F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 20 1999 TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
MARK E. LEWIS,
Petitioner - Appellant, v. No. 99-5167 (D.C. No. 98-CV-715-K) BOBBY BOONE, Warden, Mack (Northern District of Oklahoma) Alford Correctional Center,
Respondent - Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRORBY, EBEL and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
State prisoner Mark E. Lewis, appearing pro se, requests a certificate of
appealability to contest the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of
habeas corpus. The district court dismissed his petition as untimely pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d). Because Lewis fails to make a substantial showing of the
* The case is unanimously ordered submitted without oral argument pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. denial of a constitutional right, we decline to issue a certificate of appealability.
See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c).
A jury convicted Lewis of four counts of first-degree rape and one count
each of forcible sodomy and larceny from a house. The Oklahoma Court of
Criminal Appeals affirmed his convictions on March 25, 1993, and therefore they
became final on or about June 24, 1993, following the expiration of the 90-day
time period for filing a petition for writ of certiorari in the United States Supreme
Court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A).
Approximately four years later, Lewis filed a petition for post-conviction
relief. The precise date of this filing is uncertain from the record before us.
However, it is a matter of record that the Tulsa County District Court denied post-
conviction relief on October 20, 1997. It appears the Oklahoma Court of
Criminal Appeals rejected as untimely Lewis’s appeal of that denial on January
28, 1998.
On September 18, 1998, Lewis filed his application for federal habeas
relief. The district court dismissed it as untimely pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(d). This provision of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
(“AEDPA”), effective April 24, 1996, provides that “[a] 1-year period of
limitation shall apply to an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in
custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). It
-2- also provides for tolling of the time limit while “a properly filed application for
State post-conviction or other collateral review” is pending in state court. 28
U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2).
To avoid retroactivity problems, we have construed the limitation period of
§ 2244(d) to run from AEDPA’s effective date, April 24, 1996, in the case of
prisoners whose convictions became final prior to that date. See Hoggro v.
Boone, 150 F.3d 1223, 1225-26 (10th Cir. 1998). Furthermore, we have
recognized that the state court tolling provision of § 2244(d)(2) applies to this
one-year grace period. See id. at 1226.
Lewis challenges the district court’s finding of untimeliness. First, he
asserts in his brief on appeal that he submitted his request for state post-
conviction relief to the prison mail system on April 22, 1997, one day before the
expiration of the AEDPA limitations grace period. Under the prison mailbox
rule, he argues, this began tolling of the limitations period pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(d)(2). The one-year grace period for inmates whose convictions became
final prior to AEDPA’s effective date is subject to tolling pursuant to
§ 2244(d)(2). See Hoggro, 150 F.3d at 1226. However, even were Lewis’s
unsupported assertions of filing his state post-conviction application prior to
-3- April 23, 1997, correct, his habeas petition would still be untimely. 1 Such filing
would leave only one day of the limitations period remaining after denial of state
post-conviction relief. It appears Lewis waited nearly another eleven months
from the denial of his state post-conviction application in October 1997 before
filing of his federal habeas petition in September 1998. Even if his state appeal
of the denial of post-conviction relief (which the OCCA apparently dismissed as
untimely and therefore cannot constitute a “properly filed application” under 28
U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2)) had been properly filed and therefore tolled the AEDPA
limitations period, Lewis’s federal habeas petition would still be untimely,
because some eight months lapsed between the OCCA’s ruling in January 1998
and Lewis’s habeas filing in September 1998.
Lewis asserts that an unconstitutional state-created impediment to filing his
application prevented him from filing, thereby triggering a later onset of the
limitations period pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A). This alleged violation
apparently refers to the right of access to courts discussed in Bounds v. Smith,
430 U.S. 817, 821-22 (1977), modified by Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 351-55
1 We have applied the “prison mailbox rule” of Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 270-72 (1988), to assess the timeliness of federal habeas filings under the AEDPA limitations period. See United States v. Gray, 182 F.3d 762, 764 (10th Cir. 1999). Because it is irrelevant to our resolution of this matter, we need not resolve the application of the prison mailbox rule to the tolling provision of 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2), but the logic of Houston and Gray strongly suggests that the rule necessarily applies.
-4- (1996). Prisoners do have a constitutional right of access to the courts to
challenge the validity of their sentence, and part of this constitutional right is a
requirement that prison officials assist inmates in filing nonfrivolous legal claims
“by providing prisoners with adequate law libraries or adequate assistance from
persons trained in the law.” Lewis, 518 U.S. at 346 (quoting Bounds, 430 U.S. at
828); see also Penrod v. Zavaras, 94 F.3d 1399, 1403 (10th Cir. 1996) (per
curiam) (applying Lewis and Bounds to a claim of inadequate access to a prison
law library).
Lewis concedes that he had assistance from inmate legal assistants, but
argues that they erroneously informed him, contrary to the plain language of 28
U.S.C.
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F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 20 1999 TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
MARK E. LEWIS,
Petitioner - Appellant, v. No. 99-5167 (D.C. No. 98-CV-715-K) BOBBY BOONE, Warden, Mack (Northern District of Oklahoma) Alford Correctional Center,
Respondent - Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRORBY, EBEL and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
State prisoner Mark E. Lewis, appearing pro se, requests a certificate of
appealability to contest the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of
habeas corpus. The district court dismissed his petition as untimely pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d). Because Lewis fails to make a substantial showing of the
* The case is unanimously ordered submitted without oral argument pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. denial of a constitutional right, we decline to issue a certificate of appealability.
See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c).
A jury convicted Lewis of four counts of first-degree rape and one count
each of forcible sodomy and larceny from a house. The Oklahoma Court of
Criminal Appeals affirmed his convictions on March 25, 1993, and therefore they
became final on or about June 24, 1993, following the expiration of the 90-day
time period for filing a petition for writ of certiorari in the United States Supreme
Court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A).
Approximately four years later, Lewis filed a petition for post-conviction
relief. The precise date of this filing is uncertain from the record before us.
However, it is a matter of record that the Tulsa County District Court denied post-
conviction relief on October 20, 1997. It appears the Oklahoma Court of
Criminal Appeals rejected as untimely Lewis’s appeal of that denial on January
28, 1998.
On September 18, 1998, Lewis filed his application for federal habeas
relief. The district court dismissed it as untimely pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(d). This provision of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
(“AEDPA”), effective April 24, 1996, provides that “[a] 1-year period of
limitation shall apply to an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in
custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). It
-2- also provides for tolling of the time limit while “a properly filed application for
State post-conviction or other collateral review” is pending in state court. 28
U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2).
To avoid retroactivity problems, we have construed the limitation period of
§ 2244(d) to run from AEDPA’s effective date, April 24, 1996, in the case of
prisoners whose convictions became final prior to that date. See Hoggro v.
Boone, 150 F.3d 1223, 1225-26 (10th Cir. 1998). Furthermore, we have
recognized that the state court tolling provision of § 2244(d)(2) applies to this
one-year grace period. See id. at 1226.
Lewis challenges the district court’s finding of untimeliness. First, he
asserts in his brief on appeal that he submitted his request for state post-
conviction relief to the prison mail system on April 22, 1997, one day before the
expiration of the AEDPA limitations grace period. Under the prison mailbox
rule, he argues, this began tolling of the limitations period pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(d)(2). The one-year grace period for inmates whose convictions became
final prior to AEDPA’s effective date is subject to tolling pursuant to
§ 2244(d)(2). See Hoggro, 150 F.3d at 1226. However, even were Lewis’s
unsupported assertions of filing his state post-conviction application prior to
-3- April 23, 1997, correct, his habeas petition would still be untimely. 1 Such filing
would leave only one day of the limitations period remaining after denial of state
post-conviction relief. It appears Lewis waited nearly another eleven months
from the denial of his state post-conviction application in October 1997 before
filing of his federal habeas petition in September 1998. Even if his state appeal
of the denial of post-conviction relief (which the OCCA apparently dismissed as
untimely and therefore cannot constitute a “properly filed application” under 28
U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2)) had been properly filed and therefore tolled the AEDPA
limitations period, Lewis’s federal habeas petition would still be untimely,
because some eight months lapsed between the OCCA’s ruling in January 1998
and Lewis’s habeas filing in September 1998.
Lewis asserts that an unconstitutional state-created impediment to filing his
application prevented him from filing, thereby triggering a later onset of the
limitations period pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A). This alleged violation
apparently refers to the right of access to courts discussed in Bounds v. Smith,
430 U.S. 817, 821-22 (1977), modified by Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 351-55
1 We have applied the “prison mailbox rule” of Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 270-72 (1988), to assess the timeliness of federal habeas filings under the AEDPA limitations period. See United States v. Gray, 182 F.3d 762, 764 (10th Cir. 1999). Because it is irrelevant to our resolution of this matter, we need not resolve the application of the prison mailbox rule to the tolling provision of 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2), but the logic of Houston and Gray strongly suggests that the rule necessarily applies.
-4- (1996). Prisoners do have a constitutional right of access to the courts to
challenge the validity of their sentence, and part of this constitutional right is a
requirement that prison officials assist inmates in filing nonfrivolous legal claims
“by providing prisoners with adequate law libraries or adequate assistance from
persons trained in the law.” Lewis, 518 U.S. at 346 (quoting Bounds, 430 U.S. at
828); see also Penrod v. Zavaras, 94 F.3d 1399, 1403 (10th Cir. 1996) (per
curiam) (applying Lewis and Bounds to a claim of inadequate access to a prison
law library).
Lewis concedes that he had assistance from inmate legal assistants, but
argues that they erroneously informed him, contrary to the plain language of 28
U.S.C. § 2244(d), that the one-year limitations period for federal habeas petitions
does not begin to run until after resolution of state post-conviction proceedings.
Such erroneous assistance does not necessarily rise to the level of a denial of
access to courts as contemplated by Lewis. To show a Bounds violation, an
inmate must “demonstrate that the alleged shortcomings in the library or legal
assistance program hindered his efforts to pursue a legal claim. . . . for example,
that a complaint he prepared was dismissed for failure to satisfy some technical
requirement which, because of deficiencies in the prison’s legal assistance
facilities, he could not have known.” Lewis, 518 U.S. at 351 (emphasis added).
Lewis does not allege that the prison’s law library lacked a copy of 28 U.S.C.
-5- § 2244 and therefore could not have known of the deadline. Bounds and Lewis
guarantee only an adequate level of library facilities and/or legal assistance; the
Supreme Court has never held that they represent a guarantee against errors by
inmate legal assistants when library facilities are otherwise available. Therefore,
Lewis’s allegations do not rise to the level of an unconstitutional state-created
impediment so as to invoke the later onset of the limitations period provided for
by 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A). Moreover, Lewis’s claim of ignorance of the
§ 2244 deadline does not reflect a state-created impediment, as contemplated by
§ 2244(d)(1)(A), and his alleged ignorance of the deadline is therefore more
appropriately addressed in our consideration of equitable tolling than as grounds
for delayed onset of the limitations period.
Furthermore, the record indicates that the prison’s allegedly inadequate
legal assistance did not prevent Lewis from filing an unrelated state mandamus
action on April 18, 1996. His filing of this action strongly suggests there was no
impediment to the exhaustion of his state remedies and to the filing of a federal
habeas petition within the limitations period. The filing of the mandamus action
also appears to refute Lewis’s assertion in his brief on appeal that he was in
continuous segregative isolation from February 1992 through September 1997,
resulting in a lack of access to legal materials and thereby the courts.
-6- Insofar as Lewis’s submission to this court can be read as a request for
equitable tolling under Miller v. Marr, 141 F.3d 976, 978 (10th Cir. 1998), we
see no grounds for the exercise of our equitable power to toll the AEDPA
limitations period. The salient fact in this case is that Lewis delayed some four
years in filing his state post-conviction application. His lack of diligence
therefore precludes equitable tolling, as noted by the district court. Cf. Lewis,
518 U.S. at 351 (stating that an inmate must “demonstrate that the alleged
shortcomings in the library or legal assistance program hindered his efforts to
pursue a legal claim”). Considering that a non-capital federal habeas petitioner
does not enjoy the same constitutional right to counsel in seeking habeas relief as
he does on direct appeal, we cannot conclude that alleged reliance on erroneous
advice from an inmate legal assistant constitutes cause and prejudice sufficient to
compel the exercise of our equitable tolling power. Cf. Rodriguez v. Maynard,
948 F.2d 684, 688 (10th Cir. 1991) (holding that “pro se status and . . .
corresponding lack of awareness and training on legal issues do not constitute
adequate cause” for failure to raise an issue in a previous habeas petition).
The application for a certificate of appealability is DENIED; this matter is
DISMISSED. The mandate shall issue forthwith.
-7- ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Carlos F. Lucero Circuit Judge
-8-