Tilghman C. J.
The plaintiff was a purchaser at the sheriff’s sale, by virtue of an execution levied on a tract of land belonging to Daniel Turner. The defendant claims under Turner by a parol agreement accompanied with possession. Although our act of assembly requires all contracts concerning land to be reduced -to writing, yet under the decisions which have been made, there can be no doubt, but that where the contract has been executed and carried into effect by payment of a valuable consideration and delivery of possession, the contract is binding between the parties. But where a third person is to be affected, the case is more difficult. In order to bind him, Something must be shown, which makes it unequitable to break the parol contract. The defendant undertakes to show that the plaintiff purchased with notice of the contract; and if so, it would certainly be against equity that he should recover in this suit. But it behoves a person who stands on a defence of this kind, to make out a clear case. No actual notice has been proved, but it is contended that the possession of the defendant was notice in law* [132]*132These legal notices, being sometimes contrary to the fací, are confined to cases in which violent presumption of actual notice arises. The undisturbed possession of land, has generally been considered as legal notice, because the fact of possession being notorious, it is sufficient to put the purchaser on his guard, and to induce him to inquire into the title of the possessor. But to intitle the bare possession to such weight, it ought to be a clear unequivocal possession.' Let us exámine what kind of possession has been proved in the present case. The defendant is the brother-in-law of Daniel Turner, and lived at the time of the sheriff’s sale, and for a considerable time before, on one corner of Turner’s tract. Turner had erected a forge, grist mill and saw mill, with all those small buildings, which are connected with works of that kind. It is well known that in such cases, the workmen frequently occupy houses with small portions of land annexed to them. And when a person throws his eye over a forge and mills, and the adjacent buildings and inclosures, it naturally occurs to him, that they all belong to the proprietor of the works. The defendant has been guilty of extraordinary negligence; for not only has he omitted to survey and mark the bounds of his claim, but he-has given no decided evidence of boundary. His contract was to have fifty acres of land somewhere about his house; but whether he was to cross the stream and include the land on both sides, so as to have the command of the water, was not proved. Now this is a most important circumstance. For if he has the command of the water, which it is said he claims, he may exercise it in such a manner as to do material injury to the iron works erected by Turner. The defendant’s claim is principally woodland, consequently the knowledge of his possession is so much the more difficult. Under all these .circumstances, it would be going too far to say, that such a possession is notice to all the world. How could any man reasonably suppose, that Turner’s brother-in-law, occupying a small parcel of land at no great distance from the iron works, had good title, not only to the land on which his house and fences stood, but also to the water, to such a degree as to deprive Turner of the right of using the stream, to the full extent that his works might require. There is another circumstance unfavourable to the defendant. Connected as he was with Turner, [133]*133it can hardly be imagined that he was ignorant of the judgment against him, and it became his duty to make known to the world this secret title to part of the land which passed for Turner's. It does not appear that he made any publication on this subject. Not having done so, it seems to me, that he acted at his peril, and that he has no right to complain, if his title is impeached by persons who had not actual notice of it. Perhaps in another ejectment, he may make a stronger case. But, on the evidence produced at this trial, I think the judge was right in advising the jury to find for the plaintiff. I am therefore against granting a new trial.
Yeates J.
after stating the case, delivered his opinion as follows:
It was admitted that Welsh gave no notice of his equitable title to the sheriff at the time of the levy, or at either of the sales; though it was proved by four witnesses, that the sales intended to be had, were known in the neighbourhood of the land. I thought it reasonable to presume, and so instructed the jury, that the defendant Welsh knew of what was going forward, and that he ought to have given notice of his claim to the sheriff, and warned all persons against purchasing, if he really knew of the intended sales. Failing herein, a legal fraud would be imputed to him. This presumption was founded on the notoriety of the premises being taken in execution, and of the intended sales under the sheriff’s advertisements; — on the delay to sell till above two years after both judgments; — on one sale being set aside; and on the defendant’s living on good terms with his brother-in-law on the same tract of land, and who could not therefore be supposed ignorant of his embarrassments. But it was strenuously contended on the part of the defendant, that his actual possession of the lands, and carrying on a distillery, was constructive notice to á purchaser at the sheriff’s sale, and that he was bound to examine into that fact before he bought. No law cases were produced on this point, and my mind was unsettled on the subject. I well recollected that a trustee in possession of the estate, conveying for a valuable consideration without notice, the purchaser would hold the estate against the cestui que trust; but not so if the latter was in possession at the time. 2 Fonbl. 170., 2 Bla. Com. 337. But [134]*134how far the law obtained as to constructive notices in general cases, or whether it would extend to a case circumstanced hke the present, I was not prepared to assert. I therefore advised that the point should be reserved for further consideration. This the plaintiff’s counsel acquiesced in, but the defendant’s counsel refused to agree thereto. The jury found a verdict for the plaintiff, subject to the Court’s opinion on the question of law, considered as a reserved point; and it was agreed by mutual consent, that the argument should be carried into bank, to he there proceeded in, as fully as it might be done in the Circuit Court, on the notes of the trial.
I have had sufficient time to consider the question, which is merely of a legal nature, whether upon the facts disclosed on the trial, there was implied notice to the sheriff’s vendee of the defendant’s equitable title. if
Constructive notice is no more than evidence of notice, the presumptions of which are so violent, that the court will not allow even of its being controverted. If a man confesses notice, that the estate at law was in a third person at the time when he purchased, he is bound to take notice what the trust is. 2 Freem. 137, pl. 171. It has been determined that a purchaser, being told particular parts of the estate were in possession of a tenant, without any information as to his interest, and taking it for granted it was only from year to year, was bound by a lease that tenant had which was a surprise upon him. 2 Ves.jun. 440. It was sufficient to put the purchaser upon inquiry, that he was
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Tilghman C. J.
The plaintiff was a purchaser at the sheriff’s sale, by virtue of an execution levied on a tract of land belonging to Daniel Turner. The defendant claims under Turner by a parol agreement accompanied with possession. Although our act of assembly requires all contracts concerning land to be reduced -to writing, yet under the decisions which have been made, there can be no doubt, but that where the contract has been executed and carried into effect by payment of a valuable consideration and delivery of possession, the contract is binding between the parties. But where a third person is to be affected, the case is more difficult. In order to bind him, Something must be shown, which makes it unequitable to break the parol contract. The defendant undertakes to show that the plaintiff purchased with notice of the contract; and if so, it would certainly be against equity that he should recover in this suit. But it behoves a person who stands on a defence of this kind, to make out a clear case. No actual notice has been proved, but it is contended that the possession of the defendant was notice in law* [132]*132These legal notices, being sometimes contrary to the fací, are confined to cases in which violent presumption of actual notice arises. The undisturbed possession of land, has generally been considered as legal notice, because the fact of possession being notorious, it is sufficient to put the purchaser on his guard, and to induce him to inquire into the title of the possessor. But to intitle the bare possession to such weight, it ought to be a clear unequivocal possession.' Let us exámine what kind of possession has been proved in the present case. The defendant is the brother-in-law of Daniel Turner, and lived at the time of the sheriff’s sale, and for a considerable time before, on one corner of Turner’s tract. Turner had erected a forge, grist mill and saw mill, with all those small buildings, which are connected with works of that kind. It is well known that in such cases, the workmen frequently occupy houses with small portions of land annexed to them. And when a person throws his eye over a forge and mills, and the adjacent buildings and inclosures, it naturally occurs to him, that they all belong to the proprietor of the works. The defendant has been guilty of extraordinary negligence; for not only has he omitted to survey and mark the bounds of his claim, but he-has given no decided evidence of boundary. His contract was to have fifty acres of land somewhere about his house; but whether he was to cross the stream and include the land on both sides, so as to have the command of the water, was not proved. Now this is a most important circumstance. For if he has the command of the water, which it is said he claims, he may exercise it in such a manner as to do material injury to the iron works erected by Turner. The defendant’s claim is principally woodland, consequently the knowledge of his possession is so much the more difficult. Under all these .circumstances, it would be going too far to say, that such a possession is notice to all the world. How could any man reasonably suppose, that Turner’s brother-in-law, occupying a small parcel of land at no great distance from the iron works, had good title, not only to the land on which his house and fences stood, but also to the water, to such a degree as to deprive Turner of the right of using the stream, to the full extent that his works might require. There is another circumstance unfavourable to the defendant. Connected as he was with Turner, [133]*133it can hardly be imagined that he was ignorant of the judgment against him, and it became his duty to make known to the world this secret title to part of the land which passed for Turner's. It does not appear that he made any publication on this subject. Not having done so, it seems to me, that he acted at his peril, and that he has no right to complain, if his title is impeached by persons who had not actual notice of it. Perhaps in another ejectment, he may make a stronger case. But, on the evidence produced at this trial, I think the judge was right in advising the jury to find for the plaintiff. I am therefore against granting a new trial.
Yeates J.
after stating the case, delivered his opinion as follows:
It was admitted that Welsh gave no notice of his equitable title to the sheriff at the time of the levy, or at either of the sales; though it was proved by four witnesses, that the sales intended to be had, were known in the neighbourhood of the land. I thought it reasonable to presume, and so instructed the jury, that the defendant Welsh knew of what was going forward, and that he ought to have given notice of his claim to the sheriff, and warned all persons against purchasing, if he really knew of the intended sales. Failing herein, a legal fraud would be imputed to him. This presumption was founded on the notoriety of the premises being taken in execution, and of the intended sales under the sheriff’s advertisements; — on the delay to sell till above two years after both judgments; — on one sale being set aside; and on the defendant’s living on good terms with his brother-in-law on the same tract of land, and who could not therefore be supposed ignorant of his embarrassments. But it was strenuously contended on the part of the defendant, that his actual possession of the lands, and carrying on a distillery, was constructive notice to á purchaser at the sheriff’s sale, and that he was bound to examine into that fact before he bought. No law cases were produced on this point, and my mind was unsettled on the subject. I well recollected that a trustee in possession of the estate, conveying for a valuable consideration without notice, the purchaser would hold the estate against the cestui que trust; but not so if the latter was in possession at the time. 2 Fonbl. 170., 2 Bla. Com. 337. But [134]*134how far the law obtained as to constructive notices in general cases, or whether it would extend to a case circumstanced hke the present, I was not prepared to assert. I therefore advised that the point should be reserved for further consideration. This the plaintiff’s counsel acquiesced in, but the defendant’s counsel refused to agree thereto. The jury found a verdict for the plaintiff, subject to the Court’s opinion on the question of law, considered as a reserved point; and it was agreed by mutual consent, that the argument should be carried into bank, to he there proceeded in, as fully as it might be done in the Circuit Court, on the notes of the trial.
I have had sufficient time to consider the question, which is merely of a legal nature, whether upon the facts disclosed on the trial, there was implied notice to the sheriff’s vendee of the defendant’s equitable title. if
Constructive notice is no more than evidence of notice, the presumptions of which are so violent, that the court will not allow even of its being controverted. If a man confesses notice, that the estate at law was in a third person at the time when he purchased, he is bound to take notice what the trust is. 2 Freem. 137, pl. 171. It has been determined that a purchaser, being told particular parts of the estate were in possession of a tenant, without any information as to his interest, and taking it for granted it was only from year to year, was bound by a lease that tenant had which was a surprise upon him. 2 Ves.jun. 440. It was sufficient to put the purchaser upon inquiry, that he was informed the estate was not in the actual possession of the person with whom he contracted, that he could not transfer the ownership and possession at the same time, that there were interests as to the extents and terms of which it was his duty to inquire. But notice of a tenancy will not it seems affect a purchaser with constructive notice of the lessor’s title. Sugd. Law of Vend. 499. And a purchaser bona fide and without notice cannot be affected by the mere circumstance of the vendor being out of possession many years. Thus in Axwith v. Plummer, 3 Bac. Ab. 644. first ed. Mortgage E. s. 3, where A covenanted to surrender lands to uses, which were enjoyed accordingly, although no surrender was made, and A thirteen years afterwards, surrendered the same lands to B for valuable .consideration, without notice of the covenant, B was held [135]*135to be intitled to the lands, and the covenantees were left to their remedy at law. This authority, which is marked with approbation by Sugden in the page already cited, goes the full length of deciding the present question. It is of peculiar importance, that notice should be given at sheriff’s sales of adverse claims; and the observation of lord commissioner Rawlinson, 2 Vern. 159, that “ equity has always been careful not to impeach purchasers by presumptive notice,” holds with appropriate force, where lands have been sold by process of law. The interests of debtors, creditors, and purchasers are all involved in the principle. Here no notice whatever was given of the defendant’s claim. The advertisement was of 300 acres more or less in Patton township with a forge, grist and saw mill thereon, and the lands were so conveyed by the sheriff. A tract of 234 acres 27 perches was surveyed to Turner under his warrant for 200 acres on. which he dwelled and made valuable improvements: and it is now sought to reduce the quantity sold to 134 acres 27 perches, and to affect the right of the purchaser as to the water of Spring creek, which is indispensably necessary to the carrying on of his manufactories. At best the possession of the defendant was of a mixed nature. His pretensions were not defined by marked boundaries or an actual survey. If one inclining to purchase, had previously viewed the premises, he would have seen nothing but what usually occurs, where forges, grist and saw mills are carried on, out-houses and cabins for the accommodation of colliers and other workmen. Without such conveniences, those manufactories eould not be carried on. The defendant’s holding under such circumstances could not convey the same information, nor put a purchaser upon inquiry in the same manner, as an exclusive unmixed possession, in common cases might reasonably seem to give.
In every view which I have been able to take of the case, I am of opinion, that judgment should be rendered for the plaintiff on the verdict.
Brackenridge J. being unwell, gave no opinion.
Judgment for plaintiff.