evidence of any fact in issue, the whole of this testimony was incompetent, but, as bearing upon the fairness of the conduct of the trial by the plaintiff, we think [478]*478it was within the discretion of the presiding justice to admit it. If the fact of the inquiry was admitted, the reply was admissible. Clark v. Fletcher, 1 Allen, 53.
3. The defendants, among other things in the alleged libel, charged the plaintiff with cruel and abusive treatment of one of his children. The plaintiff rested his case upon the pleadings. The defendants then introduced their evidence, a part of which related to the plaintiff’s whipping his daughter Anna. The plaintiff then testified that he whipped Anna because he believed her guilty of stealing. The defendant then offered evidence that Anna was not guilty of stealing. This evidence was rejected by the court, because it was not competent to show merely that the plaintiff was mistaken in the facts upon which he acted, and also upon the ground that it was not admissible as of right at this stage of the case. The ruling was clearly right.
4. In a civil action for a libel, before the passing of any statute on the subject, the truth of the words published was a defence, whether they were published with or without malice; but if the words published were false, it was no defence that the person who published them believed them to be true, unless the communication was privileged. Except, then, in cases of privileged communications, it was generally true that evidence of actual malice or of the want of actual malice was immaterial to the right of action, and-was admissible, if admissible at all, only for the purpose of enhancing or diminishing the damages.
The Gen. Sts. c. 129, § 77, provide that, “ In every prosecution and in every civil action for writing or for publishing a libel, the defendant may upon the trial give in evidence the truth of the matter contained in the publication charged as libellous; and such evidence shall be deemed a sufficient justification, unless malicious intention shall be proved.” This is a reenactment of the St. of 1855, c. 396. For previous statutes, see Rev. Sts. c. 100, § 19; c. 133, § 6; St. 1826, c. 107, § 1. Since the passage of the St. of 1855, c. 396, the truth of the words published is no longer an absolute defence; the plaintiff may, notwithstanding the words are true, maintain his action if he can show that they were published with malicious intention.
The defendants in this case were copartners, engaged in the publication of a newspaper. The court was requested by the [479]*479defendants to rule that express malice of one of the defendants could not affect the other defendants, unless it appeared that they participated in such malice; and if the jury should find a verdict on the ground of express malice, they could find it as to those only who were shown to be actuated by such malice.” The court refused to give this ruling. The statute undoubtedly, by using the words “ malicious intention,” means an actual malicious intention, which the defendants in their request properly enough denominate “ express malice.” The malice which it has been said the law ordinarily implies, in actions of slander or libel, from the uttering or publishing of false defamatory words, is in one sense a fiction, invented to satisfy the forms of pleading. The words “ express malice ” have been used, in contradistinction to the malice which it was said the law implies, to mean actual malice, or malice in fact, which is the same thing as malicious intention. The correctness of the ruling asked for must be determined by the rules of law applicable to civil actions, in which a specific actual intention or purpose must be shown to exist in order to maintain the action. But it has been established, on much consideration, as one of the general principles of the law of agency, that the principal is liable civilly in damages for the torts of his agent done for his benefit in the prosecution of his business, and within the scope of the agent’s employment, and this rule has been extended to wilful trespasses, fraudulent misrepresentations, malicious prosecutions and libels. The greatest difficulty has been felt in extending this liability to corporations aggregate. Reed v. Home Savings Bank, 130 Mass. 443, was an action of tort against a savings bank for malicious prosecution. In the opinion Mr. Justice Lord says, “ By the great weight of modern authority, a corporation may be liable even when a fraudulent or malicious intent in fact is necessary to be proved, the fraud or malice of its authorized agents being imputable to the corporation; ” and many authorities are cited. For additional authorities when the action is for a libel, see Aldrich v. Press Printing Co. 9 Minn. 133; Maynard v. Fireman's Fund Ins. Co. 47 Cal. 207; Johnson v. St. Louis Dispatch Co. 2 Mo. App. 565.
In Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad v. Quigley, 21 How. 202, it was held that a corporation may be responsible [480]*480for the publication of a libel. The court below had instructed, the jury that they might find exemplary damages. This was held erroneous, because “the circumstances under which the evidence was collected, and the publication made, repel the presumption of the existence of malice on the part of the corporation, and so the jury should have been instructed; ” but the opinion of the majority of the court does not intimate that, on proper evidence, express malice might not be shown against a corporation.
In Whitfield v. South Eastern Railway, El., Bl. & El. 115, which was an action of libel against a corporation, Lord Campbell, C. J. says: “ But, considering that an action of tort or of trespass will lie against a corporation aggregate, and that an indictment may be preferred against a corporation aggregate both for commission and omission, to be followed up by fine, although not by imprisonment, there may be great difficulty in saying that under certain circumstances express malice may not be imputed to and proved against a corporation.”
In Lawless v. Anglo-Egyptian Cotton & Oil Co. L. R. 4 Q. B. 262, which was an action of libel against a corporation, it was held that the publication was prima facie privileged, and that there was no evidence of express malice which ought to have been left to the jury; but it was not intimated that a corporation aggregate could not be guilty of express malice in the publication of a libel. See Mackay v. Commercial Bank, L. R. 5 P. C. 394.
In criminal prosecutions for a libel in this Commonwealth, the liability has been restricted to acts in which the defendant participated, or to which he assented. Commonwealth v. Morgan,, 107 Mass. 199, 203. In England at one time the law was thought to be otherwise, but it is now governed by the St. of 6 & 7 Viet. c. 96, § 7. Regina v. Holbrook, 3 Q. B. D. 60, and 4 Q. B. D. 42.
The logical difficulty of imputing the actual malice or fraud of an agent to his principal is perhaps less when the principal is a person than when it is a corporation; still the foundation of the imputation is not that it is inferred that the principal actually participated in the malice or fraud, but, the act having been done for his benefit by his agent acting within the scope of [481]*481his employment in his business, it is just that he should be held responsible for it in damages.
As partners are the general agents of each other and of the firm, within the scope of the business of the partnership, we think a test of the question we are considering is the liability of the proprietor of a newspaper in damages for a libel maliciously published without his knowledge by his agent, whom he has entrusted with the management of the newspaper, and this we regard as well settled. Shepheard v. Whitaker, L. R. 10 C. P. 502. Dunn v. Sail, 1 Ind. 344. Andres v. Wells, 7 Johns. 260. Perret v. New Orleans Times Newspaper, 25 La. An. 170. Storey v. Wallace, 60 Ill. 51.
Smith v. Ashley, 11 Met. 367, rests on its own facts, and decides nothing in reference to the liability of a principal for the malicious acts of his agent, done for his benefit, in the prosecution of his business within the scope of his employment.
Upon this ground of agency, partners have been held liable in civil actions for the fraudulent or malicious conduct of one of them, done without the knowledge of the others, for the benefit of the partnership and within the scope of its business. Locke v. Stearns, 1 Met. 560. Cray v. Cropper, 1 Allen, 337. White v. Sawyer, 16 Gray, 586. Durant v. Rogers, 87 Ill. 508. Wolf v. Mills, 56 Ill. 360. Chester v. Dickerson, 54 N. Y. 1. Guillou v. Peterson, 89 Penn. St. 163. Sex v. Marsh, 2 B. & C. 717, 723.
If the liability of the principal for the fraudulent acts of the agent, done within the scope of his employment, be limited to those cases in which the principal derives a benefit from the act of the agent, and a corresponding limitation be put upon the liability of one partner for the fraudulent acts of another, done within the scope of the partnership business, yet when a partnership publishes a newspaper, whatever benefit, if any, is derived from the publication of a libel is necessarily received by the partnership.
The statute requires that an actual malicious intention in making the publication shall be found, if the matter published be true; but we are of the opinion that the Legislature, in enacting this statute, did not intend to change the rules of law whereby one person is made responsible in damages for the wrongs done [482]*482¡by another, but left them to be applied according to the principles which govern the administration of the law; and that the ..court rightly refused to give the ruling requested.
5. An examination of the pleadings shows that the ruling : asked for should not have been given. .
6. The court rightly refused to rule as requested, and the ruling given was correct. It does not appear that it was ad.mitted by the plaintiff that the libel alleged in the fifth count was a fair report of the trial before the Congregational Church. .'It was not set up in the answer that this was a fair and accurate .report of the proceedings before the church, made bona fide and ■without malice. It does not on inspection appear to be such a .report.
7. The.instruction given was correct, and included the instrucition asked for.
In the opinion of a majority of. the court the entry must be
Exceptions overruled.