Buchanan, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
This suit was brought by the appellants, the children of Sallie E. Harrison, against their mother and Robert Turnbull in his own right, and as executor of M. R. Wallton, deceased, for the purpose, as stated by the appellants in their petition for appeal, of charging the executor with the devastavit of the estate of his testatrix occasioned by his misconduct in the case of Harrison and wife against Wallton’s Executors and others.
The suit of Harrison and wife was instituted by the father and mother of the appellants against the appellee, Turnbull, as executor of Mrs. Wallton, and three of the appellants, all that were then in being, to ascertain the indebtedness of Mrs. Wall-ton’s estate, and to make sale of so much of the real -estate left by her as might be necessary to pay the debts.
[723]*723A history of the proceedings in that case, and of the misconduct of the executor relied on to show that he was guilty of a devastavit, is set out in the hill in this case, and with it are filed copies of portions of the record in that case, viz., the bill and its exhibits, the answer of the g’uardian ad litem, the decree of the court directing one of its commissioners to take an account of the debts of the estate and their priorities, and to report what portion of the real estate could be sold to pay off the debts; extracts from the commissioner’s report, the decree confirming it and directing sale of the land, the report of sale made by the commissioner to sell, the decree to sell enough of the personal estate to pay the residue of the debts remaining unpaid after exhausting the proceeds of the sale of the land upon certain conditions, the report of the commissioner showing the payment of the debts of the estate, and the completion of his duties as commissioner, and the final decree approving that report and striking the case from the docket.
The appellee, Turnbull, in his own right and as executor, demurrer to the bill, and, upon a hearing of the case upon the demurrer, the court dismissed the bill, without prejudice to the rights of the appellants, under section 3424 of the Code.
Prom that decree this appeal was taken.
If, as the appellants contend, the court sustained the demurrer to their bill because they could not bring suit to assert their rights until they became of age, it erred. Section 3424 of the Code allowing an infant, within six months after he becomes of age, to show cause against a decree or order in certain cases does not prevent him from asserting his rights whilst an infant by a next friend as soon as he sees fit to do so. Richmond v. Tayleur, 1 P. Williams, 733, 736-7; 1 Dan. Chy. Pr. 173 (side page); Judge Carr, in Tenant v. Patton, 6 Leigh, at page 208.
The grounds relied on here by the appellee to sustain his demurrer are, that the bill and exhibits in this case show that all matters about which complaint is now made were adjudicated [724]*724and finally settled in the case of Harrison and wife v. Wallton’s Executor, &c., and that these matters, being res judicata cannot be inquired into and made the subject of litigation in a collateral proceeding, as is attempted in this case.
The injuries complained of and for which the appellants seek compensation, resulted, as is alleged, from the gross negligence and misconduct of the executor in allowing the claims of Mrs. Harrison to be established as a debt against the estate of her mother when, in fact, there was nothing due her,, and from injuries arising from the subjection of the real estate primarily to the payment of that and other debts due from the estate instead of first subjecting the pex*sonal estate to their paymexxt. The bill and exhibits in this case show that both the validity and amount of Mrs. Harrison’s debt, and the propriety of subjecting the assets of the estate to the payment of the debts in the manner in which they were subjected were necessarily adjudicated and settled in that case.
There can be no recovery in this case against the executor without showing that the debt asserted by, and adjudged to' be due to, Mrs. Harrison in that case was not due her in whole or in part, or without showing that the manner in which the real estate was decreed to be and was subjected in that case was erroneous. The proceedings in that case not only bar a second suit between the same parties or their privies upon the same claim or demand, but they also bar a suit between the same parties or their privies upon a different cause of action, if it appears that the issue presented in the latter suit was involved and determined in the former suit. Shumate v. Supervisors, 84 Va. 574; Bigelow v. Winsow, 1 Gray. 299; 1 Freeman on Judg., secs. 253 to 258. See also Miller v. Wills, ante, p. 337; Miles v. Caldwell, 2 Wall. 35; Cromwell v. Sac County, 94 U. S. 351; Vanfleet’s Collateral Attack, sec. 17.
Such a judgment or decree is conclusive upon the parties to it until reversed upon appeal, or until set aside or annulled by some proceeding instituted for that purpose.
[725]*725And it is well settled with us that an infant, as a general rule, is as much bound by a decree against him as a person of full age. The law recognizes no distinction between a -decree against an infant and a decree against an adult. And therefore it is that an infant can impeach only upon the grounds which would invalidate it in the case of another person, such as fraud, collusion or error. Zirkle v. McCue, 26 Gratt. 517, 528; Pennybacker v. Switzer, 75 Va., at page 668; 1 Minor’s Inst., at pp. 507-8.
It is insisted that only those appellants who were in being and were parties to that suit are bound by the proceedings in that •case.
Mrs. Wallton had devised and bequeathed all her property, both real and personal, after the payment of her debts, to her daughter, Mrs. Harrison, for life, and at her death to her children then surviving, and the heirs of such of them as might be dead. The children of Mrs. Harrison in being at the time the ■suit of Harrison and wife v. Wallton’s Exor., &c., was brought were made parties defendant, and answered the bill by their guardian ad litem.
The general rule certainly is that no person is bound by a judgment or decree except those who were parties or standing in privity with others who were parties. But there are exceptions to the rule of equal authority with the rule itself. Baylor v. Dejarnette, 13 Gratt., at page 164. It would certainly be ■unreasonable and unjust that a party having a charge upon an estate affecting the whole fee should be delayed or embarrassed in enforcing his claim because of limitations by way of remainder to persons whom it might be impossible or improper to make parties to the cause. To obviate this difficulty the doctrine of virtual representation has been introduced by which -certain parties before the court are regarded as representing -those coming after them with contingent interests. Baylor v. Dejarnette, supra, 166.
It was said by Lord Redesdale in Giffard v. Hart., Sch. & [726]*726Lef.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Buchanan, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
This suit was brought by the appellants, the children of Sallie E. Harrison, against their mother and Robert Turnbull in his own right, and as executor of M. R. Wallton, deceased, for the purpose, as stated by the appellants in their petition for appeal, of charging the executor with the devastavit of the estate of his testatrix occasioned by his misconduct in the case of Harrison and wife against Wallton’s Executors and others.
The suit of Harrison and wife was instituted by the father and mother of the appellants against the appellee, Turnbull, as executor of Mrs. Wallton, and three of the appellants, all that were then in being, to ascertain the indebtedness of Mrs. Wall-ton’s estate, and to make sale of so much of the real -estate left by her as might be necessary to pay the debts.
[723]*723A history of the proceedings in that case, and of the misconduct of the executor relied on to show that he was guilty of a devastavit, is set out in the hill in this case, and with it are filed copies of portions of the record in that case, viz., the bill and its exhibits, the answer of the g’uardian ad litem, the decree of the court directing one of its commissioners to take an account of the debts of the estate and their priorities, and to report what portion of the real estate could be sold to pay off the debts; extracts from the commissioner’s report, the decree confirming it and directing sale of the land, the report of sale made by the commissioner to sell, the decree to sell enough of the personal estate to pay the residue of the debts remaining unpaid after exhausting the proceeds of the sale of the land upon certain conditions, the report of the commissioner showing the payment of the debts of the estate, and the completion of his duties as commissioner, and the final decree approving that report and striking the case from the docket.
The appellee, Turnbull, in his own right and as executor, demurrer to the bill, and, upon a hearing of the case upon the demurrer, the court dismissed the bill, without prejudice to the rights of the appellants, under section 3424 of the Code.
Prom that decree this appeal was taken.
If, as the appellants contend, the court sustained the demurrer to their bill because they could not bring suit to assert their rights until they became of age, it erred. Section 3424 of the Code allowing an infant, within six months after he becomes of age, to show cause against a decree or order in certain cases does not prevent him from asserting his rights whilst an infant by a next friend as soon as he sees fit to do so. Richmond v. Tayleur, 1 P. Williams, 733, 736-7; 1 Dan. Chy. Pr. 173 (side page); Judge Carr, in Tenant v. Patton, 6 Leigh, at page 208.
The grounds relied on here by the appellee to sustain his demurrer are, that the bill and exhibits in this case show that all matters about which complaint is now made were adjudicated [724]*724and finally settled in the case of Harrison and wife v. Wallton’s Executor, &c., and that these matters, being res judicata cannot be inquired into and made the subject of litigation in a collateral proceeding, as is attempted in this case.
The injuries complained of and for which the appellants seek compensation, resulted, as is alleged, from the gross negligence and misconduct of the executor in allowing the claims of Mrs. Harrison to be established as a debt against the estate of her mother when, in fact, there was nothing due her,, and from injuries arising from the subjection of the real estate primarily to the payment of that and other debts due from the estate instead of first subjecting the pex*sonal estate to their paymexxt. The bill and exhibits in this case show that both the validity and amount of Mrs. Harrison’s debt, and the propriety of subjecting the assets of the estate to the payment of the debts in the manner in which they were subjected were necessarily adjudicated and settled in that case.
There can be no recovery in this case against the executor without showing that the debt asserted by, and adjudged to' be due to, Mrs. Harrison in that case was not due her in whole or in part, or without showing that the manner in which the real estate was decreed to be and was subjected in that case was erroneous. The proceedings in that case not only bar a second suit between the same parties or their privies upon the same claim or demand, but they also bar a suit between the same parties or their privies upon a different cause of action, if it appears that the issue presented in the latter suit was involved and determined in the former suit. Shumate v. Supervisors, 84 Va. 574; Bigelow v. Winsow, 1 Gray. 299; 1 Freeman on Judg., secs. 253 to 258. See also Miller v. Wills, ante, p. 337; Miles v. Caldwell, 2 Wall. 35; Cromwell v. Sac County, 94 U. S. 351; Vanfleet’s Collateral Attack, sec. 17.
Such a judgment or decree is conclusive upon the parties to it until reversed upon appeal, or until set aside or annulled by some proceeding instituted for that purpose.
[725]*725And it is well settled with us that an infant, as a general rule, is as much bound by a decree against him as a person of full age. The law recognizes no distinction between a -decree against an infant and a decree against an adult. And therefore it is that an infant can impeach only upon the grounds which would invalidate it in the case of another person, such as fraud, collusion or error. Zirkle v. McCue, 26 Gratt. 517, 528; Pennybacker v. Switzer, 75 Va., at page 668; 1 Minor’s Inst., at pp. 507-8.
It is insisted that only those appellants who were in being and were parties to that suit are bound by the proceedings in that •case.
Mrs. Wallton had devised and bequeathed all her property, both real and personal, after the payment of her debts, to her daughter, Mrs. Harrison, for life, and at her death to her children then surviving, and the heirs of such of them as might be dead. The children of Mrs. Harrison in being at the time the ■suit of Harrison and wife v. Wallton’s Exor., &c., was brought were made parties defendant, and answered the bill by their guardian ad litem.
The general rule certainly is that no person is bound by a judgment or decree except those who were parties or standing in privity with others who were parties. But there are exceptions to the rule of equal authority with the rule itself. Baylor v. Dejarnette, 13 Gratt., at page 164. It would certainly be ■unreasonable and unjust that a party having a charge upon an estate affecting the whole fee should be delayed or embarrassed in enforcing his claim because of limitations by way of remainder to persons whom it might be impossible or improper to make parties to the cause. To obviate this difficulty the doctrine of virtual representation has been introduced by which -certain parties before the court are regarded as representing -those coming after them with contingent interests. Baylor v. Dejarnette, supra, 166.
It was said by Lord Redesdale in Giffard v. Hart., Sch. & [726]*726Lef. 686, 407-8, that where all the parties are brought before the court that can be brought before it, aud the court acts upon the property according to the rights that appear, without fraud, its decision must of necessity be final and conclusive. And this statement of the law is cited with approval by Judge Lee in Baylor v. Dejarnette, supra, and by Judge Moncure in Faulkner v. Davis, 18 Gratt. 651, 690, where the question is fully discussed.
The appellants who were not in being when the suit of Harrison and wife v. Wallton’s Exor. was instituted, and whom it was impossible to make parties to that suit in person must be regarded as parties to it by representation, and are as effectually bound by the decrees rendered in that cause as if they had been in being and made parties to it in person.
The counsel of the appellants also insist that, if it be necessary to set aside and annul any of the decree in the case of Harrison and wife v. Wallton’s Exor. in order that the executor may be held responsible for the devastavit charged, the averments of the bill in this case and the prayer for general relief are sufficient (treating it as an original bill in the nature of a bill of review) to enable the court to set aside and annul the decrees in that case which would bar a recovery in this.
In all suits instituted for the pmpose of impeaching transactions on the ground of fraud, it is essential that the nature of the case should be distinctly and accurately stated. It must be shown in what the fraud consists, and in what manner it has been affected. Where it is sought to set aside or annul a regular judgment or decree upon the ground that it was obtained by fraud practised upon a party, or upon the court during the trial, or in prosecuting the suit or in obtaining the judgment or decree, it is necessary, it is said, that the bill should state a case which shows actual fraud, (Kerr on Fraud & Mistake, 353; Patch v. Ward, 3 Chy. App. Cases L. N. 203. See also Milford and Taylor’s Pl. and Pr., 190, 191; U. S. v. Throckmorton, [727]*72798 U. S. 61); and that the suit should he brought for the express purpose of impeaching the decree, otherwise it will be regarded as a collateral attack. 2 Freeman on Judgments (4th ed.), 336; 12 Am. & Eng. En. of Law 147 j; Milford & Taylor’s PL & Pr. 190-1.
It is clear that this hill was not filed for the express purpose of impeaching the decrees rendered in the former case.
Yeither do the statements of the bill make a case of actual fraud. This is not contended. The claim is that it does show a case of constructive fraud, and that this is sufficient.
Whether it is essential, in order that a judgment or decree may be set aside and annulled for fraud, that the suit shall be brought expressly for that purpose, and that the hill shall state' a case of actual fraud, it is unnecessary to decide or express any opinion upon in this case, as the bill is fatally defective as a bill for that purpose, in another respect.
none of the purchasers of the lands sold in that case or those who held under them are made parties to this suit, except Mrs. Harrison. The persons whose rights would or might be affected by setting aside the decrees complained of were necessary parties to anysuit brought for that purpose, or in which such relief could be granted. Story’s Eq. PL, sec. 420; Harwood v. Railroad Co., 17 Wall. 78; 3 Amer. & Eng. En. Pl. & Pr. 620, &c.
We are of opinion that the court did not err in sustaining the demurrer of the executor to the hill, and dismissing the cause as to him.
neither did it err in dismissing it as to Mrs. Harrison, although she failed to appear and make defence. The defence of the executor, her co-defendant, was not personal to him. It went to the foundation of the appellant’s right to recover upon the case stated.
The bill did not make a case entitling the appellants to relief. It showed that the validity of Mrs. Harrison’s debt had been established in the case of Harrison and wife v. Wallton’s Exor., to [728]*728■which suit they were all parties. The court having jurisdiction both of the subject and the parties, the decrees in this case were a complete bar to a recovery against Mrs. Harrison as well as the executor as long as they remained in force. See Cartaigne v. Raymand, 4 Leigh 626, 627; Terry v. Fontaine, 83 Va. 451; Aiken v. Connelly, 24 S. E. 909-10.
The decree complained of must be affirmed.
Affirmed.