Whitfield, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The plaintiff rests the cause of action, in the first count, upon this state of case: That defendant had long owned a lot in Flora bounded by two of the main thoroughfares; that the lot was vacant, except for his storehouse, which covered a cistern; that the storehouse had long been used as a place of business; that the entire public used, at defendant’s invitation, knowledge, and consent, this vacant lot as a thoroughfare and common in passing from street to street, and also so used two paths over said lot within three and eleven feet, respectively, of the cistern; that the cistern was within twenty-three feet of the pavement; that, in the winter of 1890, the store was burned, but for some time thereafter defendant kept it- guarded and advertised so as not to be dangerous to passers by and himself, and continued to use it as a cistern for some time, still guarding and advertising it; that it finally caved in, and he abandoned its use and removed the guards and advertisements which would warn and protect those using the highway, or unconsciously straying therefrom, from danger, but wantonly and carelessly left said cistern as a “ menace to the lives and safety of man and beast, within such close proximity to the highway that, under ordinary circumstances, he knew it -was dangerous to those using the highway, ’ ’ etc.; ‘ ‘ that, during the winter of 1893, appellant, a stranger, while carefully using the highway, the night being dark, rainy and cloudy, and there being nothing to show where the highway ended and the vacant lot begun, strayed therefrom, and, whilst so bewildered and lost, fell into said cistern and ivas injured.”
The second count varies the cause of action by adding that the defendant, while using the store and the vacant lot, constructed, within three or four feet of said cistern, then protected, a hitching post for horses and mules, and invited and induced [203]*203the public to come upon his said lot, and not to follow the sidewalks, but to come by paths and a wagon road being within three and eleven feet, respectively, of said cistern, and fasten their horses to said hitching post, 'and that, in consequence of such invitation and inducement thus held out by defendant, " a part of the public sidewalks fell into disuse,’ ’ which disuse of the sidewalks and use of the paths, being a source of profit to defendant, he had encouraged and. invited, and that the paths had been so constantly used for years as a common and constant passway by everybody, at defendant’s invitation and request, etc.; and that plaintiff, " while passing along the sidewalk and the path leading across defendant’s lot, thinking the same was the highway, being the way apparently commonly used,” etc., fell into the cistern and was injured, “complainant being a comparative stranger, and seeing no other used sidewalk. ’ ’
The third count proceeds on the ground that the cistern was a public nuisance. A demurrer was interposed on the grounds that the declaration showed no negligence on defendant’s part, but contributory negligence on plaintiff’s part. The demurrer was sustained and the suit dismissed, and this action of the court is the error assigned.
In Beck v. Carter, 68 N. Y., 283, Carter owned the United States Hotel. There was a vacant space of forty ox fifty feet between the hotel and Buell street, and " this vacant space was used as a public place, and as part of the street. ’ ’ The hotel was burned in 1868, and rebuilt in 1872, and, in the- interim, the same use was continued. The court, says: " It is manifest that if the plaintiff had kept within the original bounds of the alley, he could not have fallen into the excavation. It was lie-cause he strayed and deviated therefrom, and went upon the defendant’s lot, that he, was injured. But it cannot beheld, upon the evidence, that the plaintiff was a trespasser in going there. There was, it is true, no public easement or right of way over the defendant’s lot. It was his private property, and [204]*204he had the right to its exclusive possession. He could have in - closed it, and excluded the plaintiff and all other persons from going upon and passing over it. But . . the public had been permitted to pass over the vacant part of the lot without objection. . . This part of defendant’s lot was traversed by foot passengers, and was used as a part of the street. . . The public used it, and the defendant, by his silence, assented to its use. This use was not occasional or infrequent. The same use was permitted and continued after 1868, when the hotel was burned, until a hew building was erected. The public still continued to use the lot. There was no revocation of the license or permission. ’ ’ And the court proceeds, after laying down the general rule and reviewing the cases of IIardcastle v. Dun & Co., 4 H. & N., 67, and Binks v. Dun & Co., 113 Eng. C. L., 242- — both relied on by appellee here — and distinguishing them, says: “In this case we think the circumstances imposed a duty on the defendant to protect the excavation. It was not the case of a bare permission by the owner to cross his land adjoining a public street. The land had, by use long-continued, been made, for the time being, a public place and part of the highway. It was very probable that injury would occur if the area was left uncovered. It is quite conceivable that, so long as the hotel building stood, it was an advantage to the owner that the unoccupied part of the lot should be open to the public. We think the defendant could not, under the circumstances, make a dangerous excavation [and leaving the cistern here unprotected after the fire is equivalent, in principle, to making an excavation], and leave it unprotected, without responsibility to those accustomed to use the lot as part of the highway, and who, while using due care, were injured by falling into it. ’ ’ It will be noted that the lot, in that case, lay vacant four years, and that circumstance was held not to vary defendant’s liability in the case made by the facts.
In the case of City of Norwich v. Breed, 30 Conn., 535, the court reviews and distinguishes the English cases referred to, [205]*205and, on the point of mere distance from the highway, says: ' ‘ Distance is one, and but one, of the elements which enter into the calculation. '. . Whether the excavation could, with a due regard to the rights of passengers on the streets, be left unguarded, or could not, depended upon the question whether, being unguarded, it endangered the travel or not. If it did not, no matter how near it was to the line of way. If it did, no matter how far it was removed.” This proposition is put thus in the very accurate note to Gibson v. Delaware, 36 Am. St. Rep., 802: “ It seems to be very generally agreed that the proximate cause has no necessary connection with time or distance. It means, closeness of causal relation, not nearness in time or distance;” citing many authorities. In Graves v. Thomas, 95 Ind., 361, the defendant- had a store on a lot, and another vacant lot bordered his on the north. ‘ ' There were two paths, one being along the sidewalk proper, and the other diverging from it, and returning to it, passing over said vacant lot on the north of defendant’s lot, and also over the defendant’s‘ lot, the latter path being upon higher ground thañ the path along the sidewalk proper.” The plaintiff, on a dark night, without a lantern, took this jiath, and fell into an excavation on defendant’s lot. This path had been used, by the public for eight years, in wet weather, instead of the sidewalk.
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Whitfield, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The plaintiff rests the cause of action, in the first count, upon this state of case: That defendant had long owned a lot in Flora bounded by two of the main thoroughfares; that the lot was vacant, except for his storehouse, which covered a cistern; that the storehouse had long been used as a place of business; that the entire public used, at defendant’s invitation, knowledge, and consent, this vacant lot as a thoroughfare and common in passing from street to street, and also so used two paths over said lot within three and eleven feet, respectively, of the cistern; that the cistern was within twenty-three feet of the pavement; that, in the winter of 1890, the store was burned, but for some time thereafter defendant kept it- guarded and advertised so as not to be dangerous to passers by and himself, and continued to use it as a cistern for some time, still guarding and advertising it; that it finally caved in, and he abandoned its use and removed the guards and advertisements which would warn and protect those using the highway, or unconsciously straying therefrom, from danger, but wantonly and carelessly left said cistern as a “ menace to the lives and safety of man and beast, within such close proximity to the highway that, under ordinary circumstances, he knew it -was dangerous to those using the highway, ’ ’ etc.; ‘ ‘ that, during the winter of 1893, appellant, a stranger, while carefully using the highway, the night being dark, rainy and cloudy, and there being nothing to show where the highway ended and the vacant lot begun, strayed therefrom, and, whilst so bewildered and lost, fell into said cistern and ivas injured.”
The second count varies the cause of action by adding that the defendant, while using the store and the vacant lot, constructed, within three or four feet of said cistern, then protected, a hitching post for horses and mules, and invited and induced [203]*203the public to come upon his said lot, and not to follow the sidewalks, but to come by paths and a wagon road being within three and eleven feet, respectively, of said cistern, and fasten their horses to said hitching post, 'and that, in consequence of such invitation and inducement thus held out by defendant, " a part of the public sidewalks fell into disuse,’ ’ which disuse of the sidewalks and use of the paths, being a source of profit to defendant, he had encouraged and. invited, and that the paths had been so constantly used for years as a common and constant passway by everybody, at defendant’s invitation and request, etc.; and that plaintiff, " while passing along the sidewalk and the path leading across defendant’s lot, thinking the same was the highway, being the way apparently commonly used,” etc., fell into the cistern and was injured, “complainant being a comparative stranger, and seeing no other used sidewalk. ’ ’
The third count proceeds on the ground that the cistern was a public nuisance. A demurrer was interposed on the grounds that the declaration showed no negligence on defendant’s part, but contributory negligence on plaintiff’s part. The demurrer was sustained and the suit dismissed, and this action of the court is the error assigned.
In Beck v. Carter, 68 N. Y., 283, Carter owned the United States Hotel. There was a vacant space of forty ox fifty feet between the hotel and Buell street, and " this vacant space was used as a public place, and as part of the street. ’ ’ The hotel was burned in 1868, and rebuilt in 1872, and, in the- interim, the same use was continued. The court, says: " It is manifest that if the plaintiff had kept within the original bounds of the alley, he could not have fallen into the excavation. It was lie-cause he strayed and deviated therefrom, and went upon the defendant’s lot, that he, was injured. But it cannot beheld, upon the evidence, that the plaintiff was a trespasser in going there. There was, it is true, no public easement or right of way over the defendant’s lot. It was his private property, and [204]*204he had the right to its exclusive possession. He could have in - closed it, and excluded the plaintiff and all other persons from going upon and passing over it. But . . the public had been permitted to pass over the vacant part of the lot without objection. . . This part of defendant’s lot was traversed by foot passengers, and was used as a part of the street. . . The public used it, and the defendant, by his silence, assented to its use. This use was not occasional or infrequent. The same use was permitted and continued after 1868, when the hotel was burned, until a hew building was erected. The public still continued to use the lot. There was no revocation of the license or permission. ’ ’ And the court proceeds, after laying down the general rule and reviewing the cases of IIardcastle v. Dun & Co., 4 H. & N., 67, and Binks v. Dun & Co., 113 Eng. C. L., 242- — both relied on by appellee here — and distinguishing them, says: “In this case we think the circumstances imposed a duty on the defendant to protect the excavation. It was not the case of a bare permission by the owner to cross his land adjoining a public street. The land had, by use long-continued, been made, for the time being, a public place and part of the highway. It was very probable that injury would occur if the area was left uncovered. It is quite conceivable that, so long as the hotel building stood, it was an advantage to the owner that the unoccupied part of the lot should be open to the public. We think the defendant could not, under the circumstances, make a dangerous excavation [and leaving the cistern here unprotected after the fire is equivalent, in principle, to making an excavation], and leave it unprotected, without responsibility to those accustomed to use the lot as part of the highway, and who, while using due care, were injured by falling into it. ’ ’ It will be noted that the lot, in that case, lay vacant four years, and that circumstance was held not to vary defendant’s liability in the case made by the facts.
In the case of City of Norwich v. Breed, 30 Conn., 535, the court reviews and distinguishes the English cases referred to, [205]*205and, on the point of mere distance from the highway, says: ' ‘ Distance is one, and but one, of the elements which enter into the calculation. '. . Whether the excavation could, with a due regard to the rights of passengers on the streets, be left unguarded, or could not, depended upon the question whether, being unguarded, it endangered the travel or not. If it did not, no matter how near it was to the line of way. If it did, no matter how far it was removed.” This proposition is put thus in the very accurate note to Gibson v. Delaware, 36 Am. St. Rep., 802: “ It seems to be very generally agreed that the proximate cause has no necessary connection with time or distance. It means, closeness of causal relation, not nearness in time or distance;” citing many authorities. In Graves v. Thomas, 95 Ind., 361, the defendant- had a store on a lot, and another vacant lot bordered his on the north. ‘ ' There were two paths, one being along the sidewalk proper, and the other diverging from it, and returning to it, passing over said vacant lot on the north of defendant’s lot, and also over the defendant’s‘ lot, the latter path being upon higher ground thañ the path along the sidewalk proper.” The plaintiff, on a dark night, without a lantern, took this jiath, and fell into an excavation on defendant’s lot. This path had been used, by the public for eight years, in wet weather, instead of the sidewalk. The court put the liability of defendant upon the ground that the ' ‘ probability that such an accident might happen from thus leaving the pit exposed was so strong as tq make it the duty of the owner of the lot, as a member of the community, to guard the community from the danger to which the pit exposed its members, ’ ’ and added, " in the case at bar, we think that the fact that for a long jieriod the public using the sidewalk had been permitted to use the place where the plaintiff fell, as a part of the sidewalk, made it the duty of the defendant to guard the excavation made at that place, and that the jury were authorized to find from the evidence that the plaintiff did not, by her own negligence, contribute to her injury. ’ ’ Reaffirmed in Railroad Co. [206]*206v. Griffin, 100 Ind., 221. In Mr. Beach’s recent work on Contributory Negligence (page 335, note 2), it is said, citing many authorities: “ Where one.allows a portion of his premises adjoining the street to be used by the public as part of the highway, and makes an excavation near by, he will be liable, if he does not take reasonable care in protecting passers' by from falling in. ’ ’ This principle is carried very far in Campbell v. Boyd, 88 N. C., 129. In Sanders v. Reister, 1 Dak., 151, on the question of trespass, it is said: " Stress is laid on the fact that the appellant had a legal right to dig a cellar on his own premises. Certainly he had. So has a man a right to keep a dog, and make a sunk flat within the inclosure of his unfinished building; but he must take care of the one, if ferocious, and guard the other, if dangerous, so that harm may not come to others thereby. I apprehend the particular character of the instruments, as causes of injury, is unimportant, in contemplation of law, except so far as it may affect the question of the degree of care or negligence with which they are used, kept or constructed. It would seem to me to be a strange rule of law that would permit the owner to sink dangerous excavations on his uninclosed premises, near to a public highway, in a densely, populated city, leave it without guard or protection,* and hold him not liable in case a person accidentally or unintentionally steps across the line, falls in, and is killed, simply on the ground that the party injured was guilty of a technical trespass, and yet make the proprietor respond in damages who places spring guns in his inclosed vineyard, whereby a wilful trespasser is shot and wounded. ’ ’ In the well considered case of IIarriman v. Railroad Co., 45 Ohio, 11, cited in Schmidt v. Distilling Co., 59 Am. Rep., 25, in discussing ‘'invitation,” the court says: “In the late case of IIeaven v. Pender, 11 Q. B. Div., 503, it is said that a more accurate and satisfactory ground of recovery, embracing all cases of implied invitation, is to be found in the proposition that whenever one person is, by circumstances, placed in such a position with regard to another [207]*207that every one of ordinary prudence would recognize that, if he did not use ordinary care and skill in his own conduct with regard to these circumstances, he might cause danger of injury to the person or property of the other, a duty arises to use ordinary care and skill to avoid such danger.” However this may be, the phrase, “implied invitation,” in its real value and significance, as derived from its application in the adjudged cases, imports knowledge by the defendant of the probable use by the plaintiff of the defendant’s property so situated and conditioned as to be open to, and likely to be subjected to, such use. This is the principle of the case of Mackey v. City of Vicksburg, 64 Miss., 777, cited with distinct approval in (Mo. Sup.) 59 Am. Rep., 25, and in Cooley on Torts, 721, note 1. See, also, Hydraulic Works Co. v. Orr, 83 Pa. St., 332.
These authorities clearly establish the principle that if the defendant here, while using his lot and store, invited and induced the public to use his lot and the two paths as part of the highway, having his cistern then guarded, and after the. fire left it open, still, however, for some time, guarding it, but afterwards removed the guards and advertisements, so as to leave the cistern dangerous to those who, exercising ordinary care, used either the highway or the paths as parts or part of the lot allowed by him to be used as part of the highway by the public, such use of such paths as part of the highway, having been uninterruptedly continued, he is liable, unless the plaintiff’s own conduct was the proximate cause of the injury; and to this we limit our decision in this case. It need only be said further that, in this view, plaintiff, in no proper sense, can be deemed a trespasser, without reference to whether the other facts alleged, that he “strayed, a stranger, bewildered and lost, from the highway, thinking the path he took was the highway, it being apparently the commonly used way, and there being nothing to show where the highway ended, and the vacant lot begun. ” Whether these facts would take’him out of the category of trespasser, on the reasoning of the Dakota [208]*208case, we do not now say. Clearly, the facts above set out as the ground of our decision would. We shall not here add to the innumerable efforts at definition of “ proximate and remote cause ” — a task well characterized by an eminent English judge as “something like having to draw a line between night and day” — but content ourselves with saying that we think the first two counts of this declaration stated good causes of action; wherefore,
The judgment is reversed, demurrer overruled and the cause remanded.