Loggervale v. County of Alameda

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8

10 AASYLEI LOGGERVALE, AASYLEI HARDGE-LOGGERVALE, and 11 AAOTTAE LOGGERVALE, No. C 20-04679 WHA

12 Plaintiffs,

13 v. ORDER RE CROSS MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT 14 COUNTY OF ALAMEDA, STEVEN HOLLAND, MONICA POPE, KEITH 15 LEEPER, ANTHONY DESOUSA, CAMERON GALLOWAY, and DOES 16 1-50, inclusive, 17 Defendants.

18 19 INTRODUCTION 20 In this Section 1983 action for unlawful conduct by sheriffs’ deputies, defendants move 21 for summary judgment on almost all claims. Plaintiffs have moved for summary judgment on 22 the unlawfulness of the searches and seizures. To the extent stated below, both sides’ motions 23 are GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. 24 STATEMENT 25 The following facts are uncontroverted. In the morning of September 20, 2019, plaintiffs 26 Aasylei Loggervale (Ms. Loggervale), Aasylei Hodge-Loggervale (Aasylei), and Aaottae 27 Loggervale (Aaottae), parked at a Starbucks in Castro Valley, California. Aaottae, then 1 students. All three were African-American. The three had driven through the night from Las 2 Vegas so Aayslei could take a college math test at nine a.m. in Berkeley. Their pause at 3 Starbucks would have been a rest before the final stretch. Ms. Loggervale parked in a 4 handicapped parking space, with a visible placard hanging from the rear-view mirror (DeSousa 5 Decl. Exh. H at 00:00–20:16; Holland Decl. Exh. A at 00:30–01:30). 6 Deputies’ body-cameras captured the following events. Alameda County Sheriff’s 7 Deputies Steven Holland and Monica Pope were on patrol. In separate vehicles, they parked 8 nearby and observed the Loggervales’ silver, four-door Cadillac for “several minutes.” After 9 running the plate, they determined it was a rental. They approached the vehicle. Deputy 10 Holland walked up to the driver’s window, and Deputy Pope stood on the passenger side of the 11 car. Turning on the engine, Ms. Loggerale rolled down her window to speak to Deputy 12 Holland (then shut off the engine). Deputy Holland told Ms. Loggervale that they were 13 investigating early-morning break-ins. She thanked him for informing them. Next, Deputy 14 Holland asked Ms. Loggervale for her identification. Ms. Loggervale initially reached for her 15 purse, but then refused. She stated that she did not believe she was required to produce it. An 16 argument with Deputy Holland ensued about his reasons for continuing to question her. He 17 insisted on seeing her identification. Ms. Loggervale instructed one daughter to start filming 18 with her cell phone and another to call Ms. Loggervale’s cousin (Pope Decl. Exh. E at 00:27– 19 04:50; Holland Decl. Exh. A at 00:30–05:00). 20 Aayslei and Aaottae also began arguing with the deputies. One called 911. All three 21 repeatedly denied any involvement with automobile crimes. Aaottae began videoing. When 22 Aasylei exited the vehicle to use the bathroom, her door hit Deputy Pope’s leg. Deputy 23 Holland said, “Hold on.” Aayslei asked her mother to pop the trunk. Deputy Holland said, 24 “We’re not doing that,” and “Everyone in the car’s detained.” He told Aasylei to sit in the car. 25 She did not. Deputy Holland told Ms. Loggervale to exit the car. Approximately 26 simultaneously, she started the engine, but did not move the car. 27 Deputy Holland then took hold of Ms. Loggervale’s left arm and struggled with her, 1 extracted Ms. Loggervale, handcuffed her, and seated her in a patrol vehicle. Deputy Keith 2 Leeper arrived shortly after Aasylei had exited the car. Then Aaottae exited the vehicle. 3 Deputy Holland told both to reenter the car, which they did not do. To Deputy Leeper, Deputy 4 Holland said, “They don’t want to listen, so let’s . . . detain these two,” meaning the daughters. 5 As Deputy Leeper tried to handcuff Aasylei, she batted his hand. He said, “You grab my hand 6 again, you’re gonna get dropped.” Deputy Leeper finished handcuffing her and escorted her to 7 a squad car. Aayslei kept her cell phone, which she then used to call 911. Meanwhile, Deputy 8 Pope held Aaottae against the car. Deputy Leeper returned to the Loggervales’ car and helped 9 Deputy Pope to handcuff Aaottae (Leeper Decl. Exh. F at 00:14–01:20; Holland Decl. Exh. A 10 at 00:30–6:33; Pope Decl. Exh. E at 04:30–09:00). 11 Deputies Leeper and Pope escorted Aaottae to a vehicle, where she sat on the seat but 12 refused to put her feet inside the car. All three argued for several moments. Deputy Leeper 13 put Aaottae’s feet into the vehicle, but she removed them immediately. He went around to the 14 opposite door, opened it, and pulled Aaottae fully into the car using her right arm. Deputy 15 Pope shut the other side’s door (Pope Decl. Exh. E at 10:00–13:00). 16 At several points, all three women expressed that their handcuffs were too tight and were 17 causing either numbness or pain (id. at 13:00–20:00.). 18 Deputies Holland and Pope returned to the rental and searched the front seat, back seat 19 (on the side Aayslei had been sitting), and the trunk. They also searched Aaottae and Ms. 20 Loggervales’ purses. Deputy Pope could not initially find Aaottae’s purse, so asked her where 21 her identification was. Aaottae explained that she had just graduated high school, was 17, and 22 did not have a (state) identification card, but that her student card was in her purse in the trunk. 23 Deputy Pope searched there next. Deputies neither asked for nor received permission to search 24 (Holland Decl. Exh. A at 10:30–17:00; Pope Decl. Exh. E at 13:00–20:00). 25 At some point, Deputy Cameron Galloway arrived along with non-defendant Deputy S. 26 Eng. 27 Aasylei informed Deputy Leeper she needed to use the bathroom, but he did not allow 1 Deputy Leeper swiftly opened the squad car’s rear door next to Aayslei and removed her 2 phone from her lap (Pope Decl. Exh. E at 21:41– 23:00). 3 Lieutenant Anthony DeSousa arrived sometime after the women were seated inside 4 squad cars. The record does not reflect that he immediately instructed anyone to halt a search 5 or to release plaintiffs. After approximately an hour, plaintiffs were allowed to leave. 6 Deputies issued no citations and no charges have been filed as of this order. 7 An internal affairs investigation followed. It found no wrongdoing. Alameda County 8 Sheriff Gregory Ahern was briefed and hand-wrote this on the report: “Briefed. No further 9 action required” (May Decl. 2, Exh. AA). 10 ANALYSIS 11 Summary judgment is proper where the admissible evidence demonstrates that there is 12 “no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter 13 of law.” FRCP 56(a). 14 1. SECTION 1983. 15 A Section 1983 analysis proceeds in two steps where a defendant asserts qualified 16 immunity. First, a district court determines whether a violation of a constitutional right 17 occurred. Second, if so, the court determines whether the plaintiff’s right to be free from 18 official action “was clearly-established.” Orn v. City of Tacoma, 949 F.3d 1167, 1178 (9th Cir. 19 2020). If not, qualified immunity shields the official defendants. 20 Here, plaintiffs assert four theories. First, plaintiffs argue that the deputies lacked 21 reasonable suspicion for an investigatory stop and so the eventual arrests were 22 unlawful. Second, they argue that the vehicle search violated the Fourth Amendment. Third, 23 they argue the deputies used excessive force. Fourth, they argue that race discrimination 24 motivated the other violations. The next section discusses each theory below. 25 A. SEIZURE. 26 Defendants contend that the detention was lawful, pursuant to their reasonable suspicion 27 that plaintiffs might be auto-burglary suspects and, separately, for possible violations of the 1 — where the officer has a “reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity is 2 afoot.” Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 123 (2000). 3 This order denies summary judgment on both liability and qualified immunity grounds 4 because counsel for the defense made four material misrepresentations at the hearing. We 5 know they were material because counsel himself brought them up. Thankfully, plaintiffs’ 6 counsel was prepared and exposed all four. 7 First, defense counsel represented that Ms. Loggervale told Deputy Holland that she 8 “doesn’t have to give her identification because she’s Black.” Defense counsel further said, 9 “This is actually her statement. It is actually on the video. The Court can see it for itself.” 10 The Court has seen it. Counsel is wrong (09/27/21 H’ng Tr. at 6, 12–13). 11 Second, defense counsel stated that Deputies Holland and Pope had in mind the female 12 African-American suspects from a robbery at Big Five. Defense counsel suggested that 13 knowledge of the Big Five suspects informed the deputies’ suspicions about the Loggervales. 14 Both testified to the contrary, under oath, at their depositions (id. at 23–25). 15 Third, defense counsel at the hearing and in briefing said that Ms. Loggervale made 16 inconsistent statements. She, defense counsel said, claimed to be waiting for Starbucks to open 17 but in fact it was already open. This representation, however, was untrue. She said she was 18 waiting to go into the Starbucks, and said nothing about waiting for it to open (id. at 26). 19 Fourth, defense counsel stated that the officers searched for identifications only in areas 20 of the car described by “each of” the plaintiffs. This was false as to Ms. Loggervale and 21 Aayslei (id. at 7, 10). 22 The district courts rely on the integrity of the lawyers. The judge must be able to rely on 23 what counsel says. No judge has time to rummage through the fact record to sort through the 24 true from the untrue to see if there is enough to support summary judgment. 25 Importantly, counsel’s misrepresentations of the record relate directly to the core legal 26 question: reasonable suspicion for detention. The above misrepresentations dealt with (1) 27 deputies’ knowledge of prior crimes, relevant to whether the women could reasonably have 1 defendants’ touted case, Lipton v. United States, 348 F.2d 591, 594 (9th Cir. 1965), justifies 2 suspicionless detentions and demands for identification (if at all) only when officers are 3 engaged in enforcing sections of the Vehicle Code that “could not otherwise be effectively 4 enforced.” United States v. Carrizoza-Gaxiola, 523 F.2d 239, 241 (9th Cir. 1975). Lipton 5 makes officers’ true purpose essential. Carrizoza-Gaxiola, a follow-on case, later assumed the 6 validity of Lipton after Terry. It held that the Vehicle Code could not justify a suspicionless 7 detention of a defendant, because when they stopped the defendant, officers had actually been 8 investigating auto theft. See ibid. Assuming, without deciding, Lipton’s validity, this order 9 finds that defense counsel’s comments bear on the investigation’s purpose and the existence of 10 reasonable suspicion, throwing the record into doubt. 11 Cognizant of Fair Housing Council of Riverside City, Inc. v. Riverside Two, 249 F.3d 12 1132, 1136 (9th Cir. 2001), the undersigned has also accounted for plaintiffs’ record. Not 13 being able to rely on the sum total of the record, however, material issues remain about 14 whether the official conduct was unlawful. There remains considerable doubt that reasonable 15 suspicion of burglaries existed. Disputed facts are such that a reasonable jury could find that 16 defendants’ suspicion of burglaries was unreasonable, and that Carrizoza-Gaxiola clearly 17 established the detention was unlawful under the Vehicle Code. A jury must decide liability 18 and qualified immunity. 19 California Penal Code Section 847(b)(1) grants immunity for false arrest where an officer 20 had “reasonable cause.” The cross motions for summary judgment on the 1983 claim for 21 unlawful arrest and detention is DENIED. The cross motions for summary judgment on 22 corresponding state law claims of false arrest and imprisonment; negligence; battery; and 23 assault, are DENIED. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on qualified immunity is also 24 DENIED. 25 B. SEARCH. 26 Unlike the detention, the legal questions surrounding the search depend not a bit on the 27 above. Plaintiffs allege that deputies here searched the passenger compartment, trunk, purses, 1 and wallets, all without a warrant or a valid exception to the warrant requirement. They further 2 contend that the search was clearly unlawful under the circumstances. This order agrees. 3 Defendants never argue that they possessed probable cause to search for fruits of any 4 burglary. They contend that they lawfully searched for identifications. For the reasons that 5 follow, a jury verdict on the seizure cannot change the search analysis. 6 First, longstanding precedent establishes that officers cannot search pursuant to 7 reasonable suspicion. See Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40, 63 (1968). 8 Second, defendants argue, “Numerous cases have held that a suspect’s refusal to produce 9 identification justifies a focused search for identification simply based on the reasonable 10 suspicion that justified the original detention” (Br. at 15). But, none of the cases defendants 11 have cited purported to justify a physical vehicle search for a driver’s identification. 12 Moreover, even if such authority existed, it would not support a search for the girls’ 13 identifications. (For instance, Hiibel v. Sixth Jud. Dist. Ct. of Nevada, Humboldt Cty., 542 U.S. 14 177, 196 (2004), did not involve a search at all; United States v. Villagrana-Flores, 467 F.3d 15 1269, 1272 (10th Cir. 2006), involved no search but rather an officer obtaining someone’s 16 name, likely off a wrist band; and United States v. Cortes, 588 F.2d 106, 111 (5th Cir. 1979), 17 found that a Coast Guard statute legal justified a search on the high seas.) 18 Third, “Because police could not reasonably have believed either that” the family could 19 have “accessed [their] car at the time of the search or that evidence of the offense for which 20 [they were] arrested might have been found therein, the search in this case was unreasonable.” 21 Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 344 (2009). Gant overturned longstanding precedent to 22 prohibit a warrantless vehicle search incident to arrest. It afforded two exceptions: where 23 suspects could potentially reach weapons in the passenger compartment or its containers, or 24 where evidence of the crime of arrest could be found inside the car. 25 Defendants counter that United States v. Smith, 389 F.3d 944, 947 (9th Cir. 2004), 26 permits a warrantless search for identification inside a suspect’s car, incident to arrest. There, 27 the suspect was arrested for giving a false name. The arrestee’s identification would have been 1 parallel exists here. Defendants do not (and could not) argue for a consent, exigent- 2 circumstances, plain-view, or inventory exception to the warrant requirement. Nor do they 3 suggest that they had probable cause to search for evidence of the burglaries. No fact dispute 4 on this topic remains. Deputies committed a constitutional violation by searching the 5 passenger compartment, trunk, purses, and wallets. 6 When the search occurred, moreover, the law under these circumstances would have been 7 apparent to all but those “plainly incompetent” or “who knowingly violate the law.” Ziglar v. 8 Abbasi, 528 U.S. ___ (2017), quoting Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986). Officers 9 lawfully arrested the suspect in Gant for driving on a suspended license, an arrest which, the 10 Supreme Court held, did not justify a search for evidence in the car. Officers already knew 11 Gant’s license had been suspended. Here too, probable cause to arrest could have flown only 12 from obstructing the investigation, and evidence of this could not have appeared in the car. In 13 neither case could arrestees access the car to retrieve weapons. See Gant, 556 U.S. 344. Under 14 the specific circumstances here, the official conduct was clearly unlawful, so qualified 15 immunity does not shield defendants from plaintiffs’ unreasonable search claims under Section 16 1983. 17 Defendants do not argue that any official deserves summary judgment on account of 18 failing to participate in the search, or on account of inadequate supervisory liability. These 19 arguments are waived for purposes of summary judgment. Summary judgment is GRANTED 20 for plaintiffs and AGAINST defendants on the Fourth Amendment search claims as to Deputies 21 Holland and Pope. 22 Plaintiffs, however, have not shown that Lt. DeSousa arrived before the searches had 23 ended. The record is ambiguous as to whether any searching occurred after his arrival. That 24 ambiguity leaves an issue of material fact. Thus, the cross motions for summary judgment 25 against Lt. DeSousa are DENIED. 26 As to the corresponding state law claim, California Government Code Sections 820.2 and 27 821.6 immunize defendants for non-assaultive torts. The defense motion for summary C. EXCESSIVE FORCE. 1 Plaintiffs allege that Deputies Holland, Pope, Leeper, and Galloway used excessive force 2 in detaining them. “Determining whether the force used to effect a particular seizure is 3 reasonable . . . requires a careful balancing of the nature and quality of the intrusion . . . against 4 the countervailing governmental interests at stake.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 5 (1989). 6 Disputed issues of material fact preclude a finding on liability and qualified immunity as 7 to the seizures. In Nicholson v. City of Los Angeles, 935 F.3d 685, 689 (9th Cir. 2019), 8 handcuffing during a four-hour suspicionless detention was unreasonable force. Plaintiffs have 9 produced evidence of force beyond the fact of the handcuffing: they have introduced 10 admissible evidence of handcuffing with complaints of excessive tightness and pain; restraints 11 by the officers; officers moving the women without cooperation; and bruising and abrasions 12 (see, e.g., May Opp. Decl. Exh. EE). Viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving 13 plaintiffs, a reasonable jury could find that it was clearly-established that the force used was 14 unreasonable. Nor does the defense argue good-faith reliance by any defendant. The defense 15 motion for summary judgment on excessive force is DENIED. 16 Under California law, a police officer may use “reasonable force” to effect a 17 lawful arrest and to maintain a suspect’s detention. Cal. Pen. Code §§ 835, 835a. For the same 18 reasons stated above, summary judgment is DENIED to defendants on the state law claim. 19 D. FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT AND SECTION 1981. 20 To prevail at summary judgment on claims of discrimination, defendants must show that 21 the undisputed facts reveal deputies did not intentionally “act[] in a discriminatory manner.” 22 Reese v. Jefferson Sch. Dist. No. 14J, 208 F.3d 736, 740 (9th Cir. 2000) (cleaned up). 23 This record raises material disputes for trial. Deputy Holland continued to question Ms. 24 Loggervale even after realizing she was an African-American woman. He did so because he 25 thought that the witnesses to prior auto burglaries might have misgendered the prior suspects, 26 just as he had misgendered Ms. Loggervale. In reality, just one prior incident (from July 10) 27 involved both a silver car and a report of an African-American adult man. Deputies have 1 named a litany of factors that supposedly supported their suspicions. In light of the lack of 2 prior female suspects, reasonable suspicion (if any) evaporated when Deputies Holland and 3 Pope realized plaintiffs’ genders. Deputies’ reasons for suspicion do not support a “reasonable 4 inference[]” of criminal activity. United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989). Defendants’ 5 best decision, Easley v. Cty. of Santa Clara, 702 F. App’x 552, 554 (9th Cir. 2017), bears little 6 resemblance: it involved an intoxicated person suspiciously parked on a stranger’s property, 7 and recent burglaries nearby. 8 As stated at the motion to dismiss stage, a reasonable jury could find that justifying the 9 detention of African-American women on suspicion they were African-American male 10 burglary suspects adequately supports an inference of a racially-discriminatory motive. A 11 reasonable jury could conclude that similarly-situated white women would not have been 12 investigated or unlawfully searched, as were the Loggervales. In other words, a reasonable 13 jury could conclude that racial animus motivated defendants’ actions (Holland Decl. ¶¶ 13–21, 14 25; see, generally, Pope Decl.). Summary judgment as to Deputies Holland and Pope on the 15 Fourteenth Amendment and Section 1981 race-discrimination claims are DENIED. 16 Deputy Leeper, however, arrived late and is protected by his good-faith reliance on 17 Deputies Holland and Pope’s accounts. Defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to 18 Deputy Leeper is GRANTED. 19 Summary judgment is, for the same reasons, DENIED as to the state-law claims against 20 Deputies Holland and Pope under Civil Code Section 52.1, but GRANTED as to Deputy Leeper. 21 Since this order has found the excessive force and unlawful arrest claims will proceed to trial, 22 summary judgment is DENIED to defendants on the claims for racially-motivated use of 23 violence under Civil Code Section 51.7. 24 2. FIRST AMENDMENT RETALIATION. 25 Plaintiffs failed to prosecute this claim in their own motion for summary judgment, or in 26 their opposition to defendants’. Defendants argue that plaintiffs have conceded the point and 27 conceded summary judgment (Pl. Opp. Br. at 14, 24). Alternatively, defendants argue that 1 opposition launched a blistering attack on the lawfulness of the search and seizure. As such, it 2 substantially addressed the basis of defendants’ argument against the First Amendment claim. 3 Furthermore, defendants have not met their burden. The undisputed facts show that retaliation 4 for the Loggervales’ verbal protests provoked the deputies to search their vehicle, or so a 5 reasonable jury could find. Summary judgment for defendants for First Amendment violations 6 is DENIED. 7 3. MONELL AND SUPERVISORY LIABILITY. 8 Our court of appeals has identified three viable theories for municipal liability under 9 Section 1983:

10 First, a local government may be held liable when implementation of 11 its official policies or established customs inflicts the constitutional injury . . . . Second, under certain circumstances, a local government 12 may be held liable under Section 1983 for acts of “omission,” when such omissions amount to the local government’s own official policy 13 . . . . Third, a local government may be held liable under Section 1983 when the individual who committed the constitutional 14 tort was an official . . . [who] ratified a subordinate’s 15 unconstitutional decision or action and the basis for it.

16 Clouthier v. County of Contra Costa, 591 F.3d 1232, 1249–50 (9th Cir. 2010) (overruled on 17 other grounds) (emphasis added). Plaintiffs claim Monell liability under all three theories. 18 First, defendants move on the grounds that no official policy or custom had been alleged. 19 Plaintiffs’ opposition fails to argue that an official policy or custom caused a rights violation. 20 Defendants prevail on this argument. 21 Second, “The inadequacy of police training may serve as the basis for § 1983 liability 22 only where the failure to train amounts to deliberate indifference to the rights of persons with 23 whom the police come into contact.” Price v. Sery, 513 F.3d 962, 973 (9th Cir.2008), 24 quoting City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388 (1989) (cleaned up). In their opposition, 25 plaintiffs prosecute the failure-to-train theory as to Deputy Holland only. They argue that he 26 did not receive his five-year refresher course on racial bias. (California Penal Code Section 27 13519.4(i) now requires that all peace officers receive an updated training on racial bias every 1 five years.) Deputy Holland’s records do not indicate he got the refresher. Defendants 2 respond that nothing in the record proves he did not (e.g. human resources records contain 3 human error). Meanwhile, all other individual defendants took the course. One deputy’s 4 missed refresher course does not constitute deliberate indifference (Gilbert Supp. Dec., Exhs. 5 CC and DD at 44–45; see generally, Holland Decl.). 6 Third, on reply, defendants discuss at length the adequacy of the internal affairs 7 procedure and Monell liability. Plaintiffs argue that Sheriff Greg Ahern ratified the “grossly 8 inadequate” investigation and its basis. Fuller v. City of Oakland, Cal., 47 F.3d 1522, 1535 9 (9th Cir. 1995), as amended (Apr. 24, 1995). The County of Alameda internal affairs 10 investigation manual instructs, “If immediately available, obtain written statements from all 11 witnesses to the incident.” Plaintiffs’ expert opined that a failure to interview is highly 12 unusual. Defendants concede that the investigator did not interview any parties; that he did not 13 visit the scene; and did not review incident reports or body-worn camera footage from the prior 14 burglaries. This case is distinguishable from Fuller. There, our court of appeals held that an 15 investigator who failed to interview parties about sexual harassment allegations recklessly 16 disregarded the rights of the putative victim. Here, the entire incident was captured on body 17 camera. The investigator reviewed it. Ahern cannot be held liable for ratifying the 18 investigation as “grossly inadequate,” for it was not (May Opp. Decl. ¶ 2, Exh. AA at 8; DeFoe 19 Dep. 158–63). 20 Plaintiffs’ other theory of ratification, however, will survive. The second amended 21 complaint alleges that Ahern ratified the deputies’ underlying conduct by approving the 22 report’s conclusion that no unlawful action had occurred. Defendants did not move for 23 summary judgment on this theory of ratification. The argument is deemed waived for purposes 24 of summary judgment. SeeRattlesnake Coal. v. U.S. E.P.A., 509 F.3d 1095, 1100 (9th Cir. 25 2007). Therefore, this basis for Monell liability will proceed to trial (on the remaining 26 underlying claims). 27 The defense motion for summary judgment as to Monell liability is GRANTED as to these 4. CONVERSION. 1 As stated at the motion to dismiss stage, conversion requires damages. See Oakdale Vill. 2 Grp. v. Fong, 43 Cal.App.4th 539, 543–44 (1996) (partially decertified on other grounds). The 3 phone, which Deputy Leeper took from Aayslei’s hand, was returned. Aayslei does not allege 4 damage. Summary judgment on conversion is GRANTED. 5 5. EVIDENTIARY ISSUES. 6 Defendants’ objection to May Decl. Exh. EE for lack of personal knowledge is 7 OVERRULED. Attorney May could well have personal knowledge of the photographs’ origins 8 and depictions. This order has not found it necessary to rely on the remaining contested 9 evidence. Corresponding objections are DENIED AS MOOT. 10 CONCLUSION 11 The cross motions for summary judgment on the 1983 claim for unlawful arrest and 12 detention, as well as the corresponding state law claims of false arrest and imprisonment; 13 negligence; battery; and assault, are DENIED. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on 14 qualified immunity is also DENIED. Summary judgment is GRANTED for plaintiffs and 15 AGAINST defendants on the Fourth Amendment search claims as to Deputies Holland and 16 Pope. The cross motions for summary judgment against Lt. DeSousa are DENIED. The 17 defense motion for summary judgment on state-law invasion of privacy is GRANTED, and 18 plaintiff’s motion is DENIED. The defense motion for summary judgment on excessive force is 19 DENIED. Summary judgment is DENIED to defendants on the state law claim for unreasonable 20 force. Summary judgment is DENIED to defendants on the claims for racially-motivated use of 21 violence under Civil Code Section 51.7. Summary judgment for defendants on First 22 Amendment liability is DENIED. The defense motion for summary judgment as to Monell 23 liability is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. Summary judgment on conversion is 24 GRANTED. 25 The following claims remain: Sections 1983 (unreasonable seizure; unreasonable search 26 as to Lt. DeSousa; race-discrimination; excessive force; and First Amendment) and 1981 (race- 27 discrimination) claims as to Deputies Holland and Pope; state law claims associated with each 1 of the remaining constitutional claims, except the invasion of privacy claim as to Lt. DeSousa; 2 and, to the extent stated above, the theories of Monell and supervisory liability on the still- 3 standing constitutional violations. 4 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 7 Dated: October 4, 2021. Pee 9 — f LIAM ALSUP 10 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 11 12

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