Lindsey Labella, et al. v. Apple Inc.

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: April 10, 2026
• Docket: 5:24-cv-07588
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 LINDSEY LABELLA, et al., Case No. 24-cv-07588-NW

8 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 9 v. DISMISS

10 APPLE INC, Re: ECF No. 80 Defendant. 11

12 13 Plaintiffs seek relief for their purchases of Apple AirPods Pro Generation One Headphones 14 that Plaintiffs allege Apple knowingly sold with sound quality defects. Plaintiffs filed a second 15 amended complaint (“SAC”) on November 25, 2025. ECF No. 79. Apple now moves to dismiss 16 the SAC in part. Mot., ECF No. 80. Plaintiffs opposed, and Apple filed a reply. ECF Nos. 82, 17 84. 18 Having considered the parties’ briefs and the relevant legal authority, the Court concluded 19 that oral argument is not required, see N.D. Cal. Civ. L.R. 7-1(b), and vacated the motion hearing. 20 The Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion without leave to amend. 21 I. BACKGROUND 22 The Court assumes familiarity with the background of this case. See ECF No. 73. In the 23 SAC, Plaintiffs seek certification of seven sub-classes of AirPods consumers in California, 24 Florida, Illinois, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas, as outlined below:1 25 26 27 1 State Plaintiffs Claims Motion to Dismiss 2 California Plaintiff Marc Breach of Implied Defendant moves to dismiss 3 Schaefer is a Warranty Under the breach of implied resident and California Law, Cal. Unif. warranty claims for all seven 4 citizen of Com. Code §§ 2314-2315 subclasses California and has (Count 1) 5 been at all times relevant to the Violation of the Song- N/A 6 SAC. Beverly Consumer 7 Warranty Act, Cal. Civ. Code § 1790, et seq. 8 (Count 2)

9 Violations of the N/A California Consumer 10 Legal Remedies Act, 11 (“CLRA”), Cal. Civ. Code § 1750, et seq. (Count 3) 12 Violations of the N/A 13 California Unfair 14 Competition Law, (“UCL”) Cal. Bus. & 15 Prof. Code 17200, et seq. (Count 4) 16 Violation of the California N/A 17 False Advertising Law, 18 (“FAL”), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code 17500, et seq. 19 (Count 5)

21 Florida Plaintiff Jeffrey Breach of Implied Defendant moves to dismiss Nykerk is a Warranty Under Florida the breach of implied 22 resident and Law, F.S.A. §§ 672.314- warranty claims for all seven citizen of Florida 672.315 (Count 6) subclasses 23 and has been at all times relevant to 24 the SAC. Breach of Florida N/A 25 Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act 26 (“FDUTPA”), West’s F.S.A. §§ 501.201- 27 501.213 (Count 7) 1 Illinois Plaintiff David Breach of Implied Defendant moves to dismiss 2 Ambrozic is a Warranty Under Illinois the breach of implied resident and Law, Ill. Unif. Com. Code warranty claims for all seven 3 citizen of Illinois §§ 5/2-314-5/2-315 subclasses and has been at all (Count 8) 4 times relevant to the SAC. Breach of Illinois N/A 5 Consumer Fraud and 6 Plaintiff Philip Deceptive Business Camacho2 is a Practices (“ICFA”), 815 7 resident and ILCS 505/1, et seq. citizen of (Count 9) 8 California. He has resided in 9 California since 10 about August 2023. On or 11 about March 27, 2020, while living 12 in Illinois, Mr. Camacho 13 purchased an 14 AirPods Pro Gen 1 from Amazon 15 online.

17 New York Plaintiff Jerry Breach of Implied Defendant moves to dismiss Mitchell Adair is Warranty Under New the breach of implied 18 a resident and York Law, N.Y. Unif. warranty claims for all seven citizen of New Com. Code §§ 2-314-2- subclasses 19 York and has been 315 (Count 10) at all times 20 relevant to the 21 SAC. Breach of New York N/A Deceptive Trade Practices 22 Plaintiff Daniel Act (“GBL”), N.Y. Gen. Kadyrov is a Bus. Law § 349 (Count 23 resident and 11) citizen of New 24 York and has been 25 at all times relevant to the 26 SAC.

27 Ohio Plaintiff Stacey Breach of Ohio Consumer Defendant moves to dismiss 1 Rodgers is a Sales Practices Act Plaintiff Rodger’s claim 2 resident and (“OCSPA”), O.R.C. under OCSPA citizen of Ohio § 1345 et seq. (Count 12) 3 and has been at all times relevant to 4 the SAC.

6 Pennsylvania Plaintiff Lindsey Breach of Implied Defendant moves to dismiss LaBella is a Warranty Under the breach of implied 7 resident and Pennsylvania Law, 13 warranty claims for all seven citizen of Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2314-2315 subclasses 8 Pennsylvania and (Count 13) has been at all 9 times relevant to Pennsylvania Unfair N/A 10 the SAC. Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Law 11 (“UTPCPL”), 73 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. §§ 201- 12 1–201-9.3 (Count 14) 13

14 Texas Plaintiff Michael Breach of Express Defendant moves to dismiss Pawson is a Warranty Under Texas Plaintiff Pawson’s claim for 15 resident and Law, Tex. Bus. & Com. express warranty citizen of Texas Code § 2.313 (Count 15) 16 and has been at all 17 times relevant to Breach of Implied Defendant moves to dismiss the SAC. Warranty Under Texas the breach of implied 18 Law, Tex. Bus. & Com. warranty claims for all seven Code §§ 2.314-2.315 subclasses 19 (Count 16)

20 21 II. LEGAL STANDARD 22 To survive a motion to dismiss, a plaintiff must plead “enough facts to state a claim to 23 relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). 24 The Court must “accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe the pleadings 25 in the light most favorable to the [plaintiff].” Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1072 (9th Cir. 26 2005). However, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 27 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 1 requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). See Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 2 F.3d 1097, 1106 (9th Cir. 2003). Rule 9(b) requires that “a party must state with particularity the 3 circumstances constituting fraud.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). “[A]llegations of fraud must be ‘specific 4 enough to give defendants notice of the particular misconduct which is alleged to constitute the 5 fraud charged so that they can defend against the charge and not just deny that they have done 6 anything wrong.’” Bly-Magee v. California, 236 F.3d 1014, 1019 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing 7 Neubronner v. Milken, 6 F.3d 666, 672 (9th Cir.1993)). A party alleging fraud must set forth “the 8 who, what, when, where, and how” of the misconduct. Vess, 317 F.3d at 1106 (quoting Cooper v. 9 Pickett, 137 F.3d 616, 627 (9th Cir. 1997)). With respect to Plaintiffs’ omission-based fraud 10 claims, “the pleading standard is lowered on account of the reduced ability in an omission suit ‘to 11 specify the time, place, and specific content, relative to a claim involving affirmative 12 misrepresentations.’” Barrett v. Apple Inc., No. 5:20-CV04812-EJD, 523 F.Supp.3d 1132, 1145 13 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 4, 2021) (internal citations omitted). 14 III. DISCUSSION 15 Plaintiffs bring sixteen claims across the seven putative sub-classes. Apple moves to 16 dismiss specifically: (a) “Plaintiff Pawson’s claim for breach of express warranty under Texas law 17 (Cause of Action 15),” (b) “Plaintiff Rodgers’ consumer protection claim under Ohio law (Cause 18 of Action 12),” and (c) “Plaintiffs’ claims for breach of the implied warranty of fitness for a 19 particular purpose (Causes of Action 1, 6, 8, 10, 13, and 16).” Mot. at v. The Court addresses 20 each argument in turn. 21 A. Plaintiff Pawson’s Claim for Breach of Express Warranty 22 Plaintiff Pawson alleges that he bought AirPods in November 2019, began experiencing 23 issues with his AirPods just under one year later in November 2020, and received replacement 24 AirPods soon after in January 2021. SAC ¶¶ 194-205. About two years later, in November 2023, 25 Pawson experienced issues with his replacement AirPods. SAC ¶ 206. Pawson brings a claim for 26 breach of express warranty under Texas law, see Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 2.313, alleging that 27 Apple did not properly repair Pawson’s AirPods because the “replacements later developed the 1 to provide under the One Year Limited Warranty.” SAC ¶ 404. Pawson argues that because 2 Apple did not “remediate the Audio Defect in Plaintiff Pawson’s defective AirPods Pro Gen 1 3 earbuds by repairing the underlying cause,” Apple breached the express warranty. SAC ¶ 406. 4 Apple argues that Pawson has failed to state a viable claim for breach of express warranty 5 because Pawson admitted he was provided with free replacement AirPods and used them for years 6 without issue – past the expiration of the warranty’s one-year term. Mot. at 5; SAC ¶ 400 (quoting 7 the express warranty, “Your Apple-branded or Beats-branded hardware product (“Product”) is 8 warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of ONE (1) YEAR from the 9 date of original retail purchase (“Warranty Period”) . . .” (emphasis in original)). 10 The Court finds Apple’s argument persuasive. Under Texas law, to recover for the breach 11 of an express warranty, a plaintiff must prove: (1) an express affirmation of fact or promise by the 12 seller relating to the goods; (2) that the affirmation of fact or promise became a part of the basis of 13 the bargain; (3) that the plaintiff relied upon that affirmation of fact or promise; (4) that the goods 14 failed to comply with the affirmation of fact or promise; (5) that the plaintiff was injured by the 15 failure of the product to comply with the express warranty; and (6) that the failure was the 16 proximate cause of plaintiff’s injury. Morris v. Adolph Coors Co., 735 S.W.2d 578, 587 (Tex. 17 App. 1987), writ refused NRE (Dec. 16, 1987). However, where there is an express written 18 warranty, the seller is only bound for the express term of the warranty. Lankford v. Rogers Ford 19 Sales, 478 S.W.2d 248, 250 (Tex. Civ. App. 1972), writ refused NRE (July 26, 1972). 20 Further, where a seller offers a particular remedy for an issue that arises under the warranty 21 (e.g., replacement of product), and “circumstances cause an exclusive or limited remedy to fail of 22 its essential purpose,” Texas law provides that the buyer can recover remedies other than the 23 particular remedy contemplated in the warranty. Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 2.719. Other 24 remedies are available when a buyer shows that the seller failed to “correct the defect within a 25 reasonable time or after multiple attempts,” such that the “circumstances cause an exclusive or 26 limited remedy to fail of its essential purpose.” Orthoflex, Inc. v. ThermoTek, Inc., No. 3:10-CV- 27 2618-D, 2013 WL 4045206, at *7 (N.D. Tex. Aug. 9, 2013); Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 2.719. 1 The Court finds no plausible claim in Pawson’s allegations that Apple breached the express 2 warranty within the one-year term. Additionally, Apple’s remedy of replacing Pawson’s AirPods 3 did not “fail of its essential purpose” because Apple replaced the AirPods timely and the 4 replacements continued to work for more than two and a half years. See Ross Neely Sys., Inc. v. 5 Navistar, Inc., No. 3:13-CV-1587-M-BN, 2015 WL 12939110, at *2 (N.D. Tex. May 28, 2015) 6 (“There is no failure of essential purpose if the seller repairs or replaces the warrantable defects 7 and the buyer subsequently accepts the [goods].”); compare Mercedes-Benz of North Am., Inc. v. 8 Dickenson, 720 S.W.2d 844, 854 (Tex. App. 1986) (finding a loss of substantial value of the 9 bargain where the buyer returned their car for repairs at least seven times over an eight-month 10 period, had the transmission in the vehicle replaced twice, and continued to experience issues). 11 Moreover, Pawson’s additional argument that the AirPods had defects that were not 12 discoverable on reasonable inspection also fails. See ECF No. 82 at 14. Pawson does not allege 13 sufficient facts to support this theory in the SAC. Pawson does not allege that he ever attempted 14 to discover the defect through ordinary care within his over two years of owning the replacement 15 AirPods. See SAC ¶¶ 72-74. Mere conclusory allegations of law are insufficient to defeat a 16 motion to dismiss. Mahoney v. Sessions, 871 F.3d 873, 877 (9th Cir. 2017). 17 The Court GRANTS Apple’s motion to dismiss Pawson’s express warranty claim (Count 18 15). 19 B. Plaintiff Rodgers’ Consumer Protection Claim 20 Plaintiff Rogers brings a claim under Ohio’s Consumer Sales Practices Act (“OCSPA”), 21 see Ohio Revised Code § 1345, et seq., alleging that Apple omitted material facts regarding audio 22 defects of the AirPods. Rodgers “only brings an omissions-based OCSPA claim,” and does not 23 proceed with any claims based on affirmative misrepresentations. ECF No. 82 at 15. 24 Apple argues that Plaintiff Rodgers’ omission-based claim should be dismissed because 25 she does not allege that she ever viewed any Apple marketing material or other representations 26 prior to purchasing her AirPods. Mot. at 7. 27 Rodgers asserts that Apple’s argument is precluded because the Court previously denied 1 Apple’s motion to dismiss the FAC, the Court held that it was “premature for the Court to 2 address” the claims for fraud by omission in the FAC. ECF No. 73. But the Court separately 3 analyzed Rodgers’ OSPCA claim on all theories and found that “Rodgers’ OCSPA claim fails to 4 meet the heighted pleading standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b).” Id. at 8. 5 In the SAC, Rodgers has not cured the deficiencies with her OCSPA claim that the Court 6 identified in its prior Order. The issue with the OCSPA claim is specific to Rodgers’ allegations; 7 the other omission-based claims do not share the same concern. Namely, Rodgers has not alleged 8 that she reviewed any Apple marketing materials before making her purchase. Compare e.g., SAC 9 ¶ 163 (for Plaintiff Kadyrov, prior to purchase, he “saw various promotional and other material 10 reflecting Apple’s advertisement” and he “regularly monitors Apple’s new product releases, and 11 he visited Apple’s website, which advertised its AirPods”); Id. ¶ 186 (for Plaintiff LaBella, prior 12 to her purchase, she “viewed an online commercial” and “viewed Apple’s advertising of the 13 AirPods Pro Gen 1s on Apple’s website”); Id. ¶ 196 (for Plaintiff Pawson, prior to his purchase, 14 Pawson “visited Apple’s website, which advertised its AirPods”). 15 While Rodgers amended her claim to allege that she purchased AirPods from Apple’s 16 website, see SAC ¶ 175, the Court finds these additions insufficient under Rule 9(b). Detrick v. 17 KCS Int'l Inc., 781 F. Supp. 3d 588, 618 (N.D. Ohio 2025) (to state a OCSPA claim, the plaintiff 18 must show that a material misrepresentation or omission “impacted his decision to purchase the 19 item at issue” (internal citation omitted)). Rodgers does not specify whether she viewed 20 marketing materials, promotions, branding, or other forms of advertisement; whether she reviewed 21 those materials before her purchase; and whether she based her purchase on what she learned in 22 those materials. Simply, Rodgers has not alleged that she viewed, prior to her purchase, any 23 materials that would have included the allegedly omitted information. “[T]here must be a cause 24 and effect relationship between the defendant’s acts and the plaintiff’s injuries.” Lilly, Jr. v. 25 Hewlett-Packard Co., No. 1:05-CV-465, 2006 WL 1064063, at *5 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 21, 2006); In 26 re Porsche Cars N. Am., Inc., 880 F. Supp. 2d 801, 871 (S.D. Ohio 2012) (“Omissions are 27 actionable under the OCSPA if they concern a matter that is or is likely to be material to a 1 Because there is no indication that Rodgers relied upon Apple’s marketing – where an alleged 2 omission would have been included – when making her purchase, Rodgers has not sufficiently 3 alleged a “cause and effect relationship” between Apple’s actions and her injury. 4 The Court GRANTS Apple’s motion to dismiss Rodgers’ OCSPA claim (Count 12). 5 C. Plaintiffs’ Claims for Breach of the Implied Warranty of Fitness for a 6 Particular Purpose 7 Plaintiffs bring claims for breach of implied warranty under the laws of six of the seven 8 putative sub-classes.3 See Cal. Com. Code §§ 2314-2315; Fla. Stat. Ann. §§ 672.314-672.315; Ill. 9 Unif. Com. Code §§ 5/2-314-5/2-315; N.Y. Unif. Com. Code §§ 2-314-2-315; 13 Pa. Cons. Stat. 10 §§ 2314-2315; Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. §§ 2.314-2.315. In their opposition, Plaintiffs 11 concede that they “narrow their implied warranty claims to a claim for breach of the implied 12 warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and do not base their implied warranty claims on a 13 breach of the implied warranty of ordinary use.” ECF No. 82 at 21 n. 7. Plaintiffs argue that they 14 purchased AirPods for the “particular purpose” of the noise-cancelling functionality. ECF No. 82 15 at 7. 16 Apple argues that Plaintiffs fail to state claims under each state law because Plaintiffs’ 17 alleged “particular purpose” – use of AirPods noise cancelling functionality – is far from a 18 particular use specific to any of the Plaintiffs. Apple stresses that noise cancellation is part of the 19 ordinary and advertised function and design of AirPods. See Mot. at 10-11. Plaintiffs agree that 20 the noise-cancelling functionality was “heavily advertised.” ECF No. 82 at 7. 21 Each of the state laws Plaintiffs bring claims under are based on Uniform Commercial 22 Code Section 2-315. Section 2-315 states: 23 Where the seller at the time of contracting has reason to know any particular purpose for which the goods are required and that the buyer 24 is relying on the seller’s skill or judgment to select or furnish suitable goods, there is unless excluded or modified under the next section an 25 implied warranty that the goods shall be fit for such purpose. 26 U.C.C. § 2-315 (Implied Warranty: Fitness for Particular Purpose). Each state law requires that 27 1 the seller has reason to know that the buyer is buying the goods for a particular purpose, and that 2 the buyer is relying on the seller to select suitable goods for the particular purpose. 4 See e.g., 3 Cardinal Health 301, Inc. v. Tyco Elecs. Corp., 169 Cal. App. 4th 116 (2008) (“The implied 4 warranty of fitness for a particular purpose is a warranty implied by law when a seller has reason 5 to know that a buyer wishes goods for a particular purpose and is relying on the seller’s skill and 6 judgment to furnish those goods.” (internal citations omitted)). A particular purpose refers to “a 7 use different from the ordinary purpose of the product.” Watkins v. MGA Ent., Inc., 550 F. Supp. 8 3d 815, 832 (N.D. Cal. 2021) (citing California law). 9 In the Court’s Order on Apple’s first motion to dismiss, the Court found that the various 10 Plaintiffs had not each individually alleged facts indicating that they purchased AirPods for the 11 noise-cancelling function, and granted Plaintiffs leave to amend. ECF No. 73. In the SAC, 12 Plaintiffs alleged updated facts addressing the Court’s finding. However, Plaintiffs still fail to 13 state a claim for breach of the implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose. Plaintiffs have 14

15 4 Regarding the implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose under the laws of the other states at issue, see Florida – McLeod v. W. S. Merrell Co., Div. of Richardson-Merrell, 174 So. 2d 16 736, 738 (Fla. 1965) (“An implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose is conditioned upon the buyer’s reliance on the skill and judgment of the seller to supply a commodity suitable for the 17 intended purpose.”); Illinois – South Side Tr. & Sav. Bank of Peoria v. Mitsubishi Heavy Indus., 18 Ltd., 401 Ill. App. 3d 424, 436–37, 927 N.E.2d 179, 191 (2010) (“to show the existence and breach of an implied warranty of fitness for particular purpose, a plaintiff must show (1) a sale of 19 goods, (2) that the seller had reason to know of any particular purpose for which the goods are required, (3) that plaintiff, as buyer of the goods, was relying upon seller’s skills or judgment to 20 select suitable goods, and (4) that the goods were not fit for the particular purpose for which they 21 were used.”); New York – Saratoga Spa & Bath, Inc. v. Beeche Sys. Corp., 230 A.D.2d 326, 331, 656 N.Y.S.2d 787, 790 (1997) (“For an implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose claim 22 to arise, the buyer must establish that the seller had reason to know, at the time of contracting, the buyer’s particular purpose for which the goods are required and that the buyer was justifiably 23 relying upon the seller’s skill and judgment to select and furnish suitable goods, and that the buyer did in fact rely on that skill.”); Pennsylvania – Gall by Gall v. Allegheny County Health 24 Department, 521 Pa. 68, 555 A.2d 786 (1989) (An implied warranty of fitness for a particular 25 purpose is breached when a seller “has reason to know: (1) any particular purpose for which the goods are required; and (2) that the buyer is relying on the skill or judgment of the seller to select 26 or furnish suitable goods”); Texas – Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 2.315 (“Where the seller at the time of contracting has reason to know any particular purpose for which the goods are required 27 and that the buyer is relying on the seller’s skill or judgment to select or furnish suitable goods, 1 alleged only that they purchased AirPods “as headphones capable of noise cancellation,” and for 2 noise cancelling in ANC and Transparency modes.” SAC ¶¶ 372, 416. These uses are the 3 “ordinary purpose[s]” for which AirPods were widely marketed, as Plaintiff acknowledges. 4 Watkins, 550 F. Supp. 3d at 832; SAC ¶ 417 (“AirPods . . . were headphones that Apple, an 5 electronics manufacturer and retailer, advertised as suitable for use to remove unwanted 6 background noise for an “immersive noise-cancelling experience.”). 7 The emphasis of the particular purpose analysis is whether there was a use case that was 8 particular to the buyer. “[A] particular purpose ‘envisages a specific use by the buyer which 9 is peculiar to the nature of his business.’” Strauss v. Ford Motor Co., 439 F. Supp. 2d 680, 686 10 (N.D. Tex. 2006) (citing Tex Bus & Comm Code § 2.315). In each implied warranty cause of 11 action, Plaintiffs repeat the same allegations that AirPods “were suited for the particular purpose 12 of noise cancelling in ANC and Transparency modes.” SAC ¶¶ 225, 281, 306, 335, 372, 417. 13 Plaintiff do not allege facts specific to their own “peculiar” interest in AirPods, and the repetitive 14 nature of the pleadings undermines any argument by Plaintiffs that they were individually 15 interested in anything other than the as-advertised, ordinary noise-cancelling function of AirPods. 16 Plaintiffs do not “allege a particular or unusual use different from the purpose for which the item 17 sold is ordinarily used.” Fred's Excavating & Crane Serv., Inc. v. Cont'l Ins. Co., 340 So. 2d 18 1220, 1220 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1976). 19 The Court GRANTS Apple’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ implied warranty claims 20 (Counts 1, 6, 8, 10, 13, and 16). 21 IV. CONCLUSION 22 The Court GRANTS Apple’s motion to dismiss without leave to amend. Smith v. YETI 23 Coolers, LLC, No. 24-CV-01703-RFL, 2025 WL 877127, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 14, 2025) 24 (“[B]ecause Plaintiff[s] failed to correct the deficiencies previously identified, the motion to 25 dismiss is granted without leave to amend”). The Court dismisses Plaintiff Pawson’s claim for 26 breach of express warranty under Texas law (Count 15), Plaintiff Rodgers’ consumer protection 27 claim under Ohio law (Count 12), and Plaintiffs’ claims for breach of the implied warranty of ] Plaintiffs shall file a third amended complaint reflecting on/y the remaining claims (Counts 2 2,3,4,5, 7,9, 11, 14) by April 22, 2026. Plaintiffs shall not add any parties or claims. Apple 3 shall file an answer to Plaintiffs’ third amended complaint by May 13, 2026. The Court directs the 4 || parties to begin discovery. 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 || Dated: April 10, 2026 4 . Noél Wise 8 United States District Judge 9 10 1] a 12

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