The opinion of the court was delivered by
Kennedy, J.
It has been contended for the plaintiffs in error, that the agreement under which they took the warehouse, amounted only to a specific letting for one year, and no more; and that according to the decisions of this court, in the cases of Boggs v. Black, 1 Binn. 335, and Logan v. Herron, 8 Serg. & Rawle, 459, they became immediately upon the expiration of the year, to wit, the 23rd of April 1829, tenants at sufferance, liable to be turned out of possession at will of the defendants in error; and were not bound therefore to pay for the use of the warehouse after that, longer than they continued to occupy it; and were at liberty to surrender the possession at any moment they pleased. The nature of the lease in the latter of the above cited cases has been relied on as being substantially the same with the lease in the present case.
I however think there is a difference which has been recognised by [126]*126courts, judges, and writers on this branch of the law. In Logan and Herron the lease was specifically for one year. Nothing appears on the face of it from which any possible inference could be drawn, that it was within the contemplation of the parties that it should endure beyond that time. If either party therefore became desirous, at or before the expiration of the year expressly agreed on, to continue the relation of landlord and tenant beyond that period, he surely had no reason to calculate upon it without first knowing the will of the other party in respect to it, and if he did not choose to take the trouble of informing himself, I do not see any good reason he could afterwards have to complain that the other party, without giving him three months notice previously to the expiration of the year of his intention, had resolved to decline all further renewal of the lease. It seems to be established in England, as well as here, that when a lease or demise is determinable on a certain event, or at a particular period, no notice to quit is necessary, because both parties are equally apprised of the determination of the term; and it is not material whether it be only for a single year, or any longer period. See Chamber’s Landlord and Tenant, 750. Jordan v. Ward, 1 H. Bl. Rep. 97. Godsell v. Inglis, 3 Taunt. 54 Bing’s Landlord and Tenant, 177; Cobb v. Stokes, 8 East, 358. Right v. Darby, 1 Term. Rep. 162. Messenger v. Armstrong, 1 Id. 53. Bedford v. M‘Elherron, 2 Serg. & Rawle, 50*. Boggs v. Black, 1 Binn. 335. Logan v. Herron, 8 Serg. & Ramle, 459. Van Cortlandt v. Parkhurst, 5 Johns. 128. Adams on Ejectment, 101-2.
Now the lease or agreement in the case under consideration is not expressly for any determinate period of time, and it is only by construction that a limitation can be affixed to it. It, at an early period in England, would have been considered a letting at will, but, as it is not so in express terms, it would at the time of our revolution have been deemed a lease from year to year; and more especially so, as an annual rent is reserved to be paid. 2 Bl. Com. 147, Chitty’s ed. and note (11). Adams on Eject. 102-3. Sir William Blackstone says, speaking of tenancies at will, “ Courts of late have rather held them to be tenancies from year to year, so long as both parties please, especially where an annual rent is reserved.” 2 Bl. Com. 147. In Bree v. Lees, 2 Bl. Rep. 1173, Lord Ch. Just. De Grey, says, “ All leases for uncertain terms ave prima facie leases at will; it is the reservation of an annual rent that turns them into leases from year to year.” And Sir J. Mansfield, Ch. Just, in Richardson v. Langridge, 4 Taunt. 131, lays down the same rule in a case put by him by way of illustrating it in the following words: “ If there were a general letting at a yearly rent, though payable half yearly or quarterly, and though nothing were said about the duration of the time, it is an implied letting from year to year.” Now this meets the description of the lease in question in every particular with the utmost precision, which is a general letting without any thing being said as to the duration of the time, at a yearly rent of eight hundred dollars payable quarterly. It [127]*127also comes directly within the description of a lease from year to year, as it is given by Messrs. Chambers, Bingham, and Comyns, who have each written and compiled a treatise on-this subject. Mr. Chambers, in his work, page 355, says, that “ a general taking at an annual rent is a lease from year to year.” See Bing. Landlord and Tenant, 177, and Comyn’s Landlord and Tenant, pp. 7, 8, 91, and 303, all to the same eifect. Besides, it appears to me, that the intention of the parties to the lease in the present case, so far as it can be collected from the face of the writing itself, requires it to be construed a lease from year to year, and so on as long as both parties pleased; otherwise some determinate point of time as its end or fixed period of duration, would have been expressly mentioned. But if it were even doubtful whether such was the intention of the parties, still upon the principle that every lease is to be taken most strongly against the lessor, and this construction being the most favourable for the lessees, it ought to prevail. There is also another view to be taken of this agreement, which still further satisfies me that this is the true construction to be put upon it, which is this : suppose the plaintiffs in error had continued to occupy the warehouse for the space of eighteen months or two years without having paid any rent, and without any dissent having been expressed to their so holding it, could they not have been distrained on at common law, or have been sued for the rent for the whole of the time which had elapsed under this agreement as an entire contract, which had by its terms opened at the commencement of every succeeding year to embrace it, and had become binding upon the parties for that year, in the same manner as if the agreement had been for a fixed and definite period which included it ? There is certainly no objection to an affirmative answer to this question to be found on the face of the agreement; and without giving to it this construction, great injustice might occasionally accrue to either party. I however do not wish to be understood as entertaining the opinion that a lease for a year, and so from year to year as long as both parties shall please, is a lease for the term of two years certain at its commencement. My idea of it is this ; that it is binding prospectively on the parties for one year only, capable however of being extended to a second, third, fourth or fifth year, and so on, unless determined by the dissent of either party, which may be done at the close of any one year, by giving three months previous notice to that effect, but at no time before the close of a year after it^has once commenced.
Whether it be a lease in the first instance for one or two years certain, is a question upon W'hich there has been some diversity of opinion.
Brooke, in his Abr. tit. Tenant, per copy de court roll; pi.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Kennedy, J.
It has been contended for the plaintiffs in error, that the agreement under which they took the warehouse, amounted only to a specific letting for one year, and no more; and that according to the decisions of this court, in the cases of Boggs v. Black, 1 Binn. 335, and Logan v. Herron, 8 Serg. & Rawle, 459, they became immediately upon the expiration of the year, to wit, the 23rd of April 1829, tenants at sufferance, liable to be turned out of possession at will of the defendants in error; and were not bound therefore to pay for the use of the warehouse after that, longer than they continued to occupy it; and were at liberty to surrender the possession at any moment they pleased. The nature of the lease in the latter of the above cited cases has been relied on as being substantially the same with the lease in the present case.
I however think there is a difference which has been recognised by [126]*126courts, judges, and writers on this branch of the law. In Logan and Herron the lease was specifically for one year. Nothing appears on the face of it from which any possible inference could be drawn, that it was within the contemplation of the parties that it should endure beyond that time. If either party therefore became desirous, at or before the expiration of the year expressly agreed on, to continue the relation of landlord and tenant beyond that period, he surely had no reason to calculate upon it without first knowing the will of the other party in respect to it, and if he did not choose to take the trouble of informing himself, I do not see any good reason he could afterwards have to complain that the other party, without giving him three months notice previously to the expiration of the year of his intention, had resolved to decline all further renewal of the lease. It seems to be established in England, as well as here, that when a lease or demise is determinable on a certain event, or at a particular period, no notice to quit is necessary, because both parties are equally apprised of the determination of the term; and it is not material whether it be only for a single year, or any longer period. See Chamber’s Landlord and Tenant, 750. Jordan v. Ward, 1 H. Bl. Rep. 97. Godsell v. Inglis, 3 Taunt. 54 Bing’s Landlord and Tenant, 177; Cobb v. Stokes, 8 East, 358. Right v. Darby, 1 Term. Rep. 162. Messenger v. Armstrong, 1 Id. 53. Bedford v. M‘Elherron, 2 Serg. & Rawle, 50*. Boggs v. Black, 1 Binn. 335. Logan v. Herron, 8 Serg. & Ramle, 459. Van Cortlandt v. Parkhurst, 5 Johns. 128. Adams on Ejectment, 101-2.
Now the lease or agreement in the case under consideration is not expressly for any determinate period of time, and it is only by construction that a limitation can be affixed to it. It, at an early period in England, would have been considered a letting at will, but, as it is not so in express terms, it would at the time of our revolution have been deemed a lease from year to year; and more especially so, as an annual rent is reserved to be paid. 2 Bl. Com. 147, Chitty’s ed. and note (11). Adams on Eject. 102-3. Sir William Blackstone says, speaking of tenancies at will, “ Courts of late have rather held them to be tenancies from year to year, so long as both parties please, especially where an annual rent is reserved.” 2 Bl. Com. 147. In Bree v. Lees, 2 Bl. Rep. 1173, Lord Ch. Just. De Grey, says, “ All leases for uncertain terms ave prima facie leases at will; it is the reservation of an annual rent that turns them into leases from year to year.” And Sir J. Mansfield, Ch. Just, in Richardson v. Langridge, 4 Taunt. 131, lays down the same rule in a case put by him by way of illustrating it in the following words: “ If there were a general letting at a yearly rent, though payable half yearly or quarterly, and though nothing were said about the duration of the time, it is an implied letting from year to year.” Now this meets the description of the lease in question in every particular with the utmost precision, which is a general letting without any thing being said as to the duration of the time, at a yearly rent of eight hundred dollars payable quarterly. It [127]*127also comes directly within the description of a lease from year to year, as it is given by Messrs. Chambers, Bingham, and Comyns, who have each written and compiled a treatise on-this subject. Mr. Chambers, in his work, page 355, says, that “ a general taking at an annual rent is a lease from year to year.” See Bing. Landlord and Tenant, 177, and Comyn’s Landlord and Tenant, pp. 7, 8, 91, and 303, all to the same eifect. Besides, it appears to me, that the intention of the parties to the lease in the present case, so far as it can be collected from the face of the writing itself, requires it to be construed a lease from year to year, and so on as long as both parties pleased; otherwise some determinate point of time as its end or fixed period of duration, would have been expressly mentioned. But if it were even doubtful whether such was the intention of the parties, still upon the principle that every lease is to be taken most strongly against the lessor, and this construction being the most favourable for the lessees, it ought to prevail. There is also another view to be taken of this agreement, which still further satisfies me that this is the true construction to be put upon it, which is this : suppose the plaintiffs in error had continued to occupy the warehouse for the space of eighteen months or two years without having paid any rent, and without any dissent having been expressed to their so holding it, could they not have been distrained on at common law, or have been sued for the rent for the whole of the time which had elapsed under this agreement as an entire contract, which had by its terms opened at the commencement of every succeeding year to embrace it, and had become binding upon the parties for that year, in the same manner as if the agreement had been for a fixed and definite period which included it ? There is certainly no objection to an affirmative answer to this question to be found on the face of the agreement; and without giving to it this construction, great injustice might occasionally accrue to either party. I however do not wish to be understood as entertaining the opinion that a lease for a year, and so from year to year as long as both parties shall please, is a lease for the term of two years certain at its commencement. My idea of it is this ; that it is binding prospectively on the parties for one year only, capable however of being extended to a second, third, fourth or fifth year, and so on, unless determined by the dissent of either party, which may be done at the close of any one year, by giving three months previous notice to that effect, but at no time before the close of a year after it^has once commenced.
Whether it be a lease in the first instance for one or two years certain, is a question upon W'hich there has been some diversity of opinion.
Brooke, in his Abr. tit. Tenant, per copy de court roll; pi. 17, says, " By the best opinion it is a lease for years.” This according to what is laid down in the Bishop of Bath’s Case, 6 Co. 36, as necessary to constitute a lease for years would make it at least two years, as less would not satisfy the plural number. The case of Agard v. King, [128]*128Cro. Eliz. 775, declares it to be a lease for two years certain. In the Bishop of Balk’s Case, 6 Co. 36, it was resolved, after three years at most, to be a lease at will; which Rolle in his Abr. 851, seems to think means a lease for two years at least, but after three years at most, only an estate at will. In Bellasyse and Burbridge, 1 Lutw. 213, it was held to be a lease for two years ; and in Stanfill v. Hickes, 1 Ld. Raym. 280. S. C. 2 Salk. 413, 3 Ib. 135, it seems to have been considéred a lease for two years, and after that a lease only at will. And in a late case of Denn v. Cartwright, 4 East, 31, it was pronounced to be a demise for two years at least. But as no authorities are vouched in the report of this case, it is probable that the decision was made without an examination of them.
On the other side in an anonymous case, 2 Salk. 413, it was held, if A. demised lands to B. for a year and so from year to year, that it was not a lease for two years and afterwards at will, but it was a lease for every particular year, and after the year was begun, the defendant could not determine the lease before the year was ended. S. C. Holt’s RepAlA, ruled by Chief Justice Holt, at the summer assizes at Lincoln, 1699. In Leighton v. Theed, 1 Ld. Raym. 707, Lord Chief Justice Holt ruled, that if A. make a lease to B. for a year, and so from year to year, quamdiu ambabuspartibusplacuerit, A. may determine his will at the end of any year, but if a new year be begun, it cannot be determined before the end ofit. He also ruled the same point accordingly at a trial upon the summer assizes at Lincoln, 1699, between Lely and Green.
In Dod v. Monger, 6 Mod. 215, S. C. Holt, 416, he said, “ If a lease be for a year, and so from year to year as long as both parties shall please, it is a lease binding but for one year; but if the lessee without countermand of the lessor, enter upon the second year he is bound for that year, and so on. And so in Fenwick v. Lady Grosvenar, 12 Mod. 610, he ruled the same to be a lease for one year absolutely; and if the lessee continues on the first day of the second year, he is bound for that year also: and so is the lessor if he has not warned him away before the beginning of the second year.”
I have adopted the opinion and decision of Ch. Just. Holt ; first, because I believe it was the settled law of his time ; nexl, because it comports best with the common and ordinary understanding and meaning of the terms employed in such leases; and lastly, because I consider it as agreeing best with the truegrammatical construction of them.
Indeed I feel altogether at a loss to conceive how the assent of the parties is to be made out for more at any time than one year prospectively and absolutely. But that it amounts to a positive agreement for one year I think is clear; and further, if the holding should continue until a second year has commenced without the dissent of either party, it becomes a lease for two years certain, and cannot be determined by either party before the end of the second year; and the meaning of the words “ from year to year,” is, that the holding shall only cease at the end of the year and at no other time: and if the [129]*129holding were to continue in like manner for three, four, five or six years, it would become, in respect to time past, and as a contract executed, a lease for justas many years as had elapsed: and at the end of six years, might be declared on as having been a lease for that number of years, by either party. This was expressly ruled and settled in Legg v. Strudwick, 2 Salk. 414, and in Birch v. Wright, where it is placed in a very clear and satisfactory point of view, by Mr. Justice Buller, 1 Term Rep. 380.
Believing the lease in question then to be a lease from year to year, the plaintiffs in error, having continued to hold the demised property until after the second year had commenced, without offering to surrender the possession to the defendant in error, or having received from him any notice to quit, became tenants under the agreement, entitled to hold it for another year, in despite of the defendant in error; but at the same time bound upon the principle of reciprocity to pay the rent of three hundred dollars quarterly. The defendant in error could only have put an end to the lease, by giving a notice to the plaintiffs in error, at least three months before the end of the year, to surrender to him the possession, as soon as that time should come around. This principle is settled or recognized in Bedford v. M'Elherron, 2 Serg. & Rawle, 50*. Brown v. Vanhorn, 1 Binn. 334, in note. Fahnestock v. Faustenauer, 5 Serg. & Rawle, 174. Thomas v. Wright, 9 Serg. & Rawle, 87. Indeed, wherever the lease is not for any precise, express and determinate period of time, notice seems to be requisite, as a reasonable and necessary protection against surprize, and the consequent loss or inconvenience that might result therefrom ; and has, in modern times, been extended to a tenancy at will, on account of its uncertain duration. See Parker v. Constable, 3 Wils. 25.
We think that the judgment of the District Court was right, and it is therefore affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.