Keith, P.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The matters presented for consideration in this record are as follows: Henry P. Yandyke, an infant sixteen years of age, suing by his next friend, filed his bill in the Circuit Court of Tazewell county, in which he avers: That Reese Yandyke died after having made his will, the third clause of which is as follows: “I give and bequeath unto my two sons, to wit, Charles and Flenry P. Yandyke, all of the land I now reside on; ” that upon the death of the testator, his will was duly probated; that Charles, one of the devisees, died in the lifetime of the testator, and thereupon Lockhart, and Jennie, his wife, and Rebecca Yandyke, filed their bill in the Circuit Court of Tazewell county, in which they claimed that the devise to him lapsed, and a moiety of the lands devised was subject to partition among all the heirs at law of Reese Yandyke, and asked for a partition of them; that the court construed the will in accordance with the claims of the plaintiffs, and held that the legacy to Charles [359]*359Vandyke lapsed, and decreed a partition of the real estate, which was accordingly made; that Lockhart and wife conveyed the share assigned to them to James M. McGuire, since deceased; that Rebecca, who has since intermarried with R. L. Yost, conveyed her portion to the Ratliffs, and that Reese T. Vandyke conveyed his share to one Greever, in trust to secure a certain d.ebt.
The bill further avers that the devise being to Charles and plaintiff jointly, and Charles having died in the lifetime of the testator, the devise to him did not lapse, but that- the whole of it vested in the plaintiff and now belongs to him, and that the decrees in said suit for partition are erroneous; that the plaintiff is entitled to have the will construed; that the decrees in the former suit are not binding upon him, but should be set aside and vacated; that the deeds made by the partitioners are clouds upon his title, which he prays may be removed, and an account directed of the rents, issues, and profits of the land, the possession of which has been withheld from him. The other heirs at law of the testator were made parties defendant. The Circuit Court, decreeing in favor of the plaintiff, held that, by a true construction of the mil, the share of Charles Vandyke did not lapse, but, upon the death of the testator, passed to, and vested in, Henry P. Vandyke, annulled the several conveyances before mentioned, and directed certain incpiiries which need not be specifically mentioned. The case is before us upon an appeal from that decree.
We are of opinion that Charles and Henry P. Vandyke would have been joint tenants of the lands devised to them had they survived the testator.
In 2 Minor’s Insts., at page 46 Y, it is said: “ A joint tenancy arises by act of the parties, and never by act of law. It may be created by the devise, or by any conveyance inter vivos, by words which give an estate to a plurality of persons, without adding any restrictive1, exclusive, or explanatory words. Thus, [360]*360if an estate be granted to A and B and their heirs, this makes them joint-tenants in fee of the lands. Bor the law interprets the grant so as to make all parts of it take effect, which can only be done by creating an equal estate in them both. * * *
Bormerly, joint-tenancy was much favored; but for more than a century past the courts have laid hold of every available expression to construe estates given to1 a plurality of tenants as tenancies in common. And although this innovation began in equity, and in reference to wills, yet it has long prevailed in the courts of common law as well, and the doctrine extends to deeds as uniformly as to wills. Hence, such expressions as ‘ equally to be divided/ ‘ share and share alike/ e respectively between and amongst them/ will, according to this modern construction, convert into a tenancy in common what would once have been a joint-tenancy.” See,'also, Morley v. Bird, 3 Vesey, 628, and Whitmore v. Trelawny, 6 Vesey 128.
In the clause under consideration there are no1 words of severance, nor any “restrictive, exclusive, or explanatory words,” such as, if employed, would have served to create a tenancy in common under the rules of modern construction.
In 2 Minor, at page 1019, it is said: “ The general doctrine at common law is that a devise lapses in all cases where the devisee dies before the testator. And if the devise be to several, as tenants in common, and one of them dies in the testator’s lifetime, his share lapses. Where, however, the devise is to several jointly, and one of them dies in the testator’s lifetime, his share does not lapse, but survives; for although such joint devisees are not joint-tenants until the testator’s death, yet the gift to them is a gift per mie et per tout, and so, if one should die, whereby, as he has nothing separately, his interest ceases to exist, the other or others are entitled to tire whole as at first, but with no one to share it with them. And as the parties have not become joint tenants, the statute abolishing survivorship does not apply.”
[361]*361The law touching the lapse of devises is to he found in section 2523 of the Code, and is as follows: “ If a devisee or legatee die before the testator, leaving issue who survive the testator, such issue shall take the estate devised or bequeathed, as the devisee or legatee would have done if he had survived the testator, unless a different disposition thereof be made or required by the will; ” but, as is justly observed by Mr. Minor, this statute is not applicable where independently of it no lapse could occur, and therefore cannot be invoked in a case such as this, “ for by the force and effect of the joint-taking, the share of the party deceased would survive to the survivor or survivors.” 2 Minor, supra. See, also, Pendleton v. Hoomes, Wythe’s Reports, p. 94. The law of the subject under consideration is discussed with a great wealth of learning by Mr. William Green in an appendix to the volume just cited,, which is quoted in terms of high and deserved approbation in Preeman on Co-Tenancy and Partition, secs. 28 and 40. He reaches the conclusion arrived at by Mr. Minor, and shows that the common law doctrine is still the law, notwithstanding our statute which abolishes the survivorship among joint-tenants. With respect to that statute, he observes that, while it does away with the right of survivorship, it does not destroy joint-tenancy. To use his own language: “ It does not annihilate the legal entity called a joint estate, so as to prevent any such estate from vesting, nor does it destroy the joint estate forthwith after it has vested. On the contrary, it permits the estate to subsist as joint, with all its former incidents, during the joint lives of all its owners; and if, in that time, partition be made, or a severance effected without partition, it is quiescent as a dead-letter. It begins to operate at all, only -when one of the joint-tenants has died before partition or severance. And on the happening of that event, and from thenceforth, it directs that the part of the deceased shall be considered as if he had been a tenant in common, not from the beginning, but only when the event to which it refers hap[362]*362penecl. Where it applies, and to the extent of its application, it operates, in articulo mortis, a statutory severance; and that is all. It does not extirpate the quality of a joint estate, which made it produce, among other fruits, the jus accrescendi,-
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Keith, P.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The matters presented for consideration in this record are as follows: Henry P. Yandyke, an infant sixteen years of age, suing by his next friend, filed his bill in the Circuit Court of Tazewell county, in which he avers: That Reese Yandyke died after having made his will, the third clause of which is as follows: “I give and bequeath unto my two sons, to wit, Charles and Flenry P. Yandyke, all of the land I now reside on; ” that upon the death of the testator, his will was duly probated; that Charles, one of the devisees, died in the lifetime of the testator, and thereupon Lockhart, and Jennie, his wife, and Rebecca Yandyke, filed their bill in the Circuit Court of Tazewell county, in which they claimed that the devise to him lapsed, and a moiety of the lands devised was subject to partition among all the heirs at law of Reese Yandyke, and asked for a partition of them; that the court construed the will in accordance with the claims of the plaintiffs, and held that the legacy to Charles [359]*359Vandyke lapsed, and decreed a partition of the real estate, which was accordingly made; that Lockhart and wife conveyed the share assigned to them to James M. McGuire, since deceased; that Rebecca, who has since intermarried with R. L. Yost, conveyed her portion to the Ratliffs, and that Reese T. Vandyke conveyed his share to one Greever, in trust to secure a certain d.ebt.
The bill further avers that the devise being to Charles and plaintiff jointly, and Charles having died in the lifetime of the testator, the devise to him did not lapse, but that- the whole of it vested in the plaintiff and now belongs to him, and that the decrees in said suit for partition are erroneous; that the plaintiff is entitled to have the will construed; that the decrees in the former suit are not binding upon him, but should be set aside and vacated; that the deeds made by the partitioners are clouds upon his title, which he prays may be removed, and an account directed of the rents, issues, and profits of the land, the possession of which has been withheld from him. The other heirs at law of the testator were made parties defendant. The Circuit Court, decreeing in favor of the plaintiff, held that, by a true construction of the mil, the share of Charles Vandyke did not lapse, but, upon the death of the testator, passed to, and vested in, Henry P. Vandyke, annulled the several conveyances before mentioned, and directed certain incpiiries which need not be specifically mentioned. The case is before us upon an appeal from that decree.
We are of opinion that Charles and Henry P. Vandyke would have been joint tenants of the lands devised to them had they survived the testator.
In 2 Minor’s Insts., at page 46 Y, it is said: “ A joint tenancy arises by act of the parties, and never by act of law. It may be created by the devise, or by any conveyance inter vivos, by words which give an estate to a plurality of persons, without adding any restrictive1, exclusive, or explanatory words. Thus, [360]*360if an estate be granted to A and B and their heirs, this makes them joint-tenants in fee of the lands. Bor the law interprets the grant so as to make all parts of it take effect, which can only be done by creating an equal estate in them both. * * *
Bormerly, joint-tenancy was much favored; but for more than a century past the courts have laid hold of every available expression to construe estates given to1 a plurality of tenants as tenancies in common. And although this innovation began in equity, and in reference to wills, yet it has long prevailed in the courts of common law as well, and the doctrine extends to deeds as uniformly as to wills. Hence, such expressions as ‘ equally to be divided/ ‘ share and share alike/ e respectively between and amongst them/ will, according to this modern construction, convert into a tenancy in common what would once have been a joint-tenancy.” See,'also, Morley v. Bird, 3 Vesey, 628, and Whitmore v. Trelawny, 6 Vesey 128.
In the clause under consideration there are no1 words of severance, nor any “restrictive, exclusive, or explanatory words,” such as, if employed, would have served to create a tenancy in common under the rules of modern construction.
In 2 Minor, at page 1019, it is said: “ The general doctrine at common law is that a devise lapses in all cases where the devisee dies before the testator. And if the devise be to several, as tenants in common, and one of them dies in the testator’s lifetime, his share lapses. Where, however, the devise is to several jointly, and one of them dies in the testator’s lifetime, his share does not lapse, but survives; for although such joint devisees are not joint-tenants until the testator’s death, yet the gift to them is a gift per mie et per tout, and so, if one should die, whereby, as he has nothing separately, his interest ceases to exist, the other or others are entitled to tire whole as at first, but with no one to share it with them. And as the parties have not become joint tenants, the statute abolishing survivorship does not apply.”
[361]*361The law touching the lapse of devises is to he found in section 2523 of the Code, and is as follows: “ If a devisee or legatee die before the testator, leaving issue who survive the testator, such issue shall take the estate devised or bequeathed, as the devisee or legatee would have done if he had survived the testator, unless a different disposition thereof be made or required by the will; ” but, as is justly observed by Mr. Minor, this statute is not applicable where independently of it no lapse could occur, and therefore cannot be invoked in a case such as this, “ for by the force and effect of the joint-taking, the share of the party deceased would survive to the survivor or survivors.” 2 Minor, supra. See, also, Pendleton v. Hoomes, Wythe’s Reports, p. 94. The law of the subject under consideration is discussed with a great wealth of learning by Mr. William Green in an appendix to the volume just cited,, which is quoted in terms of high and deserved approbation in Preeman on Co-Tenancy and Partition, secs. 28 and 40. He reaches the conclusion arrived at by Mr. Minor, and shows that the common law doctrine is still the law, notwithstanding our statute which abolishes the survivorship among joint-tenants. With respect to that statute, he observes that, while it does away with the right of survivorship, it does not destroy joint-tenancy. To use his own language: “ It does not annihilate the legal entity called a joint estate, so as to prevent any such estate from vesting, nor does it destroy the joint estate forthwith after it has vested. On the contrary, it permits the estate to subsist as joint, with all its former incidents, during the joint lives of all its owners; and if, in that time, partition be made, or a severance effected without partition, it is quiescent as a dead-letter. It begins to operate at all, only -when one of the joint-tenants has died before partition or severance. And on the happening of that event, and from thenceforth, it directs that the part of the deceased shall be considered as if he had been a tenant in common, not from the beginning, but only when the event to which it refers hap[362]*362penecl. Where it applies, and to the extent of its application, it operates, in articulo mortis, a statutory severance; and that is all. It does not extirpate the quality of a joint estate, which made it produce, among other fruits, the jus accrescendi,- but only destroys in the moment of production, or blights by anticipation in the bloom, that particular fruit. In this manner it modifies the nature of a joint-tenancy by the common law, so far as to take away one of the incidents which the law has annexed to it, but leaves it in all other respects as it was. In short, since the statute, joint-tenants seem to have an estate that is to all purposes joint, both in its inception and also in its continuance, until a destruction or severance thereof takes place; which latter, where an interest has become vested, is effectuated by the statute at the moment any of them dies, to the extent of his part; and henceforth that part is to be regarded as it would have been (though the statute had never been enacted) if the joint estate had been to the same extent dissevered by any of the means which theretofore existed.. And, if this be the sum of its efficacy, the consequence seems to be, that in regard to the lapsing of devises and legacies, and also in regard to the vesting of estates created or transferred by conveyances inter vivos, it has been productive of no change whatever.”
He shows that in a case like that under discussion the doctrine of survivorship has no place, as it applies only where the estate in joint-tenancy has been created and has vested; and, therefore, the abolition of the doctrine of survivorship does not affect the common law rule with respect to the death of one or more devisees during the lifetime of the testator, for it is still true, notwithstanding the statute, “ that each joint-tenant takes conjointly with the rest the entire estate—separately nothing,” from which it follows that “ if one should die, whereby, as he has nothing separately, his interest ceases to exist, the other or others are entitled to the whole as at first, but with no one to share it with them.” 2 Minor, 1049.
[363]*363This subject was considered by the Supreme Court of West Virginia in the case of Hoke v. Hoke, 12 W. Va. 427, and a decision rendered in accordance with the views of the text writers above quoted. See, also, 2 Redfield on Wills, 169; 3 Lomax Digest, 185; 2 Williams on Executors (with Perkins’ notes), p. 1311; 2 Jarman on Wills, 265.
The authorities cited seem to be conclusive of the correctness of the decree appealed from upon the points thus far considered.
This suit was broug'ht by the infant through his next friend before he had attained the age of twenty-one years, in order to set aside a decree adverse to him which had been rendered in a proceeding, which he sets out in his bill; and it is claimed by appellants that it was prematurely instituted, and that the plaintiff should have waited until he had attained the age of twenty-one years. This question has been considered and disposed of by this court in Harrison v. Wallton, 95 Va. 721.
Further objection is made to the decree complained of, because it sets aside conveyances made to the alienees of certain defendants. Those alienees took only such title as was in their grantors. They took with full notice of the proceedings in the original partition suit. They were not purchasers from the court in a judicial proceeding, but purchased from the coparceners the shares which had been allotted to them, and the titles which they acquired were subordinate to the rights of the infant under the will of Reese Vandyke.
Epon the whole case, we are of opinion that there is no error in the decree complained of, and it must be affirmed.
Affirvied.