Dxv, J.
oi bridges. — The former appeal presented the single question as to the validity of warrants issued by the county for the construction of roads and bridges. It was held that such warrants were not necessarily void, and that aB answer alleging that they were issued pursuant to a contract with the county judge, for grading and improving a road and building bridges, constituted no [63]*63defense. The ease now presents the question, not determined and not involved before, as to what precedent steps are necessary to the validity of such contract. Section 114 of the Code of 1851 (§ 250 of the Revision of 1860) provides that the county judge may submit to the people of his county at any regular election, or at a special one called for that purpose, the question * * * whether the county will construct or aid to construct anyroad or bridge which may call for an extraordinary expenditure. Section TO, chap. 93, Laws Seventh General Assembly, is as follows: “ The county judge, may cause the erection of a bridge over any stream in the county of which he is judge, when said stream is not navigable, provided the expense does not exceed $500, and for that purpose he may enter into contract with one or more persons, which shall be binding on the county.” The next section pi’ovides that the county judge may enter into a contract for the erection of a bridge costing more than $500, if one hundred of the qualified voters of the county petition him for that purpose. Chapter 154, Laws of Seventh General Assembly, prescribes the general plan for making and repairing highways, placing them under the care of road supervisors, and providing for the levy of a tax therefor by the township trustees upon the respective road districts.
Chapter 152 of the same statute provides for the levy by the board of equalization of a tax of not more than one mill on the dollar for the making and repairing of bridges, whenever such tax is authorized by a vote of the people of the county, upon the question being submitted to them according to law. From these provisions it appears that no general authority was conferred upon the county judge to bind the county -by contract for the construction of highways. He had authority to submit to the voters of the county the question of constructing or aiding to construct any road or bridge calling for an extraordinary expenditure. If they should sanction such a procedure by their votes, then as the financial agent of the county he would be authorized to enter into the contracts necessary to give effect to the will of the people thus expressed.
[64]*64The fourth count alleges a contract made in October, 1859, for the building of a bridge over a ravine in said county, in which there is not, and never has been, a stream of running water, and that it also was made without submitting the question of aiding in the construction of roads and bridges to the voters of the county. Hence this contract was improperly made, and the warrants in discharge of it were improperly issued, unless it falls under the provisions of section 10, chapter 93, Laws 1858. This section authorizes a county judge to build a bridge over any stream in the county of which he is judge.
This statute should receive a liberal construction so as to effectuate its purpose. It is certainly not necessary that a stream should have a constant, continuous flow, in order to authorize the county to construct a bridge across it. Many streams in the State are entirely dry during months in the year, and yet are subject to such rapid and extensive rises at other seasons as to render the bridging of them just as essential and as expensive as though the current were constant. Nor is it necessary, it seems to us, that there should be an actual current in order to justify this action upon the part of the county. It is well known that there are in some portions of this State what are termed “ sloughs,” of great width and depth, filled during the greater portion of the year with surface water and back water from rivers, and at all times of the year impassable unless bridged. The cost of bridging these is often much greater than that of bridging running streams.
A construction should not be placed upon this statute which would deprive a county of the power of bridging such “ sloughs ” if it is reasonably susceptible of a different construction. One of the definitions of a stream is simply “water.” See Webster’s Dictionary, verbum stream. Taken in this acceptation the statute authorizes the county judge to build a bridge over “ water ” in his county. This we believe to be its reasonable and proper construction.
The count under consideration alleges that the ravine is not and never has been a stream of rwvrvmg water. This may be [65]*65trae, and. yet the necessity for bridging it be just as great as though it were such stream.
A ravine is defined to be a long, deep and narrow hollow, worn by a stream or torrent of water; a long, deep and narrow hollow or pass through mountains. Hence the presence of water, at least occasionally, is almost inseparable from the idea of a ravine.
And if water exists in sufficient abundance and with sufficient frequency to render a bridge essential tó its safe and convenient passage, we are of opinion that the county judge had authority, under the section above quoted, to construct such bridge. And this authority, we think, he possessed in the absence of any special tax for that purpose. The section confers upon him a general power to contract for the erection of bridges, and does not make it dependent upon the raising of a special tax therefor. If no such special tax should be provided, the expense must, necessarily, be borne by the ordinary county revenue.
It follows from these views that, in our opinion, the demurrer to the fourth count was properly sustained.
II. The fifth count of the answer alleges that the county judge entered into a contract with plaintiff in December, 1859, for grading and improving a portion of the public road in said county and for constructing a number of small culverts thereon, and that.certain of the warrants to the amount of $500 were issued in pursuance of said agreement. The contract set out as an exhibit to this count of the answer provides for the building of a series of small bridges over sloughs in a lane, the making of drains along and of cuts across the lane so as to make it passable at all seasons of the year. The contract for this work was entered into, as alleged in this count of the answer, without any proposition to aid in the construction of roads having been submitted to the voters of the county. So far as it applied to the building of bridges, it was authorized by section 10, chapter 93, Laws of 1858, as we have before seen. JBut so far as it referred to the digging of drains and cuts, it was entered into without authority and the warrants [66]*66made in payment of this work, were improperly issued. This count sets up,, therefore, at least a partial defense, and the demurrer to It should have been overruled.
. ..... 5.--validity of warrant. TTT. The second count alleges that a certain one of the warrants was issued by the clerk of the board of supervisors .without a recorded vote or resolution of the board. It is not averred that no vote of the board was in fact taken, but that none was recorded. In Clark v. Polk County, 19 Iowa, 248, it is said: “ If the vote had actually passed, and the failure to record it was a mere clerical
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Dxv, J.
oi bridges. — The former appeal presented the single question as to the validity of warrants issued by the county for the construction of roads and bridges. It was held that such warrants were not necessarily void, and that aB answer alleging that they were issued pursuant to a contract with the county judge, for grading and improving a road and building bridges, constituted no [63]*63defense. The ease now presents the question, not determined and not involved before, as to what precedent steps are necessary to the validity of such contract. Section 114 of the Code of 1851 (§ 250 of the Revision of 1860) provides that the county judge may submit to the people of his county at any regular election, or at a special one called for that purpose, the question * * * whether the county will construct or aid to construct anyroad or bridge which may call for an extraordinary expenditure. Section TO, chap. 93, Laws Seventh General Assembly, is as follows: “ The county judge, may cause the erection of a bridge over any stream in the county of which he is judge, when said stream is not navigable, provided the expense does not exceed $500, and for that purpose he may enter into contract with one or more persons, which shall be binding on the county.” The next section pi’ovides that the county judge may enter into a contract for the erection of a bridge costing more than $500, if one hundred of the qualified voters of the county petition him for that purpose. Chapter 154, Laws of Seventh General Assembly, prescribes the general plan for making and repairing highways, placing them under the care of road supervisors, and providing for the levy of a tax therefor by the township trustees upon the respective road districts.
Chapter 152 of the same statute provides for the levy by the board of equalization of a tax of not more than one mill on the dollar for the making and repairing of bridges, whenever such tax is authorized by a vote of the people of the county, upon the question being submitted to them according to law. From these provisions it appears that no general authority was conferred upon the county judge to bind the county -by contract for the construction of highways. He had authority to submit to the voters of the county the question of constructing or aiding to construct any road or bridge calling for an extraordinary expenditure. If they should sanction such a procedure by their votes, then as the financial agent of the county he would be authorized to enter into the contracts necessary to give effect to the will of the people thus expressed.
[64]*64The fourth count alleges a contract made in October, 1859, for the building of a bridge over a ravine in said county, in which there is not, and never has been, a stream of running water, and that it also was made without submitting the question of aiding in the construction of roads and bridges to the voters of the county. Hence this contract was improperly made, and the warrants in discharge of it were improperly issued, unless it falls under the provisions of section 10, chapter 93, Laws 1858. This section authorizes a county judge to build a bridge over any stream in the county of which he is judge.
This statute should receive a liberal construction so as to effectuate its purpose. It is certainly not necessary that a stream should have a constant, continuous flow, in order to authorize the county to construct a bridge across it. Many streams in the State are entirely dry during months in the year, and yet are subject to such rapid and extensive rises at other seasons as to render the bridging of them just as essential and as expensive as though the current were constant. Nor is it necessary, it seems to us, that there should be an actual current in order to justify this action upon the part of the county. It is well known that there are in some portions of this State what are termed “ sloughs,” of great width and depth, filled during the greater portion of the year with surface water and back water from rivers, and at all times of the year impassable unless bridged. The cost of bridging these is often much greater than that of bridging running streams.
A construction should not be placed upon this statute which would deprive a county of the power of bridging such “ sloughs ” if it is reasonably susceptible of a different construction. One of the definitions of a stream is simply “water.” See Webster’s Dictionary, verbum stream. Taken in this acceptation the statute authorizes the county judge to build a bridge over “ water ” in his county. This we believe to be its reasonable and proper construction.
The count under consideration alleges that the ravine is not and never has been a stream of rwvrvmg water. This may be [65]*65trae, and. yet the necessity for bridging it be just as great as though it were such stream.
A ravine is defined to be a long, deep and narrow hollow, worn by a stream or torrent of water; a long, deep and narrow hollow or pass through mountains. Hence the presence of water, at least occasionally, is almost inseparable from the idea of a ravine.
And if water exists in sufficient abundance and with sufficient frequency to render a bridge essential tó its safe and convenient passage, we are of opinion that the county judge had authority, under the section above quoted, to construct such bridge. And this authority, we think, he possessed in the absence of any special tax for that purpose. The section confers upon him a general power to contract for the erection of bridges, and does not make it dependent upon the raising of a special tax therefor. If no such special tax should be provided, the expense must, necessarily, be borne by the ordinary county revenue.
It follows from these views that, in our opinion, the demurrer to the fourth count was properly sustained.
II. The fifth count of the answer alleges that the county judge entered into a contract with plaintiff in December, 1859, for grading and improving a portion of the public road in said county and for constructing a number of small culverts thereon, and that.certain of the warrants to the amount of $500 were issued in pursuance of said agreement. The contract set out as an exhibit to this count of the answer provides for the building of a series of small bridges over sloughs in a lane, the making of drains along and of cuts across the lane so as to make it passable at all seasons of the year. The contract for this work was entered into, as alleged in this count of the answer, without any proposition to aid in the construction of roads having been submitted to the voters of the county. So far as it applied to the building of bridges, it was authorized by section 10, chapter 93, Laws of 1858, as we have before seen. JBut so far as it referred to the digging of drains and cuts, it was entered into without authority and the warrants [66]*66made in payment of this work, were improperly issued. This count sets up,, therefore, at least a partial defense, and the demurrer to It should have been overruled.
. ..... 5.--validity of warrant. TTT. The second count alleges that a certain one of the warrants was issued by the clerk of the board of supervisors .without a recorded vote or resolution of the board. It is not averred that no vote of the board was in fact taken, but that none was recorded. In Clark v. Polk County, 19 Iowa, 248, it is said: “ If the vote had actually passed, and the failure to record it was a mere clerical omission, we are clear that such omission could not invalidate an order otherwise legally and properly issued.” The demurrer to this count should have been sustained.
8óf^oUntTpald thereon. IV. The sixth count alleges that plaintiff presented for payment to the county treasurer, about the 4th of February, 1867, and at divers times thereafter, eleven of the warrants issued for the construction of said bridges and the making of said road, and that the treasurer paid the same, wholly ignorant of their character and of the manner in which they had been issued. Three of these warrants were issued for the building of the bridge referred to in the fourth count of the answer, and hence were, for aught that appears, properly issued. Six of them were issued for the constructing of culverts and improving a public road, under the contract referred to in the fifth count of the answer, and hence some of them may have been issued improperly. The character of the remaining two does not appear. Defendant asks judgment for the amount paid on these warrants. The plaintiff’s demurrer to this count was sustained, and, as we think, properly. There is no question as to the principle that money paid in mistake of a material fact may be recovered. But this case does not fall under that principle.
The county judge, as the financial agent of the county, entered into a contract which, under the circumstances, he had not authority to make. But he had full knowledge of all the facts connected with the agreement at the time he executed it. [67]*67His mistake was not as to any fact, but as to tbe law applicable to tbe case.
Tbe county judge, the business agent of tbe county, knew all about tbe facts under wbicb tbe. warrants were executed. Tbe warrants were a general order upon tbe treasurer to pay tbe amounts therein designated. The duties of tbe treasurer were purely ministerial. It was not bis duty to know nor bis business to inquire upon wbat consideration tbe warrants were executed. If tbe county judge bad united in his person tbe functions of treasurer, in connection with bis other duties, and as such bad paid the warrant, it probably would not be claimed that tbe amount so paid could be recovered; In wbat different position does tbe county now stand, tbe county judge having ordered a ministerial officer of tbe county to make tbe payment, whose duty it is to obey tbe direction given without inquiry ? Can tbe county claim relief because of an officer’s want of knowledge respecting facts of wbicb tbe law does not require the officer to know any thing? This cannot, it seems to us, be so. Tbe treasurer was only tbe instrument through wbicb tbe county made payment. Tbe county, through its representative and agent, tbe county judge, knew upon wbat account tbe payment was made, and cannot recover tbe amount so voluntarily paid. Supervisors of Onondaga Co. v. Briggs, 2 Denio, 26; Snelson v. The State, 16 Ind. 29, and cases cited; Clarke v. Dutcher, 9 Cow. 673.
Y. Upon tbe trial tbe defendant introduced tbe record book of tbe county judge of Boone county, containing tbe following entry: “Ordered, that John Long receive warrants on tbe county treasurer for the sum of eight hundred and fifty dollars, in full, on his bridge contracts in Douglass township.”
Following this is a specification of eight warrants for $100 each, and one for $50. Tbe plaintiff thereupon testified that tbe fifty dollar warrant was for right of way which be bad to purchase for tbe bridge.
Defendant objected to this testimony as tending to contradict tbe record. Tbe testimony is not vulnerable to that objection. Tbe order is for full payment upon the bridge contracts. [68]*68It does not contradict the record, to sbow upon wbat particular consideration tbe fifty dollar warrant was drawn, if that consideration is connected with, the building of the bridge.
Because of the sustaining of the demurrer to the fifth count of the answer, the cause is reversed upon the defendant’s appeal ; and because of the overruling of the demurrer to the second count of the answer, the case is reversed upon the plaintiff’s appeal.
Reversed.