NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ____________
No. 19-1370 ____________
LISA TOMASI; LYDIA ZINZI; JEAN VELTEN, Appellants
v.
TOWNSHIP OF LONG BEACH a municipal corporation of the State of New Jersey; UNITED STATES ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
____________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (D.C. No. 3-14-cv-07319) District Judge: Honorable Peter G. Sheridan ____________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) January 13, 2020
Before: HARDIMAN, PORTER, and PHIPPS, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: January 14, 2020)
OPINION* ____________
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge.
Homeowners Lisa Tomasi, Lydia Zinzi, and Jean Velten appeal the District
Court’s order entering judgment for the United States Army Corps of Engineers (Army
Corps) and the Township of Long Beach. We will dismiss as to the Army Corps and
affirm as to the Township.
I1
This appeal arises from a property dispute among Homeowners, Long Beach
Township, and the Army Corps over a beach nourishment project in the Loveladies
section of the Township.
Hurricane Sandy struck the New Jersey coast in 2012, inflicting significant
damage in areas where the Army Corps had not completed beach nourishment projects.
See Tomasi v. Twp. of Long Beach, 364 F. Supp. 3d 376, 385 (D.N.J. 2019). To protect
those areas from future harm, the Governor of New Jersey ordered the New Jersey
Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) “to acquire the necessary interests in
real property to undertake Flood Hazard Risk Reduction Measures.” Executive Order No.
140 (Sept. 25, 2013), 45 N.J.R. 2289(a) (Oct. 21, 2013).
Consistent with the Governor’s Executive Order, the NJDEP and the Township
partnered with the Army Corps to complete a project in Loveladies. But the Army Corps
was willing to do so with federal funds only if the Township showed the affected beaches
1 The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and 5 U.S.C. § 704. We have jurisdiction to review the District Court’s order against the Township under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 2 had public access points about every half-mile or less. Because the Loveladies section did
not comply with this requirement, in August 2014 the Township proposed public access
through Homeowners’ private properties. Soon after, the Township adopted Ordinance
14-32, authorizing acquisition of a public easement across Homeowners’ properties for
public access from the road to the beach.
Homeowners filed their federal action against the Army Corps and Township in
November 2014. Homeowners claimed the Army Corps’s access requirement exceeded
the scope of its authority. Alternatively, they argued the requirement already was satisfied
in Loveladies, where there were four other public access points to the beach. While the
federal action was pending, the Township filed condemnation proceedings against
Homeowners in New Jersey state court. Homeowners moved to enjoin the condemnation
proceedings pending resolution of the federal action, but the District Court denied that
motion. The New Jersey state courts ultimately approved the Township’s condemnation
of Homeowners’ properties. Back in federal court, the Army Corps and the Homeowners
each requested summary judgment. By order dated January 31, 2019, the District Court
denied Homeowners’ motion, granted the Army Corps’s motion, and entered judgment
for Defendants. Homeowners appealed.
II
Homeowners raise two issues on appeal. First, they claim the District Court erred
in determining that the Army Corps’s half-mile beach public access requirement is an
enforceable interpretative rule. Second, they contend the Court erred in finding that the
Army Corps’s half-mile beach public access requirement is enforceable where the
3 requirement was already met in Loveladies. We have no jurisdiction to reach the merits
of these claims, however, because Homeowners lack constitutional standing. So we will
dismiss the appeal as to the Army Corps. And because Homeowners make no arguments
challenging the relief they had sought against the Township, we will affirm the judgment
entered in favor of it.
A.
To establish Article III standing, Homeowners “must demonstrate that they have
suffered an injury-in-fact, that the injury is causally connected and traceable to an action
of the [Army Corps], and that it is redressable.” The Pitt News v. Fisher, 215 F.3d 354,
359 (3d Cir. 2000) (citing Doe v. Nat’l Bd. of Med. Exam’rs, 199 F.3d 146, 152–53 (3d
Cir. 1999)). Homeowners have suffered an injury-in-fact because the Township
condemned portions of their properties. See id. at 360. But they cannot show that this
injury is fairly traceable to the Army Corps’s public access requirement or that this Court
can redress it.
Homeowners cannot show that their injuries are fairly traceable to the Army
Corps’s public access requirement because independent decisions by two other entities
separated Homeowners from the Army Corps’s requirement. See Soc’y Hill Towers
Owners’ Ass’n v. Rendell, 210 F.3d 168, 176 (3d Cir. 2000) (to establish standing, an
“injury has to be fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant and not the
result of the independent action of some third party not before the court”) (citation
omitted). First, the NJDEP decided that it wanted federal funds for the beach nourishment
project. Second, the Township decided to condemn properties to comply with the Army
4 Corps’s public access requirement so it could obtain federal funds. Then it determined
which properties to condemn. The Army Corps made none of these decisions, so
Homeowners’ injuries are not fairly traceable to the Army Corps.
Homeowners also lack standing because no order of this Court against the Army
Corps would redress their asserted injury. Homeowners seek declarations stating either
that the Army Corps’s funding requirements are invalid or that Loveladies already
satisfied the public access requirement. Neither of these declarations, if granted, would
undo the Township’s condemnation of their properties. See Toll Bros., Inc. v. Twp. of
Readington, 555 F.3d 131, 143 (3d Cir. 2009) (plaintiff must establish a “substantial
likelihood that the requested relief will remedy the alleged injury in fact”) (internal
citation and quotation marks omitted). And although Homeowners argue that the
Township would not have condemned their properties without the Army Corps’s funding
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ____________
No. 19-1370 ____________
LISA TOMASI; LYDIA ZINZI; JEAN VELTEN, Appellants
v.
TOWNSHIP OF LONG BEACH a municipal corporation of the State of New Jersey; UNITED STATES ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
____________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (D.C. No. 3-14-cv-07319) District Judge: Honorable Peter G. Sheridan ____________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) January 13, 2020
Before: HARDIMAN, PORTER, and PHIPPS, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: January 14, 2020)
OPINION* ____________
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge.
Homeowners Lisa Tomasi, Lydia Zinzi, and Jean Velten appeal the District
Court’s order entering judgment for the United States Army Corps of Engineers (Army
Corps) and the Township of Long Beach. We will dismiss as to the Army Corps and
affirm as to the Township.
I1
This appeal arises from a property dispute among Homeowners, Long Beach
Township, and the Army Corps over a beach nourishment project in the Loveladies
section of the Township.
Hurricane Sandy struck the New Jersey coast in 2012, inflicting significant
damage in areas where the Army Corps had not completed beach nourishment projects.
See Tomasi v. Twp. of Long Beach, 364 F. Supp. 3d 376, 385 (D.N.J. 2019). To protect
those areas from future harm, the Governor of New Jersey ordered the New Jersey
Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) “to acquire the necessary interests in
real property to undertake Flood Hazard Risk Reduction Measures.” Executive Order No.
140 (Sept. 25, 2013), 45 N.J.R. 2289(a) (Oct. 21, 2013).
Consistent with the Governor’s Executive Order, the NJDEP and the Township
partnered with the Army Corps to complete a project in Loveladies. But the Army Corps
was willing to do so with federal funds only if the Township showed the affected beaches
1 The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and 5 U.S.C. § 704. We have jurisdiction to review the District Court’s order against the Township under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 2 had public access points about every half-mile or less. Because the Loveladies section did
not comply with this requirement, in August 2014 the Township proposed public access
through Homeowners’ private properties. Soon after, the Township adopted Ordinance
14-32, authorizing acquisition of a public easement across Homeowners’ properties for
public access from the road to the beach.
Homeowners filed their federal action against the Army Corps and Township in
November 2014. Homeowners claimed the Army Corps’s access requirement exceeded
the scope of its authority. Alternatively, they argued the requirement already was satisfied
in Loveladies, where there were four other public access points to the beach. While the
federal action was pending, the Township filed condemnation proceedings against
Homeowners in New Jersey state court. Homeowners moved to enjoin the condemnation
proceedings pending resolution of the federal action, but the District Court denied that
motion. The New Jersey state courts ultimately approved the Township’s condemnation
of Homeowners’ properties. Back in federal court, the Army Corps and the Homeowners
each requested summary judgment. By order dated January 31, 2019, the District Court
denied Homeowners’ motion, granted the Army Corps’s motion, and entered judgment
for Defendants. Homeowners appealed.
II
Homeowners raise two issues on appeal. First, they claim the District Court erred
in determining that the Army Corps’s half-mile beach public access requirement is an
enforceable interpretative rule. Second, they contend the Court erred in finding that the
Army Corps’s half-mile beach public access requirement is enforceable where the
3 requirement was already met in Loveladies. We have no jurisdiction to reach the merits
of these claims, however, because Homeowners lack constitutional standing. So we will
dismiss the appeal as to the Army Corps. And because Homeowners make no arguments
challenging the relief they had sought against the Township, we will affirm the judgment
entered in favor of it.
A.
To establish Article III standing, Homeowners “must demonstrate that they have
suffered an injury-in-fact, that the injury is causally connected and traceable to an action
of the [Army Corps], and that it is redressable.” The Pitt News v. Fisher, 215 F.3d 354,
359 (3d Cir. 2000) (citing Doe v. Nat’l Bd. of Med. Exam’rs, 199 F.3d 146, 152–53 (3d
Cir. 1999)). Homeowners have suffered an injury-in-fact because the Township
condemned portions of their properties. See id. at 360. But they cannot show that this
injury is fairly traceable to the Army Corps’s public access requirement or that this Court
can redress it.
Homeowners cannot show that their injuries are fairly traceable to the Army
Corps’s public access requirement because independent decisions by two other entities
separated Homeowners from the Army Corps’s requirement. See Soc’y Hill Towers
Owners’ Ass’n v. Rendell, 210 F.3d 168, 176 (3d Cir. 2000) (to establish standing, an
“injury has to be fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant and not the
result of the independent action of some third party not before the court”) (citation
omitted). First, the NJDEP decided that it wanted federal funds for the beach nourishment
project. Second, the Township decided to condemn properties to comply with the Army
4 Corps’s public access requirement so it could obtain federal funds. Then it determined
which properties to condemn. The Army Corps made none of these decisions, so
Homeowners’ injuries are not fairly traceable to the Army Corps.
Homeowners also lack standing because no order of this Court against the Army
Corps would redress their asserted injury. Homeowners seek declarations stating either
that the Army Corps’s funding requirements are invalid or that Loveladies already
satisfied the public access requirement. Neither of these declarations, if granted, would
undo the Township’s condemnation of their properties. See Toll Bros., Inc. v. Twp. of
Readington, 555 F.3d 131, 143 (3d Cir. 2009) (plaintiff must establish a “substantial
likelihood that the requested relief will remedy the alleged injury in fact”) (internal
citation and quotation marks omitted). And although Homeowners argue that the
Township would not have condemned their properties without the Army Corps’s funding
guidelines, the Township successfully pursued condemnation proceedings in state court
through final appeal and have completed construction of the public walkway. Thus,
Homeowners have not shown that there is a substantial likelihood that a favorable
decision on the Army Corps’s rule would redress their injuries.
B.
Although Homeowners appeal the District Court’s order granting judgment for
both Defendants and challenge the Army Corps’s rule, they do not assert any basis for
this Court to reverse the judgment entered in favor of the Township on their Second
Amended Complaint. Nor do they challenge on appeal the Township’s decision to
provide public beach access every half-mile or its decision to condemn their properties.
5 Indeed, Homeowners make no mention on appeal of any of the relief sought against the
Township in the Second Amended Complaint. For example, they do not mention Count
Three’s request that Township’s Ordinance 14-32 be declared invalid or Count Four’s
prayer that the Township be enjoined from entering their properties, commencing
eminent domain proceedings that have already been completed, or pursuing other actions
as authorized by Ordinance 14-32. And although they argue on appeal that the Army
Corps’s requirement was already met in Loveladies—a claim raised against the Township
in Count Two in the Second Amended Complaint—this claim is now aimed at the Army
Corps. See Reply to Township Br. 13 (“Appellants are not challenging the Township’s
authority to condemn in the Third Circuit . . . Appellants’ federal claims instead arise out
of a challenge of a federal requirement being enforced by a federal agency.”)
Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment as to the Township.
* * *
For the foregoing reasons, we will dismiss the appeal as to the Army Corps and
affirm the District Court’s order entering judgment for the Township of Long Beach.