Chadwick, J.
At about four o’clock on the afternoon of the 27th day of March, 1915, respondent was struck by a car operated by appellant on the streets of Everett. The accident occurred on Colby avenue, a principal thoroughfare running north and south. Colby avenue intersects Hewitt avenue, the principal business street in the city. The Colby avenue cars have their southern terminus at Hewitt avenue. The first street north of Hewitt avenue is California street. From California street north to the place of the accident the grade is practically level. On the day mentioned, respondent, who is lame and quite hard of hearing, had gone to the office of Doctor Hathaway, on the west side of Colby avenue. He left his vehicle, a tricycle, in front of the doctor’s residence. After his errand had been performed, he mounted his tricycle, and, after looking to the south and seeing no car approaching and no vehicles other than some automobiles, he started diagonally across Colby avenue, intending to put himself on the east side of the car tracks, or on the right-hand side of the street.
The jury could have found that the car started from Hewitt avenue north on Colby street at about the time respondent left the curb in front of the doctor’s office. The motorman testified that he saw respondent leave the curb in front of the doctor’s office when he started the car at California street. The street car was stopped at California street to take on a passenger. The motorman sounded his gong as he started the car. As the car moved north, he appreciated the [434]*434fact that respondent was intent upon crossing the track. He sounded his gong almost continuously up to the time respondent was struck. The accident occurred approximately one hundred and sixty-five feet north of California street. Respondent’s tricycle was struck by the left-hand corner of the car. The car was stopped by setting the brakes hard, in a distance probably equal to, or little more than, its length, although the jury would have been justified in finding a greater distance.
The assignments of error all go to the legal sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the verdict, it being appellant’s contention that respondent was so regardless of his own safety that he is to be charged with contributory negligence, as a matter of law; and although appellant may have been negligent, the negligence of respondent was concurring and continuing up to the time of the accident. Appellant admits that respondent suffered from a certain degree of deafness, but contends that there is no evidence that the motorman knew of his infirmity. The position of appellant is that there was no duty on the part of the motorman to take care of respondent’s safety until respondent actually came into the zone of danger, which is fixed as the car track, or so near the car track that the car would strike any object in its way. This contention is based upon the assumption that there was a primary duty on the part of respondent, knowing of the existence of the car track and the possibility of cars approaching at any time, to take account of his own safety to the extent of looking before putting himself in a position where he might be injured.
The facts in this case are such that appellant cannot avail himself of the principles relied on. The duty of the motorman began at the very moment that he saw respondent moving into a situation of peril. That [435]*435moment is fixed by Ms own testimony wben be was starting tbe car at California street, or, in other words, tbe duty of tbe motorman began at tbe time be began to perform it. He sounded bis gong from tbe time be saw respondent until tbe car struck bim. Whether tbe mere ringing of tbe gong, which it is conceded did not attract respondent’s attention, was a sufficient performance of duty under all tbe facts was a question for tbe jury.
In Beeman v. Puget Sound, Traction, Light & Power Co., 79 Wash. 137, 139 Pac. 1087, speaking of tbe duty of a motorman on a street car—and it will be borne in mind that tbe duties of tbe traveler and tbe motorman are reciprocal—we quoted from Johnson v. Washington Water Power Co., 73 Wash. 616, 132 Pac. 392:
“A motorman has tbe right to assume that a person on tbe street will exercise such care to avoid injury, and be may lawfully act on that assumption, until the conduct of tbe person warns bim to tbe contrary. ”
But tbe continued movement of a person toward a place of danger, after a warning sound, is notice that be is unaware of bis peril and is enough to break tbe reciprocal balance of duty, and, if it can be said that be bad tbe time to do so, puts upon tbe motorman tbe positive duty of avoiding an accident.
In Budman v. Seattle Elec. Co., 61 Wash. 281, 112 Pac. 356, tbe motorman saw tbe plaintiff approaching tbe train wben distant about two car lengths. He let tbe car drift, and rang bis gong in time to warn plaintiff. He supposed plaintiff knew tbe car was coming. Tbe evidence did not show that tbe plaintiff actually knew of tbe existence of tbe car. A verdict of tbe jury that this did not meet tbe measure of tbe company’s duty was sustained. So in Tecker v. Seattle, Benton & Southern R. Co., 60 Wash. 570, 111 Pac. 791, Ann. Cas. 1912B 842:
[436]*436“The motorman testified that, when he first observed the boy, he was fifteen feet from the track, and in a place of safety, ‘if he had stopped’; that he kept ringing the gong, but that the boy ‘kept going right along’ and that the boy ‘was about fifteen feet of the car, running across through the street over the crossing.’ ”
We said:
“If, by the exercise of proper vigilance, the motorman could have seen the child in time to stop the car and avoid striking him, it was his duty to do so; and if, when he saw the boy, his conduct indicated that he was intending to cross the track, and that he had not seen the car or heard the signals, if any were given, it was the duty of the motorman to use every effort to stop the car.”
In each of these cases, the court noticed that the collateral facts of age and mental alertness were proper items to be considered by the jury. In the case at bar, respondent’s infirmity was a probative fact when considered in the light of all the evidence. We think the case falls naturally within the doctrine of the last clear chance, notwithstanding counsel’s contention “that, if the negligence of the appellant was merely concurrent with that of respondent, and that respondent’s negligence continued up to the time of the accident and was concurrent with that of the appellant, the doctrine of last clear chance has no application.”
Much of the confusion attending the doctrine of the last clear chance has come from a seeming belief on the part of many judges and text writers that it is in itself a principle of law and subject to arbitrary definition, whereas, it is no more than a judicial exception to established principles, resting, in fact and not in law. The chance to avoid an injury is a relative question, to be resolved solely by reference to the facts of each particular case. If the one party knows of the peril of the [437]*437other, although brought about by that other’s negligence, in time to avoid injuring him, he is at once put to a degree of care commensurate with the present situation of the parties.
The doctrine of last clear chance does not abrogate any of the rules of proximate cause; it rather affirms them.
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Chadwick, J.
At about four o’clock on the afternoon of the 27th day of March, 1915, respondent was struck by a car operated by appellant on the streets of Everett. The accident occurred on Colby avenue, a principal thoroughfare running north and south. Colby avenue intersects Hewitt avenue, the principal business street in the city. The Colby avenue cars have their southern terminus at Hewitt avenue. The first street north of Hewitt avenue is California street. From California street north to the place of the accident the grade is practically level. On the day mentioned, respondent, who is lame and quite hard of hearing, had gone to the office of Doctor Hathaway, on the west side of Colby avenue. He left his vehicle, a tricycle, in front of the doctor’s residence. After his errand had been performed, he mounted his tricycle, and, after looking to the south and seeing no car approaching and no vehicles other than some automobiles, he started diagonally across Colby avenue, intending to put himself on the east side of the car tracks, or on the right-hand side of the street.
The jury could have found that the car started from Hewitt avenue north on Colby street at about the time respondent left the curb in front of the doctor’s office. The motorman testified that he saw respondent leave the curb in front of the doctor’s office when he started the car at California street. The street car was stopped at California street to take on a passenger. The motorman sounded his gong as he started the car. As the car moved north, he appreciated the [434]*434fact that respondent was intent upon crossing the track. He sounded his gong almost continuously up to the time respondent was struck. The accident occurred approximately one hundred and sixty-five feet north of California street. Respondent’s tricycle was struck by the left-hand corner of the car. The car was stopped by setting the brakes hard, in a distance probably equal to, or little more than, its length, although the jury would have been justified in finding a greater distance.
The assignments of error all go to the legal sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the verdict, it being appellant’s contention that respondent was so regardless of his own safety that he is to be charged with contributory negligence, as a matter of law; and although appellant may have been negligent, the negligence of respondent was concurring and continuing up to the time of the accident. Appellant admits that respondent suffered from a certain degree of deafness, but contends that there is no evidence that the motorman knew of his infirmity. The position of appellant is that there was no duty on the part of the motorman to take care of respondent’s safety until respondent actually came into the zone of danger, which is fixed as the car track, or so near the car track that the car would strike any object in its way. This contention is based upon the assumption that there was a primary duty on the part of respondent, knowing of the existence of the car track and the possibility of cars approaching at any time, to take account of his own safety to the extent of looking before putting himself in a position where he might be injured.
The facts in this case are such that appellant cannot avail himself of the principles relied on. The duty of the motorman began at the very moment that he saw respondent moving into a situation of peril. That [435]*435moment is fixed by Ms own testimony wben be was starting tbe car at California street, or, in other words, tbe duty of tbe motorman began at tbe time be began to perform it. He sounded bis gong from tbe time be saw respondent until tbe car struck bim. Whether tbe mere ringing of tbe gong, which it is conceded did not attract respondent’s attention, was a sufficient performance of duty under all tbe facts was a question for tbe jury.
In Beeman v. Puget Sound, Traction, Light & Power Co., 79 Wash. 137, 139 Pac. 1087, speaking of tbe duty of a motorman on a street car—and it will be borne in mind that tbe duties of tbe traveler and tbe motorman are reciprocal—we quoted from Johnson v. Washington Water Power Co., 73 Wash. 616, 132 Pac. 392:
“A motorman has tbe right to assume that a person on tbe street will exercise such care to avoid injury, and be may lawfully act on that assumption, until the conduct of tbe person warns bim to tbe contrary. ”
But tbe continued movement of a person toward a place of danger, after a warning sound, is notice that be is unaware of bis peril and is enough to break tbe reciprocal balance of duty, and, if it can be said that be bad tbe time to do so, puts upon tbe motorman tbe positive duty of avoiding an accident.
In Budman v. Seattle Elec. Co., 61 Wash. 281, 112 Pac. 356, tbe motorman saw tbe plaintiff approaching tbe train wben distant about two car lengths. He let tbe car drift, and rang bis gong in time to warn plaintiff. He supposed plaintiff knew tbe car was coming. Tbe evidence did not show that tbe plaintiff actually knew of tbe existence of tbe car. A verdict of tbe jury that this did not meet tbe measure of tbe company’s duty was sustained. So in Tecker v. Seattle, Benton & Southern R. Co., 60 Wash. 570, 111 Pac. 791, Ann. Cas. 1912B 842:
[436]*436“The motorman testified that, when he first observed the boy, he was fifteen feet from the track, and in a place of safety, ‘if he had stopped’; that he kept ringing the gong, but that the boy ‘kept going right along’ and that the boy ‘was about fifteen feet of the car, running across through the street over the crossing.’ ”
We said:
“If, by the exercise of proper vigilance, the motorman could have seen the child in time to stop the car and avoid striking him, it was his duty to do so; and if, when he saw the boy, his conduct indicated that he was intending to cross the track, and that he had not seen the car or heard the signals, if any were given, it was the duty of the motorman to use every effort to stop the car.”
In each of these cases, the court noticed that the collateral facts of age and mental alertness were proper items to be considered by the jury. In the case at bar, respondent’s infirmity was a probative fact when considered in the light of all the evidence. We think the case falls naturally within the doctrine of the last clear chance, notwithstanding counsel’s contention “that, if the negligence of the appellant was merely concurrent with that of respondent, and that respondent’s negligence continued up to the time of the accident and was concurrent with that of the appellant, the doctrine of last clear chance has no application.”
Much of the confusion attending the doctrine of the last clear chance has come from a seeming belief on the part of many judges and text writers that it is in itself a principle of law and subject to arbitrary definition, whereas, it is no more than a judicial exception to established principles, resting, in fact and not in law. The chance to avoid an injury is a relative question, to be resolved solely by reference to the facts of each particular case. If the one party knows of the peril of the [437]*437other, although brought about by that other’s negligence, in time to avoid injuring him, he is at once put to a degree of care commensurate with the present situation of the parties.
The doctrine of last clear chance does not abrogate any of the rules of proximate cause; it rather affirms them. It is a rule of convenience as well as necessity, to which the courts have resorted in all proper cases where contributory negligence is plead as a defense and a jury is called upon to find the proximate cause. The rule, as we understand it to be, is laid down in Nellis on Street Railways (2d ed.), § 462:
‘1 Contributory negligence of a party injured will not defeat his action, if the defendant or its servants might by reasonable care and prudence have discovered his peril in time to save him, and thus have avoided the consequences of the injured party’s negligence. In such a case the plaintiff’s alleged contributory negligence could not be said to be the direct and proximate cause of the accident, but the defendant’s negligence would be the proximate cause and would thus render it liable.”
The argument of counsel is not unlike that made in the case of Mosso v. Stanton Co., 75 Wash. 220, 134 Pac. 941, L. R. A. 1916A 943, where it is said:
“The appellant cites certain authorities, most of them railroad or street car cases, and some of them cases arising on injuries to trespassers on railroad tracks, to sustain the contention that in no case can a plaintiff recover where his negligence continues up to the time of the injury. The authorities cited hardly bear that construction. ... At any rate, this court has held, in accordance with many courts and with what we conceive to be the more logical as well as the more humane rule, that where the peril of a traveler on the highway is actually discovered and should be appreciated by the operator of a street car, or other agency of danger, there arises a new duty to exercise all reasonable care to avoid injury, and the failure to [438]*438exercise such care, if it results in injury, will render a defendant liable notwithstanding the continuance of the plaintiff’s negligence up to the instant of injury. O’Brien v. Washington Water Power Co., 71 Wash. 688, 129 Pac. 391; Dyerson v. Union Pac. R. Co., 74 Kan. 528, 87 Pac. 680, 7 L. R. A. (N. S.) 132; Bruggerman v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 147 Iowa 187, 123 N. W. 1007.”
A fair statement of the law is to be found in Gallagher v. Manchester St. R., 70 N. H. 212, 47 Atl. 610:
“If due care on the part of either at the time of the injury would prevent it, the antecedent negligence of one or both parties is immaterial, except it may be as one of the circumstances by which the requisite measure of care is to be determined.”
In that case the motorman “might have stopped the car sooner than he did. ’ ’
Bedell v. Detroit, Y. & A. A. R., 131 Mich. 668, 92 N. W. 349, is a case somewhat similar to the case at bar. The plaintiff was afflicted with deafness, as is respondent. The court said:
“The only question which can fairly be made upon this record is whether the facts justified the submission of the question to the jury in the form adopted by the circuit judge. It is contended by the defendant that the evidence shows that the decedent was signalled by his companions, and warned of the danger. This is doubtless true, but it is also apparent that the decedent did not understand the signals given, and there was testimony from which the jury might have inferred that the motorman observed that these signals were not being understood or observed by decedent.
“The defendant also contends that the case is one like Fritz v. Railway Company, 105 Mich. 50 (62 N. W. 1007), namely, an attempt to cross the track, unexpected and sudden. But the present case differs from that in this: That for a considerable distance the decedent while pursuing his way on his bicycle, ahead of and in the same direction in which the electric car was [439]*439going, was near enough to the track to he in a place of danger; and this within the observation of the motorman. There was testimony, therefore, bringing the case within the rule of the cases first above cited, and, as the only error relied upon is the refusal of the circuit court to direct a verdict for the defendant, the judgment will be affirmed. ’ ’
In McAndrews v. St. Louis & Suburban R. Co., 83 Mo. App. 233, the court held:
‘ ‘ The only negligence attributable to plaintiff is that he endeavored to pass wagons on a public street which obstructed his way, and that in the necessary use of the part of the street covered by the tracks of defendant, he went upon the same without looking or listening for the approach of trains and that he continued to use this part of the street without looking for the approach of a train from his rear, up to the time of the accident. Conceding that this was negligence on the part of the plaintiff, yet the testimony fairly supports the inference that he went upon the track of defendant •at such a distance ahead of the car in his rear, that the motorman in charge of the car, by ordinary care, could have stopped the car, after he had discovered the plaintiff in a position of peril. This evidence presented an issue as to the proximate cause of the injury to plaintiff and the damage to his property, which he was entitled to have the jury pass upon.”
Fluhart v. Seattle Elec. Co., 65 Wash. 291, 118 Pac. 51; Helliesen v. Seattle Elec. Co., 56 Wash. 278, 105 Pac. 458; and Dimuria v. Seattle Transfer Co., 50 Wash. 633, 97 Pac. 657, 22 L. R. A. (N. S.) 471, are readily distinguished upon the facts. In none of these cases was the peril of the pedestrian apparent for an appreciable time before the accident, nor did it continue long enough after discovery to put the driver upon either actual or implied notice of the danger in time to have avoided the injury. Under a somewhat similar state of facts, we held that these cases would [440]*440not control. Ludwigs v. Dumas, 72 Wash. 68, 129 Pac. 903:
“He was in plain view of the defendant, and apparently crossing the course which defendant desired to take at that time. Whether he should have seen the defendant and avoided the automobile, or whether the defendant should have seen the plaintiff and avoided him, were, we think, questions for the jury.”
Scharf v. Spokane & Inland Empire R. Co., 92 Wash. 561, 159 Pac. 797, is also relied upon. That case was properly decided upon the theory that the one injured was a mere licensee or trespasser to whom the defendant company owed no duty other than to avoid a wanton or wilful injury. It will be observed that the opinion of the court does not rest entirely upon the continuing negligence of the decedent, but the knowledge of the respondent is considered as of equal weight.
Our attention is called to the case of Bullis v. Ball, 98 Wash. 342, 167 Pac. 942. That case has no bearing upon the case at bar. The court there held that the doctrine of the last clear chance was not applicable to the facts; but if it were so, the court had instructed upon the only phase of the doctrine that could have even a remote bearing, and inasmuch as appellant had not excepted to the instruction of the court, he was in no position to urge it as error. In the last analysis, the case of Bullis v. Ball was little more than a race for the crossing, a condition out of which no right of action could possibly arise.
In the instant case, respondent was in the rightful use of the street. His persistence in crossing, after timely warning had been given, was enough to put the motorman on notice that he was not in full possession of his faculties of seeing and hearing. When the motorman saw respondent and rang the gong, he had the [441]*441right to assume that respondent would look out for his own safety to the extent of stopping, or clearing the track if upon it. But when respondent did not heed the warning, the motorman, having time, was in duty bound to protect him.
In Johnson v. Washington Water Power Co., 73 Wash. 616, 132 Pac. 392, the injured party was aware of the approaching car. His duty was equal, if not greater, than that of the motorman, for knowing the situation, he could have kept his way or turned off the track and avoided the accident. His negligence was clearly the proximate cause.
It is charged that the affirmance of this case will indorse the doctrine of comparative negligence—a doctrine which this court has persistently rejected. There are cases somewhat similar where a recovery has been denied under the doctrine of comparative negligence, but this court, whether for sound or unsound reasons, has rejected these and like cases. In the Mosso case, the court assumed to divide the doctrine of the last clear chance, the first element being,
“. . . assuming that a traveler has negligently placed himself in a dangerous situation upon the highway, then, as we have seen, whenever the person in control of such agency actually sees the traveler’s situation and should appreciate his danger, the last chance rule applies, without regard to the continuing negligence of the traveler concurring with that of the operator up to the very instant of the injury.”
If this be án adoption of the doctrine of comparative negligence, and it be vicious, the court has erred in declaring what it has conceived to be “the more logical as well as the more humane rule,” and a majority of the judges have sustained it against repeated assaults.
Whether appellants had notice of the peril of respondent and had time to avoid injuring him, notwith[442]*442standing Ms contributory negligence, was a question for the jury.
The judgment is affirmed.
Ellis, C. J., Mount, Moeeis, and Holcomb, JJ., concur.