ELLISON, P. J.
Plaintiff was the sheriff of Cole county, and in his petition in this action charges defendant, who publishes a newspaper in the city of St. Louis, of large circulation, with libeling him. He recovered compensatory and exemplary damages in the circuit court.
The published matter set out as the libel is as follows:
“CHARGES SHERIFF WITH FISHING AT TIME OF INQUEST.
Cole County Official May Face Proceedings to Oust Him for Dereliction of Duty.
Jefferson City, Mo., July 2. — Jack Slate, prosecuting attorney of Cole county, said this morning that he may institute-proceedings against Henry Hagener, sheriff of Cole county, under the derelict official act and seek to have that officer removed from office.
‘ ‘ Slate said it was the duty of Sheriff Hagener to have been here yesterday morning when the coroner’s inquest was held, and to have done what' he could yesterday toward clearing up the mystery surrounding the death of Miss Anna Wendler, whose body was found in the Missouri river Thursday night. Hagener, the prosecuting attorney said, went fishing with a party of friends yesterday morning.
“Hagener is still out of the city. The coroner’s jury asked about a pipe stem and a quantity of tobacco which was found near the effects of the girl on the [442] right of way, but it was stated that they were iu the ■sheriff’s possession and were not available.”
There is a rule in the law of slander that if one utters a charge against another, but accompanies it with such statement as to show it could not be true (as if one should charge “he is a murderer — he killed my dog”), then, it is said, the antidote has been sent along with the poison and the charge is not slander. Defendant is seeking to apply this rule to a case in libel and to go free of plaintiff’s action on the ground that, while it did publish that plaintiff had violated his official duty and was going to be prosecuted for it and turned out of office, for not attending upon the coroner at the inquest; yet, since it was the law that attendance upon a coroner’s inquest was not a part of a sheriff’s duty, no libel could be made out of the publication.
Without deciding at this place that the rule would, or should, apply to a case of this character (on which subject, see Brown v. Knapp, 213 Mo. 1. c. 680-686; Perselly v. Bacon, 20 Mo. 1. c. 337; Prewitt v. Wilson, 128 Iowa, 198, 202), we find that if it were conceded to apply, it would not acquit the defendant. For this publication not only charges a violation of duty in plaintiff’s failing to attend on the coroner, but also contains the separate charge that he had violated his official duty in not doing what he could toward clearing up the mystery surrounding the death of the young woman. Now it is the official duty of a sheriff to employ all reasonable means and use all reasonable endeavor to discover whether a person, suddenly missing in the community and found dead, under circumstances indicating foul play, had been murdered, and to find and arrest the guilty parties. Therefore a violation of duty for which plaintiff was to be prosecuted and ousted from office, was charged, and it was libelous per se. For it is well-recognized law that to falsely charge a public officer with a willful breach of his offi[443] cial duty is libelous per se. The evidence in the case shows fully the efforts plaintiff made along the line of his official duty, from his first information of the young woman being missed. It was for the jury to say whether he had been falsely charged with a failure to perform such duty; and we find that phase of the case was submitted by defendant’s instruction No. 7.
It is true that plaintiff, in instructions given at his instance submitted to the jury the charges of dereliction of duty in failing to attend upon the coroner. If this was error, it was condoned by defendant in asking similar instruction on its part.
We are not unmindful that a party will not be held to have condoned erroneous instructions for the other party, where he has first sought to have the erroneous matter excluded by instructions which have been refused. In this case that was not done. It is true defendant offered a demurrer to the evidence, but that was properly refused, since it carried with it an assertion that plaintiff could not recover for the other charge of which we have spoken. And the same may be said of refused instruction “B;” it directed a verdict without regard to the other charge. Indeed it appears that defendant did not indicate in any way, by pleading or otherwise, that it intended a defense on the ground that no libelous matter was charged.
But allowing that the published matter did not -contain a charge of breach of official duty other than a failure to attend upon the coroner, we are of the opinion, that so confining the publication, it was yet a libel to charge him with a breach of official duty for which he was to be expelled from office, for failure to attend upon the coroner, notwithstanding that in law it was not his duty and its nonperformance would not, in law, máke him liable to expulsion from office. In other words, we hold the fact that the charge made does not, in law, constitute a breach of official duty for which an officer may be expelled from his office, [444] .yet if the charge is such as will bring the officer into disgrace, “expose him to public hatred, contempt or ridicule, or to deprive him of the benefits of public confidence and social intercourse,” it is libelous. [Sec. 4818, R. S. 1909.] In such case the mere fact that persons learned in the law may know that there has been no breach of duty, is not an antidote to the poison which will affect the minds of the general public. The rule seems to be different in slander. However unreasonable it may be, it appears' to be established not to be slander to call one a thief accompanying the charge with such statement of the act as shows it could not have been larceny as defined in law. Thus it was held not to be slander to charge one with stealing the fixtures on another’s land, such as cribs and grain bins (Trimble v. Poster, 87 Mo. 49); or for a landlord to charge his tenant with stealing his corn, the latter being in possession of the crop and upon which the former had a lien for the rent (Hall v. Adkins, 59 Mo. 144); or that he stole the windows from another’s house (Wing v. Wing, 66 Me. 62). So if one charges, another with stealing corn, the corn being on the stalk, it is held not to be slander; but if it be corn severed from the stalk and lying upon the ground, it is. [Stitzell v. Reynolds, 67 Pa. St. 54.] And if one says to another: “You are a thief, you have stolen my marie,” it is said not to be slander for the reason that marie being a part of the land is not, in law, subject to larceny. [Ogden v. Riley, 14 N. J. L. 186.] So, if one charges a treasurer “has robbed the treasury of a sum of money and bought a farm with it,” it is said not to be slander, since to appropriate money of which you are in possession does not come within the definition of robbery as legally understood. [Allen v. Hillman, 12 Pick. 101.] So it was once understood by lawyers that in the old common law an unmarried woman could not ■ commit adultery, since it was an injury to the family, the blood of which could [445] not be adulterated except through a married woman. If that should be considered to be the law now (see State v. Holland, 162 Mo. App. 678), we suppose, in view of these cases, it would be insisted that if one should falsely state that a woman had committed adultery, and in other parts of the' statement incidentally showed she was not married, it would not be slander. But we would be slow to believe that at this day, the canon law having superseded the old common law, our courts would make such pronouncement. [State v. Holland, supra.] We can fully acquiesce in the statement that where the charge is accompanied by such explanation as makes it apparent to the general public— to unprofessional people of ordinary understanding— that the charge could not be true, an action for slander would not lie. But when this rule is spread to such breadth, as in the cases last cited, being charges which are not offenses as defined by law but which the general public would understand to be such, we accept it under the same protest which has been made by many eminent judges.
In this connection and in view of the fact that, in point of law (as already stated), it was not plaintiff’s official duty to attend upon the coroner, defendant seeks exculpation under the authority of our Supreme Court in Trimble, v. Foster, and Hall v. Adkins, above noted. But, as we have seen, those eases and the others we have cited were actions for slander. The same charges, if put in print and published, would have been libelous. “Many words which would not be slanderous per se become libelous per se when printed and published.” [Ukman v. Daily Record Co., 189 Mo. 378, 392; Hermann v. Bradstreet Co., 19 Mo. App. 227.] Thus, to publish that one testified or “swore terribly” and was “no slouch a,t swearing to an old' story,” while not constituting a charge of perjury in a legal sense, yet as they expose the party charged “to contempt and ridicule,” the words are libelous. [446] [Steele v. Southwick, 9 Johns. 214.] The case of Thorley v. Lord Kerry, 4 Taunton, 355, contains much interesting comment by Mansfield, O. J., in which the rule is stated that an action may be maintained for words written, if they tend to villify a man or bring him into hatred, contempt and ridicule, though the words would not constitute slander. To the same effect is Cooper v. Greeley, 1 Denio, 347, 362.
“Much, which if only spoken might be passed by as idle blackguardism doing no discredit save to him who utters it, when invested with the dignity and malignity of print, is capable by reason of its permanent character and wide dissemination of inflicting serious injury. The cases, ancient and modern, where this distinction has been regarded, are numerous.” [Tillson v. Robbins, 68 Maine, 295.]
“For obvious reasons, the presumption that words are defamatory arises much more readily in cases of libel than in cases of slander. Many words, which if printed and published would be presumed to have injured the plaintiff’s reputation, will not be actionable per se, if merely spoken.. A slander may be uttered in the heat of the moment, and be almost as quickly forgotten, while the same words, written and published, not only show greater deliberation and malice, but are almost certain to inflict greater and more enduring injury.” [Collins v. Dispatch Pub. Co., 152 Pa. St. 187, 190.]
The same distinction is made by all the test-writers. [Folkard’s Starkie on Slander, 230-232; Townsend on Slander & Libel, sec. 18; Newell on Slander & Libel, sec. 77.] And the definitions given in Bacon’s Abridgement, Comyns Digest, Hawkins’ Pleas of the Crown, and Blackstoine, do not require that a libel must impute a crime. The distinction between a slanderous charge and one in libel and the reason therefor, is so well stated by Judge Lamm in Ukman v. Daily Record [447] Co., supra, that we heed not occupy more space in the-discussion than to refer to that case (391-394).
Published matter in a newspaper is not designed for the reading of a few experts learned in the law. It is addressed to all the people in all walks of life.. That it does not contain a correct statement of the-law, as understood by lawyers and judges, does not hinder its being such matter as tends to disgrace the-victim and to expose him to “contempt” and “to deprive him of the benefits of public confidence and social intercourse.”
It is doubtless true, as intimated at the outset,, that an antidote — an explanation — can be published with an otherwise libelous charge, which, on its face,, relieves it of its hurtful character; but such explanation must be in language that can be understood by persons of ordinary intelligence, for it is principally-with such persons that the defamation finds lodgment;. and the object of the law is to protect one’s name and character with the large mass- who compose that class, of the people, as well as with that comparatively small number who have expert professional learning. [Foster-Milburn Co. v. Chinn, 134 Ky. 1. c. 430, 431.] If this were not true, the word “public” should be-stricken from the statute, and libel should be defined as a defamation of a person by a publication tending-to expose him to the hatred, contempt or ridicule of lawyers, and to deprive him of their confidence and society. "We think these observations directly supported by Brown v. Knapp, 213 Mo. 1. c. 680-682; Deford v. Miller, 3 P. & W. (Pa.), 103 — approved in: Perselly v. Bacon, 20 Mo. 1. c. 338 — as well as Prewitt, v. Wilson, 128 Iowa, 1. c. 202.
We have been cited to Macurda v. Lewiston Journal Co., 109 Me. 53 (82 Atl. 438), as containing different views. That case was for libel. The plaintiff had been indicted in Massachusetts for forgery and the defendant published that he has been “indicted for [448] larceny,” specifying that he had'been “indicted for procuring a genuine signature to be affixed to an instrument, the false making of which would be forgery.” Though the paper charged the indictment was for larceny, it immediately stated, specifically, it meant forgery; a charge it had a right to publish. Almost the entire course of the opinion supports the view we have stated as to the requisites of an antidote. The answer of defendant in that case avers “that the effect of the article, as a whole, is calculated to convey to the mind of the reader of reasonable understanding, candor and discretion the precise offense for which the plaintiff was actually indicted.” (Italics ours.) And so the court said, in quoting from Thompson v. Sun Co., 91 Me. 203, that: “It is rather the effect which the language complained of was fairly calculated to produce and would naturally produce upon the minds of readers of reasonable understanding, discretion and candor, after it has been examined and considered in connection with all other parts of the writing, and in the light of all the facts and circumstances known to them.” This statement, in substance, is repeated several times. Furthermore, the court states in the third division of the opinion, that it is not “necessary in determining the effect of the entire article upon the specifically alleged libel, that the reader should be able to make the legal distinction between the offense charged in the alleged libelous words and the offense described in the entire article.” Again, in the last paragraph of the third division of the opinion, the court, referring to the refinement of allowing the last clause to explain the first, in the charge referred to in Allen v. Hillman, supra, that: “He is á thief; he has stolen apples from my trees,” .and thereby change a felony into a trespass, said that “it could hardly be expected that even the intelligent and candid layman would be able to make this legal distinction. It is undoubtedly generally understood [449] that stealing apples from trees is larceny.” After these statements, we do not understand the seeming contradiction thereto, which the court adds in these words: “Yet not being so legally understood the charge is not regarded as libelous or slanderous.” The decision of the case before the court was undoubtedly right, and however the remark last quoted may be regarded, we consider the views which we have stated to be in strict accord with Brown v. Knapp & Co., 213 Mo. 1. c. 680-682. The publication in question was made by a great metropolitan daily paper. It stated that the prosecuting attorney said it was plaintiff’s duty to attend upon the coroner and that he had run from that duty, for which dereliction he (the prosecutor) intended to oust him from office. It is poor solace to plaintiff to turn him out of court, telling him that an investigation of the law showed that though it was a false charge and that it was not his duty, yet he was without remedy.
The principal defense made by defendant is that the matter published was privileged. The ground of such plea will be understood when it is stated that the evidence disclosed that a young woman, residing with her father in the country in Cole county, left home the 28th of June, 1910, and went for an afternoon’s visit to her uncle’s family, who resided about three miles away. She left her uncle’s house for home about six o’clock, and shortly thereafter was seen going along the Missouri Pacific railway tracks towards her home, the railway being a short distance from the Missouri river. She was not seen alive again. Not getting home that night, her family supposed she had concluded to stay at her uncle’s and no alarm was given until the next afternoon, when search was begun, especially up and down the railroad right of way. About a mile from her home, a place was found on the right of way where weeds and grass had been trampled down for a [450] space of about six feet in length and near the same in width, and here, too, were found her umbrella, basket, handkerchief, bonnet and one of her shoes. There was some hair in the bonnet. The next day (second after her disappearance) a fisherman saw her body, near shore, in the Missouri river, about four miles from her home and three miles from the articles of clothing found in the grass, and, strange to say, up the river. Plaintiff, residing at Jefferson City, the county seat, did not learn that the young woman was missing until the next evening, several hours after others were searching for her. At daylight next morning he started for her father’s and reached there about five o’clock. He spent several hours looking, but found nothing additional to what has been mentioned. He returned to Jefferson City to consult with a detective, and on that afternoon he learned of the fisherman finding the body, when he notified the coroner and he, with one of his deputies, went out to Where the body was found and again searched for clues. He then returned to Jefferson City, leaving his deputy on the scene. The next morning he went fishing, under an engagement made some time previous; but on the way went by the scene and again made effort to find something connected with the affair. He stayed all night and returned to Jefferson City next morning. On the day he was fishing, the coroner held the inquest, but plaintiff was neither subpoenaed nor requested to attend. It seems that at or near where the weeds and grass were trampled and articles of the girl’s wearing, apparel were found, there was found a pipe and some smoking tobacco and plaintiff took these with him to Jefferson City and locked them in his desk. At the inquest, the coroner made inquiry for them and could not get them. It seems that different theories were entertained as to the young woman’s death. Some thought murder only, some murder and outrage, and others suicide; plaintiff being of the latter opinion. [451] However the fact may be, the verdict at the inquest was that of mnrder by persons unknown.
It appears that the prosecuting attorney, as stated by him on the witness stand, had some feeling in the matter. He testified that “he- had no personal feeling against Sheriff Hagener, only in an official capacity.” We think it clear, however, from the evidence that he was unfriendly with plaintiff. At any rate he became possessed of the idea that it was the plaintiff’s duty as sheriff to attend the inquest, and he made the statements to the defendant’s reporter which are attributed to him in the publication.
We may remark at the outset, we do not observe that defendant undertook to enlarge upon the statement of the prosecuting attorney, and therefore we have not the question here of fair and impartial comment, recently discussed by Judge Kennish in Cook v. Publishing Co., 241 Mo. 326.
If the matter published was what is known in the law of libel as privileged or quasi privileged, then the publication was not libelous in a legal sense, unless there be express malice. Preliminary to an inquiry whether it was privileged, it is important to say whether it was plaintiff’s official duty as the sheriff of the county to attend the coroner’s inquest. We conclude it was not. The statute makes it the duty of the constable of the township to attend the coroner at an inquest. [Secs. 2925, 2926 and 2955, R. S. 1909.] And it seems to exclude the sheriff by providing that if the constable cannot act, the officer taking the inquest must call upon a “householder” (Sec. 2938) in his stead.
It is therefore to be considered -in determining the liability of defendant, that the matter of the charge of dereliction of duty whereby plaintiff might have been ousted of his office (Secs. 10204-10210, R. S. 1909) and rendered ineligible thereto, and whereby he might have been punished for misdemeanor in office (Sec. [452]*4524416) was false; and being false, it was clearly libelous, unless privileged.
Defendant says that tbe matter was not published as emanating from itself, but as being matter which Slate, the prosecuting attorney, had said, and that it was true that Slate had stated the very things published. This then brings us to the question, were the mistaken utterances of Slate privileged to be published by a newspaper because they were the words or charges of a prosecuting attorney, whose duty it was to prosecute officers guilty of crimes and misdemeanors? It is agreed all around that a fair and impartial report of court proceedings, without malicious coloring, is privileged, though the things transpiring and thus reported are false. And on the authority of one of the late decisions of the Supreme Court (Tilles v. Publishing Co., 241 Mo. 609), a statement by a State official of the result of an investigation by him, which it was his official duty to make, about matters of great public interest, was privileged matter for publication, in an action for libel by the party investigated.
In that case a corporation known as the “Delmar Jockey Club” had as a part of its possessions the “Delmar Race Track,” at which bookmaking, poolselling and registering of bets made on the speed of horses, was carried on. The Legislature enacted a law prohibiting such acts, pronouncing them to be gambling and a felony committed by any one engaged therein and punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary. It appears that the directors and managing officers of the corporation announced an intention to proceed with the business as before the enactment of the law. It was public talk throughout the State that gambling of that nature was still carried on, with the permission and invitation of the directors and officers of the corporation. An investigation of the matter was had by the Governor and Attorney-General,, to see if it were true that these corporation officials were inviting [453] and permitting such violations of law on their grounds. After this investigation had been completed, the Attorney-General stated to the defendant’s newspaper reporter the results thereof, in the following language: ‘£ These men are engaged in the commission of an open felony and the owners of the race track are equally guilty with the bookmakers under the statute. The law must be enforced, and we are going to punish everybody who violates it.” And it was so published in the paper. A libel suit by one of the directors and owners followed. In an elaborate opinion by Judge Graves, the question of privileged publication is discussed, and the matter just quoted from the Attorney-General was ruled to be quasi privileged. The service of publicity thus rendered to the people, if performed in good faith, rebuts the presumption of malice arising ordinarily from the publication of false charges, and the good done for the public so far outweighs and overbalances the inconvenience suffered by individuals, that immunity for the publisher is said to rise to the dignity of public policy.
In considering the Tilles case with reference to its effect upon the acts of a publisher in connection with the acts of public officers, it is of vital importance to notice that it is not said either in that case or in Bank v. Goodwin, 148 Mo. App. 364, that immunity should be given the publisher of all statements of an officer, though they may refer to his official duties. We think it requisite that the official must have investigated the matter involving the person affected, and the publication must have been a statement of the result of such investigation and of the officer’s intentions in behalf of the public. Those are the things in which the public are interested and are entitled to know, and for the publication of which no liability would be incurred. So it is stated in Brown v. Globe Printing Co., 213 Mo. 1. c. 636-639, that even in court proceedings where no judicial action has been had, a publication is not [454] privileged. There would be no privilege extended to the publication of an officer’s unfounded and baseless suspicions which-have arisen without proper investigation. If an officer should call in a newspaper reporter and relate to him what he expected to do with certain persons, naming them, and saying that these persons (though honest men) were thieves, and those others (though innocent women) were prostitutes, the publisher should not be allowed the claim of privilege for so great an outrage, even though the officer may have thought he was speaking the truth.
It will be observed in all the cases, including that of Tilles, which uphold what is termed quasi privileged publications, it is recognized that the privilege is one liable to great abuse, and hence the endeavor appears throughout all discussion of the question, to restrain practical ■ application of the privilege with well-defined rules, so as to forestall disguised malice, as well as carelessness, or indifference to the rights of others.
In this case there appears the statement of the prosecuting attorney that it was the official duty of plaintiff, as sheriff of the county, to attend the coroner’s inquest, and that he had gone away fishing, and that he might institute proceedings against him and have him removed from office under the derelict officials act. We have already seen that plaintiff had not done anything to make him amenable to the law and that it was no part of his duty to attend on the coroner in the inquest. The charge of malfeasance in office and breach of official duty was based upon a misconception of the statute and was made without investigation. It bears no approach to an official act or statement, the publication of which is privileged. Plaintiff had not been investigated as Tilles had, such investigation being the very ground of the decision; the court saying that “under these circumstances there was privilege, or at least, a qualified privilege in the publication.” That case does not cover, and ought not to be [455] considered as covering, facts wholly unlike those which controlled it; for, “He who seeks to stretch a wholesome rule beyond its legitimate application, attacks-the rule itself.” The matter published in this case was a mere voluntary statement of a false accusation and an intended prosecution.
We are next brought to the question whether defendant can escape liability for publishing libelous matter by showing that it was a correct publication of what Slate had said, and we answer that it cannot. (Brown v. Globe Printing Co., 213 Mo. 611, 643.] To publish, even though correctly, the slanderous words uttered by another, is to adopt them. It would be gross injustice to say that one called to account for slander or libel can escape by the plea that another told him. In Anthony v. Stephens, 1 Mo. 254, it was held to be error to permit the defendant “to prove that the same words were spoken by others, and that it was a current report. . . . Each one must answer for his own acts.” In Hotchkiss v. Oliphant, 2 Hill, 510, it is said that: “The act of publication is an adoption of the original calumny, which must be defended in the same.way as if invented by the defendant.” In Haynes v, Clinton Printing Co., 169 Mass. 512;, 515, it-is said that “the same rule applies to repetitions or insinuations of what is false as applies to false statements directly made.”
And so the trial court refused to permit defendant to show that like publications were made by other newspapers of the same matter, about the same time, and complaint is made of this ruling. We think it correct. We do not see wherein the same wrong committed by others should excuse defendant. [Anthony •v. Stephens, supra; Palmer v. Matthews, 162 N. Y. 100; Pfister v. Milwaukee Free Press, 139 Wis. 627, 641; Palmer v. Mahin, 120 Fed. Rep. 737; Wilson v. Fitch, 41 Cal. 363; Folwell v. Providence Journal Co., 19 R. I. 551; Morse v. Printing Co., 124 Iowa, 707.] [456] From this it would be but a step to allowing proof, in bar of compensatory damages, that the plaintiff in an action of libel or slander had already been compensated therefor in an action against another person who had published or uttered the same thing. We have not heard of a matter like that being allowed. [Folwell v. Prov. Journal Co., supra.] In that case it was said that: “The acts of other publishers are independent acts, which could in no way affect the defendant. In Saunders v. Mills (6 Bing. 213), a defendant having been allowed to show at the trial that he had copied an article from another paper, but not allowed to show that it had appeared concurrently in other papers, the motion for a new trial upon this ground was denied. The admissibility of the testimony is urged both to show the jury that whatever injury the plaintiff has sustained to his reputation was not caused by the defendant alone, and that he has received from others'an amount which would go to compensate him for his injury. We are aware that it is possible for a plaintiff in a case like this, where many parties are liable for practically the same libel, to recover sums which, in their total amount, may exceed a fair compensation for his injury. But this is a possibility which cannot be avoided in cases where there is no pecuniary standard for the assessment of damages, and where the matter must be left to the discretion of a jury.”
There is authority for the proposition that other like publications might be evidence in mitigation, if they were known to the defendant at the time of its publication. That we need not decide. As there was no showing that this defendant knew of the publications offered in evidence, when it made its publication, the offer was properly rejected, even though it was admissible if there had been such knowledge. [Hatfield v. Lasher, 81 N. Y. 246; Palmer v. Mahin, supra; Barkly v. Copeland, 74 Cal. 1; Lothrop v. [457] Adams, 133 Mass. 471; Sun Printing & Pub. Assn. v. Schenck, 98 Fed. Rep. 925; Butler v. Barret, 130 Fed; Rep. 944.]
Defendant offered the verdict of the coroner’s jury and complains of its refusal by the court, on the ground that it tended to show defendant’s good faith. We can see no possible bearing it could have had on the case, or how it could have influenced defendant’s action.
What we have written disposes of objections to instructions except those of a technical nature. After a careful reading of those given and refused, we are satisfied that a fair presentation of the law was had, and that no just ground of complaint exists except as to the question of excessive damages. The verdict and judgment were for four thousand dollars, which we think, in all the circumstances developed by the record, was too large; and we have concluded that if plaintiff will, within ten days from notice to that effect, enter a remittitur for fifteen hundred dollars, the judgment will be affirmed; otherwise it will be reversed and remanded.
All concur.