Mr. Justice Scott
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The demandant is herself the owner in fee of the undivided one-third part of the land in which dower is sought, and the defendant Anna 0. Henke is the owner of the other two-thirds. A portion of these lands contain lead mines, all of which were discovered and opened after the right of dower attached. It was not known in the lifetime of the demandant’s husband, that any valuable mines existed in these lands. Two children were living at the death of the husband, one of whom has since died. The entire estate then passed to the widow and the other child, Mary Louisa Camphouse, who afterwards intermarried with Henry Henke, both of whom are now dead, leaving Anna 0. Henke, the infant defendant, as their only heir at law.
It is alleged, it was agreed between Mary Louisa, in her lifetime, and her mother, Mrs. Lenfers, in consideration of her dotver interest, the proceeds of the mineral rents derived from the mines discovered in these lands, should be equally divided between them. Mines were accordingly opened that proved very valuable. The agreement as to the division of the rents Avas faithfully carried out by Mary Louisa during her lifetime, by her husband after her death, and after his death, by the guardian of their minor heir, until the month of November, 1872, when he and the sm elters, through Avhose hands the rents passed, declined to make any further division on the basis of the agreement, until the rights of the parties should be judicially determined. The relief sought is, that the agreement be declared to stand as an assignment of doAver, and as conclusive of the existing rights of the parties; but if the contract should be adjudged void, the widow may haAre doAver assigned to her.
The question presented is one of first impression in this court. The general doctrine is, AA-here mines hav^e been opened and Avorked during the lifetime of the husband, the Avife is doAvable; but not in mines or strata not opened at all. It makes no difference, the mines may have been temporarily abandoned; it is only material, they Avere opened in the lifetime of the husband. She may not only Avork the mines, but she may construct new approaches to them. Stoughton v. Leigh, 1 Taunt. 402; Coates v. Cheever, 1 Cow. 474.
The first case we have been able to find on this subject is Hoby v. Hoby, 1 Verm. 218. In that case it is assumed the wife has doAver in mines, but Avliether it is in mines opened during the lifetime of the husband, or not, does not appear. The next and leading case is Stoughton v. Leigh, supra. The question as to mines opened by the heir Avas not raised. The judge only gave opinions on the two points indicated: 1st. The wife Avas dowable of mines opened and worked by the husband. 2d. She was not doAvable of any mines or strata not opened at all. In many of the later cases, as well as the earlier cases, no reason whatever is assigned for the adoption of the rule; but where any is assigned, it is, the dowress can not open new mines when discovered because she would be committing waste, which she is not permitted to do. On principle, why may she not be endowed of mines opened by the heir or owner of the fee, after the dower attaches and before there has been any assignment ? By all the decisions, it is not waste for her to work mines opened, although the same had been abandoned before the death of the husband. She may construct new approaches and not be guilty of waste. On the same principle, if the cases on this question can be said to rest upon any principle, she could work mines opened by the heir without being guilty of waste. The reason for the rule adopted, that bars dower in all mines not opened during the lifetime of the husband, failing, the rule ought not to be extended to cases not strictly within its meaning. In view of the comprehensive definition given by common law writers of the things of which the wife is entitled to be endowed, which includes almost every thing of a permanent nature, whether it is of a material or ideal kind, there can be no reason for giving the rule any broader construction than has heretofore obtained.
Our statute does not define dower. It provides for the assignment, but leaves the interest to be determined as at common law. By reference to the authorities, we find, at common law, the wife was entitled to be endowed of all lands and tenements of which the husband died seized. The import of those terms is well known in the law. Land comprehends all things of a substantial nature, which includes any ground, soil or earth whatever, and hath in its legal signification an indefinite extent upwards as well as downwards. “ Therefore,” says Blackstone, “if a man grants all his lands, he grants thereby all his mines of metal and other fossils, his woods, his waters and his houses, as well as his fields and meadows.” Tenement, according, to the same author, is a word of still greater extent, and in “ its original, proper and legal sense, signifies every tiling that may be holden, provided it be of a permanent nature, whether it be of a substantial and sensible, or of an unsubstantial, ideal kind.” 2 Black. 17*, 18*.
The minerals in this land are a part of the land itself, and if, by reason of the mines, it is not susceptible of division, the wife is entitled to be endowed of the profits or rents. The principle is, she is entitled to dower of all the profits of lands and tenements of which her husband was seized as of an estate of inheritance. In Stoughton v. Leigh, supra, it is said, “it is no impediment to dower that the tenements are of such a nature they can not be assigned by metes and bounds, but in those cases it shall be assigned as well as it can be, as by the third toll-dish of a mill, or the like.”
In the case of Deckin v. Harner, D. & S. 284, although the decision was placed on other grounds, the vice chancellor expressed the opinion, that a widow, dowable of the real estate of her husband, not having done anything to preclude her from doing so, may claim one third of the income of the proceeds arising from the royalties of mines opened after her husband’s decease, but not one-third of the corpus.
The demandant’s interest in these mines comes strictly within the definition of dower, and if she is to be barred of that right it must be upon some principle or for some reason known to the law. We have not been able to find any authority exactly in point, but the reasoning of the decisions on this question do tend to support the theory we are endeavoring to maintain, viz: there is no reason why the wife may not be entitled to be endowed of mines opened by the heir or owner of the fee after the right of dower attaches, and before there has been any assignment, as well as in mines opened by the husband. In Coates v. Cheever, supra, it was decided the right of dower attached to a bed of iron ore; that such bed of considerable extent was regarded as opened, although the openings which had been worked by the husband, had been partially abandoned, but other openings into the same bed had been made by the heir.
In Carr v. Carr, 4 Dev. and Bat.
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Mr. Justice Scott
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The demandant is herself the owner in fee of the undivided one-third part of the land in which dower is sought, and the defendant Anna 0. Henke is the owner of the other two-thirds. A portion of these lands contain lead mines, all of which were discovered and opened after the right of dower attached. It was not known in the lifetime of the demandant’s husband, that any valuable mines existed in these lands. Two children were living at the death of the husband, one of whom has since died. The entire estate then passed to the widow and the other child, Mary Louisa Camphouse, who afterwards intermarried with Henry Henke, both of whom are now dead, leaving Anna 0. Henke, the infant defendant, as their only heir at law.
It is alleged, it was agreed between Mary Louisa, in her lifetime, and her mother, Mrs. Lenfers, in consideration of her dotver interest, the proceeds of the mineral rents derived from the mines discovered in these lands, should be equally divided between them. Mines were accordingly opened that proved very valuable. The agreement as to the division of the rents Avas faithfully carried out by Mary Louisa during her lifetime, by her husband after her death, and after his death, by the guardian of their minor heir, until the month of November, 1872, when he and the sm elters, through Avhose hands the rents passed, declined to make any further division on the basis of the agreement, until the rights of the parties should be judicially determined. The relief sought is, that the agreement be declared to stand as an assignment of doAver, and as conclusive of the existing rights of the parties; but if the contract should be adjudged void, the widow may haAre doAver assigned to her.
The question presented is one of first impression in this court. The general doctrine is, AA-here mines hav^e been opened and Avorked during the lifetime of the husband, the Avife is doAvable; but not in mines or strata not opened at all. It makes no difference, the mines may have been temporarily abandoned; it is only material, they Avere opened in the lifetime of the husband. She may not only Avork the mines, but she may construct new approaches to them. Stoughton v. Leigh, 1 Taunt. 402; Coates v. Cheever, 1 Cow. 474.
The first case we have been able to find on this subject is Hoby v. Hoby, 1 Verm. 218. In that case it is assumed the wife has doAver in mines, but Avliether it is in mines opened during the lifetime of the husband, or not, does not appear. The next and leading case is Stoughton v. Leigh, supra. The question as to mines opened by the heir Avas not raised. The judge only gave opinions on the two points indicated: 1st. The wife Avas dowable of mines opened and worked by the husband. 2d. She was not doAvable of any mines or strata not opened at all. In many of the later cases, as well as the earlier cases, no reason whatever is assigned for the adoption of the rule; but where any is assigned, it is, the dowress can not open new mines when discovered because she would be committing waste, which she is not permitted to do. On principle, why may she not be endowed of mines opened by the heir or owner of the fee, after the dower attaches and before there has been any assignment ? By all the decisions, it is not waste for her to work mines opened, although the same had been abandoned before the death of the husband. She may construct new approaches and not be guilty of waste. On the same principle, if the cases on this question can be said to rest upon any principle, she could work mines opened by the heir without being guilty of waste. The reason for the rule adopted, that bars dower in all mines not opened during the lifetime of the husband, failing, the rule ought not to be extended to cases not strictly within its meaning. In view of the comprehensive definition given by common law writers of the things of which the wife is entitled to be endowed, which includes almost every thing of a permanent nature, whether it is of a material or ideal kind, there can be no reason for giving the rule any broader construction than has heretofore obtained.
Our statute does not define dower. It provides for the assignment, but leaves the interest to be determined as at common law. By reference to the authorities, we find, at common law, the wife was entitled to be endowed of all lands and tenements of which the husband died seized. The import of those terms is well known in the law. Land comprehends all things of a substantial nature, which includes any ground, soil or earth whatever, and hath in its legal signification an indefinite extent upwards as well as downwards. “ Therefore,” says Blackstone, “if a man grants all his lands, he grants thereby all his mines of metal and other fossils, his woods, his waters and his houses, as well as his fields and meadows.” Tenement, according, to the same author, is a word of still greater extent, and in “ its original, proper and legal sense, signifies every tiling that may be holden, provided it be of a permanent nature, whether it be of a substantial and sensible, or of an unsubstantial, ideal kind.” 2 Black. 17*, 18*.
The minerals in this land are a part of the land itself, and if, by reason of the mines, it is not susceptible of division, the wife is entitled to be endowed of the profits or rents. The principle is, she is entitled to dower of all the profits of lands and tenements of which her husband was seized as of an estate of inheritance. In Stoughton v. Leigh, supra, it is said, “it is no impediment to dower that the tenements are of such a nature they can not be assigned by metes and bounds, but in those cases it shall be assigned as well as it can be, as by the third toll-dish of a mill, or the like.”
In the case of Deckin v. Harner, D. & S. 284, although the decision was placed on other grounds, the vice chancellor expressed the opinion, that a widow, dowable of the real estate of her husband, not having done anything to preclude her from doing so, may claim one third of the income of the proceeds arising from the royalties of mines opened after her husband’s decease, but not one-third of the corpus.
The demandant’s interest in these mines comes strictly within the definition of dower, and if she is to be barred of that right it must be upon some principle or for some reason known to the law. We have not been able to find any authority exactly in point, but the reasoning of the decisions on this question do tend to support the theory we are endeavoring to maintain, viz: there is no reason why the wife may not be entitled to be endowed of mines opened by the heir or owner of the fee after the right of dower attaches, and before there has been any assignment, as well as in mines opened by the husband. In Coates v. Cheever, supra, it was decided the right of dower attached to a bed of iron ore; that such bed of considerable extent was regarded as opened, although the openings which had been worked by the husband, had been partially abandoned, but other openings into the same bed had been made by the heir.
In Carr v. Carr, 4 Dev. and Bat. 179, it was decided that, while the dowress could not use trees standing on the dower lands, for making turpentine, which had not been used by her husband for that purpose, still she could rightfully use trees in the ordinary mode for making turpentine, that had been boxed and tended in the lifetime of the husband, and might box new trees as those already boxed became unfit for use, so as not to enlarge the crop beyond what it had been when the dower was assigned. The case of Findley v. Smith, 6 Munf. 134, is illustrative of the same doctrine.
What possible difference could it make, whether the trees were boxed by the husband, or by the heir before assignment of dower? In either case she would be entitled to the profitable and natural use of the dower estate, so she does not commit waste. The heir, by opening the mines, has destroyed all other profits of the land. There is no mode of enjoying mines except by working them. If this can not be done they are profitless to the dowress. As we have seen, it is not waste in her to work mines opened by her husband, and, bv a parity of reasoning, we reach the conclusion, it is not waste for her to work mines opened by the heir before assignment of dower. At all events, she would be entitled to dower in the profits in case the mines should be worked by the heir or owner of the fee, before assignment of dower.
But the agreement proven may be regarded as an assignment of dower. Mrs. Lenfers and her daughter, being the owners of the fee of the lands, had the right to open mines and cause them to be worked. When the mines in question were opened no assignment of dower had been made. That Mi's. Lenfers had dower in the lands is not controverted. Independently of any agreement, she, being the owner in fee of an undivided one-third of the lands, was entitled to one-third of the mineral rents. The mines, when opened, in their very nature were indivisible. Neither partition could be made at law. nor dower assigned by metes and bounds. Connant v. Smith, 1 Aik. 67; Bainbridge on Mines, 155*; Adams v. Briggs, 7 Cush. 361.
The only partition that can be made is to order a sale of the mines and divide the proceeds. McGillivray v. Evans et al. 27 Cal. 92,
After the mines in this case had been opened there was no practicable way in which dower could be assigned by metes and bounds. It was assigned in the only way that it could be equitably done, by giving the dowress a distinct portion of the mineral rents. The right of dower existed, and it was competent for the heir herself to make the assignment. If of lawful age, the assignment once fairly made would bind the heir and all privies in estate, and would be conclusive of the subsisting lights of all the parties in interest.
■ But, at common law, the infant heir may assign dower for the reason, as it is said, the widow’s “claim is urgent and necessary for her immediate support.” Bainbridge on Mines, 151*. However, the law protects the heir against the effects of an excessive or fraudulent assignment. Hoby v. Hoby, supra.
The objection, the agreement was not in writing and therefore within the Statute of Frauds, is not well taken. Treating it as an assignment of dower, it was valid, though existing in parol. Bainbridge, in his work on Mines, says, “ dower maybe assigned by parol, notwithstanding the Statute of Frauds, for her estate is not created, but only ascertained, by assignment; and where she has entered after assignment, the freehold vests in her without the livery of seizin, whether the assignment has been accomplished by agreement or by the course of the law.” Bainbridge, 149*.
Sir Edward Coke, in his Commentaries, after stating briefly of what, by whom, and to whom the assignment must be made, adds: “But their needeth neither livery of seizin nor writing in any assignment of dower, because it is due of common right.” Coke on Lit. 35 a.
"We have no doubt the agreement between the complainant and her daughter, Mary Louisa, was in fact an assignment of dower in the mines situated in the lands in which she had dower, and as such it is conclusive of the rights of the parties, unless it can in some mode be impeached. The heir elected to treat the mines as opened, and there is, and can be, no reason why she could not assign dower therein out of the rents arising from their use. This she did. It was founded on a valid consideration, and it must be permitted to stand as a subsisting agreement as to the parties to it, and all privies in estate. The heir takes the estate with this charge upon it.
The decree will be reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings authorized by the principles of this opinion.
Decree reversed.