Lambert, J.:
The plaintiff is the wife of one Homer Rumsey, who, on or about September 13, 1902, conveyed the premises described in the complaint to the defendant Harris Sullivan. At the time of the conveyance Rumsey was the owner of the tract, and the plaintiff, who was then his wife, did not sign the deed After such conveyance the defendants drilled and are now drilling wells for oil and gas, and it is alleged in the complaint that the principal value of the premises is dependent upon the right to produce oil and gas thereon.
This action is brought to permanently enjoin the defendants from drilling for oil or gas on the land, and from removing or selling any produced thereon.
The action is an unusual one, and there is no case in this State which is directly in point.
The plaintiff claims that the operations of the defendants [247] constitute waste, and that her inchoate right of dower is entitled to he protected by enjoining such waste.
A widow’s right of dower in the lands of her husband has always been held sacred. “Favorabilia in lege sunt, vita, ficus dos libertas ” is a maxim cited by the most ancient text-writers.
The original object in allowing dower was to furnish means and sustenance for the wife and for the nurture and education of the children after the death of the husband. (Wait v. Wait, 4 Barb. 192.)
So important is the object'to society at large that the courts have extended to it the same degree of protection as to liberty and life, and dower is now held to exist, not only for the reasons aforesaid, but for reasons of public policy, and is recognized as a positive and definite institution of the State. (Lawrence v. Miller, 2 N. Y. 245; Moore v. Mayor, etc., 8 id. 110.)
Dower does not result from any contractual relation between husband and wife, either express or implied, and the Legislature has the power to alter, abolish or diminish such right while it still remains inchoate. (Moore v. Mayor, etc., 8 N. Y. 110; 14 Cyc. 887.)
There are three requisites of dower: A valid marriage; seisin of the husband, and his death. Upon the death of her husband the plaintiff, if she survives, will be entitled to the life use of one-third, of the premises in question, and as an incident thereto may operate and work such of the oil and gas wells opened during the lifetime of her husband as may be. situate upon that portion of the premises admeasured to her. The complaint does not allege that any wells were dug or opened before the conveyance to the defendant Darris Sullivan by plaintiff’s husband. The plaintiff, therefore, even if she survived her husband, could never have taken oil or gas from the premises unless wells were dug and opened during the lifetime of the husband by the said defendant or her grantees.
The rule is well stated as follows in Coates v. Cheever (1 Cow. 460): “There is no doubt that as tomines in general, including beds of iron ore, if they are unopened at the time of the owner’s death, his widow must take her dower in other land merely. The newly opening a mine is waste, and the widow, having only an estate for life, can legally do no act [248] which injures the inheritance. All the cases agree in this. But it is equally clear, that if, during the husband’s lifetime, mines are opened, dower in them is properly assignable.”
The above case was decided in 1823, and the rule then laid down has been followed in nearly all of the States, not only in respect to mines of ore, but also to 'wells of oil and gas. (Billings v. Taylor, 10 Pick. 460; Swayne v. Lone Acre Oil Co., 98 Tex. 597; Stoughton v. Leigh, 1 Taunt. 402; Higgins Oil, etc., Co. v. Snow, 113 Fed. Rep. 433.)
In Swayne v. Lone Acre Oil Co. (supra, 607) the learned court says: “It is too well settled to require a citation of authority, that while it is not waste for a tenant by the curtesy or a tenant in dower to work an open mine, it is waste to open a new mine. In other words, the tenant of a life estate punishable for waste has no right to remove the minerals, when the land had not been devoted to mining purposes before the creation of his estate. Oil before its extraction is a mineral and is a part of the land, and, in so far as the question under discussion is concerned, is to be considered like iron, coal, lead, or other solid mineral substance.”
It is, therefore, clear that a widow may work mines, oil or gas wells situate upon that portion of the premises admeasured to her. She may also open new shafts for working’ an old vein, may sink shafts into a new seam or vein which underlies the first, and take minerals or oil therefrom to any extent, even to the exhaustion of the mines or wells hut may open no new ones. (Bond v. Godsey, 99 Va. 564; Richmond Natural Gas Co. v. Davenport, 37 Ind. App. 25; Westmoreland Coal Co.’s Appeal, 85 Penn. St. 344; Lenfers v. Henke, 73 Ill. 405; Coates v. Cheever, 1 Cow. 460; Billings v. Taylor, 10 Pick. 460.)
While the rights of a widow are well settled, I find no case in which a court of equity has restrained acts similar to those complained of at the instance of a wife having only an inchoate right of dower in the premises. An inchoate dower right is not an estate, nor is it an interest in real estate. (14 Cyc. 925; Moore v. Mayor, etc., 8 N. Y. 110.)
It is merely a substantial right, possessing many of the incidents of property, which may, in certain cases, be protected by the court. (Simar v. Canaday, 53 N. Y. 298.)
[249] It has been held that the court will protect a wife when she has been induced by fraud to release her inchoate right of dower. And in certain cases of judicial sales the court determines the value of such right by accepted standards, and either sets aside a sum for the use of the wife or decrees a payment in gross in lieu thereof.
But I am unable to find any case in which waste has been enjoined, during the lifetime of the husband, upon the suit of the wife. As her right of dower in the lands of her husband depends upon her survival, she cannot interfere with her husband’s occupancy and use thereof. Her right is always inchoate and subject to the changes, improvements, dilapidation or depreciation which may occur during his lifetime. Any other rule would occasion great confusion and much uncertainty as to what a man may or may not do with his own property. A husband, owning lands, may cut the timber, dig wells, mine ores and pump the oil or gas thereon in any manner he sees fit, so long as he does not thereby create a nuisance or infringe upon the rights of the general public. Whatever right and title he has he may convey to another, and even if the premises do contain mines, minerals, oil or gas which may in time be exhausted, the right of his wife therein is still inchoate, and she cannot enjoin their development and use during her husband’s lifetime.
It has been held that oil in the earth belongs to the owner of the soil. (Hughes v. United Pipe Lines, 119 N. Y. 423.)
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Lambert, J.:
The plaintiff is the wife of one Homer Rumsey, who, on or about September 13, 1902, conveyed the premises described in the complaint to the defendant Harris Sullivan. At the time of the conveyance Rumsey was the owner of the tract, and the plaintiff, who was then his wife, did not sign the deed After such conveyance the defendants drilled and are now drilling wells for oil and gas, and it is alleged in the complaint that the principal value of the premises is dependent upon the right to produce oil and gas thereon.
This action is brought to permanently enjoin the defendants from drilling for oil or gas on the land, and from removing or selling any produced thereon.
The action is an unusual one, and there is no case in this State which is directly in point.
The plaintiff claims that the operations of the defendants [247] constitute waste, and that her inchoate right of dower is entitled to he protected by enjoining such waste.
A widow’s right of dower in the lands of her husband has always been held sacred. “Favorabilia in lege sunt, vita, ficus dos libertas ” is a maxim cited by the most ancient text-writers.
The original object in allowing dower was to furnish means and sustenance for the wife and for the nurture and education of the children after the death of the husband. (Wait v. Wait, 4 Barb. 192.)
So important is the object'to society at large that the courts have extended to it the same degree of protection as to liberty and life, and dower is now held to exist, not only for the reasons aforesaid, but for reasons of public policy, and is recognized as a positive and definite institution of the State. (Lawrence v. Miller, 2 N. Y. 245; Moore v. Mayor, etc., 8 id. 110.)
Dower does not result from any contractual relation between husband and wife, either express or implied, and the Legislature has the power to alter, abolish or diminish such right while it still remains inchoate. (Moore v. Mayor, etc., 8 N. Y. 110; 14 Cyc. 887.)
There are three requisites of dower: A valid marriage; seisin of the husband, and his death. Upon the death of her husband the plaintiff, if she survives, will be entitled to the life use of one-third, of the premises in question, and as an incident thereto may operate and work such of the oil and gas wells opened during the lifetime of her husband as may be. situate upon that portion of the premises admeasured to her. The complaint does not allege that any wells were dug or opened before the conveyance to the defendant Darris Sullivan by plaintiff’s husband. The plaintiff, therefore, even if she survived her husband, could never have taken oil or gas from the premises unless wells were dug and opened during the lifetime of the husband by the said defendant or her grantees.
The rule is well stated as follows in Coates v. Cheever (1 Cow. 460): “There is no doubt that as tomines in general, including beds of iron ore, if they are unopened at the time of the owner’s death, his widow must take her dower in other land merely. The newly opening a mine is waste, and the widow, having only an estate for life, can legally do no act [248] which injures the inheritance. All the cases agree in this. But it is equally clear, that if, during the husband’s lifetime, mines are opened, dower in them is properly assignable.”
The above case was decided in 1823, and the rule then laid down has been followed in nearly all of the States, not only in respect to mines of ore, but also to 'wells of oil and gas. (Billings v. Taylor, 10 Pick. 460; Swayne v. Lone Acre Oil Co., 98 Tex. 597; Stoughton v. Leigh, 1 Taunt. 402; Higgins Oil, etc., Co. v. Snow, 113 Fed. Rep. 433.)
In Swayne v. Lone Acre Oil Co. (supra, 607) the learned court says: “It is too well settled to require a citation of authority, that while it is not waste for a tenant by the curtesy or a tenant in dower to work an open mine, it is waste to open a new mine. In other words, the tenant of a life estate punishable for waste has no right to remove the minerals, when the land had not been devoted to mining purposes before the creation of his estate. Oil before its extraction is a mineral and is a part of the land, and, in so far as the question under discussion is concerned, is to be considered like iron, coal, lead, or other solid mineral substance.”
It is, therefore, clear that a widow may work mines, oil or gas wells situate upon that portion of the premises admeasured to her. She may also open new shafts for working’ an old vein, may sink shafts into a new seam or vein which underlies the first, and take minerals or oil therefrom to any extent, even to the exhaustion of the mines or wells hut may open no new ones. (Bond v. Godsey, 99 Va. 564; Richmond Natural Gas Co. v. Davenport, 37 Ind. App. 25; Westmoreland Coal Co.’s Appeal, 85 Penn. St. 344; Lenfers v. Henke, 73 Ill. 405; Coates v. Cheever, 1 Cow. 460; Billings v. Taylor, 10 Pick. 460.)
While the rights of a widow are well settled, I find no case in which a court of equity has restrained acts similar to those complained of at the instance of a wife having only an inchoate right of dower in the premises. An inchoate dower right is not an estate, nor is it an interest in real estate. (14 Cyc. 925; Moore v. Mayor, etc., 8 N. Y. 110.)
It is merely a substantial right, possessing many of the incidents of property, which may, in certain cases, be protected by the court. (Simar v. Canaday, 53 N. Y. 298.)
[249] It has been held that the court will protect a wife when she has been induced by fraud to release her inchoate right of dower. And in certain cases of judicial sales the court determines the value of such right by accepted standards, and either sets aside a sum for the use of the wife or decrees a payment in gross in lieu thereof.
But I am unable to find any case in which waste has been enjoined, during the lifetime of the husband, upon the suit of the wife. As her right of dower in the lands of her husband depends upon her survival, she cannot interfere with her husband’s occupancy and use thereof. Her right is always inchoate and subject to the changes, improvements, dilapidation or depreciation which may occur during his lifetime. Any other rule would occasion great confusion and much uncertainty as to what a man may or may not do with his own property. A husband, owning lands, may cut the timber, dig wells, mine ores and pump the oil or gas thereon in any manner he sees fit, so long as he does not thereby create a nuisance or infringe upon the rights of the general public. Whatever right and title he has he may convey to another, and even if the premises do contain mines, minerals, oil or gas which may in time be exhausted, the right of his wife therein is still inchoate, and she cannot enjoin their development and use during her husband’s lifetime.
It has been held that oil in the earth belongs to the owner of the soil. (Hughes v. United Pipe Lines, 119 N. Y. 423.)
It resembles water as it exists in the earth, its original source is uncertain, and even the exact location thereof may not be known, but like salt or mineral waters, it has a market value, and the owner of the fee has a right to pump, use and sell it even if his wells are so located on his premises as to lessen the flow of his neighbor’s wells dug prior to his. And in such case the courts will not enjoin their use at the suit of the neighbor. (Wagner v. Mallory, 169 N. Y. 501.)
In the case at bar plaintiff desires to restrain defendants from using the wells of oil and gas which they have dug. She wishes to preserve the oil and gas until some future period when she may be entitled to enjoy these new rights which she has acquired by reason of the defendants’ diligence in opening [250] the wells, and thus deprive them, for the present at least, of the fruits of their industry. Ordinarily a zealous life tenant or owner is of benefit to the remainderman or one having an inchoate right of dower in the lands. So in this case the defendants’ enterprise in first opening the wells gave plaintiff her claim of an inchoate right to benefit by them. But now having, as she thinks, gained such a right, she seeks to curb the activities of the defendants to the end that all such benefits maybe preserved in full for her common enjoyment in case she ever has dower in the lands. The defendants are rightfully in possession of the premises, and their present operations cannot b'e said to constitute waste as against the plaintiff.
The' complaint, therefore, does not state facts sufficient tb constitute a cause of action, and it is clear that the judgment appealed from should be affirmed.
All concurred, except Kruse, P. J., who dissented, in a memorandum.