Leather Manufacturers' Bank v. Morgan

117 U.S. 96, 6 S. Ct. 657, 29 L. Ed. 811, 1886 U.S. LEXIS 1818

• Court: Supreme Court of the United States
• Decided: March 1, 1886
• Status: Published

Opinion

Me; Justice HaelaN

delivered the opinion of the court. After stating the facts as above reported, he1 continued:

The court' below, as shown, by its opinion, proceeded upon the ground that Cooper was under no duty whatever to the bank to examine his pass-book and the vouchers returned with it, in order to ascertain whether his account was correctly kept. For this reason, it is contended, the bank, even if without fault itself, has no legal cause of complaint, although it may have been misled to its prejudice by-'the failure of the depositor to give timely notice of the fact — which, by ordinary diligence, he might have discovered on the occasion of the several balancings of the account — that the checks in question had been fraudulently altered. This view of his obligations does not seem to the court to be consistent with the relations of the parties, or with principles of justice.

"While it is true that the relation of a bank and its depositor is one simply of debtor and creditor, (Phœnix Bank v. Risley, 111 U. S. 125, 127,) and that the depositor is not chargeable with any payments except such as are made in conformity with his orders, it is within common knowledge that the object of a pass-book is to inform -the depositor from time to time of the condition of his account as it appears upon the books of .the bank. It not only enables him to discover errors to his prejudice, but supplies evidence in his favor in the event of litigation or dispute with the bank. In this way it operates to protect him against the carelessness or fraud of the bank. The sending of his pass-book to be written up and returned with the vouchers, is, therefore, in effect, a demand to know what the bank claims to be the state of his account. And the return of the book, with the vouchers, is the answer to that demand, and, in effect, imports a request by the bank that the depositor will, in proper time, examine the account so rendered, and either sanction or repudiate it. In Devaynes v. Noble, 1 Meriv. 530, 535, it appeared that the course of dealing between banker and customer, in London, was the subject of inquiry in the High- Court of Chancery as early as 1815. The report of the master stated, among other things, that for the purpose .of- having the passbook “ made up by the bankers from their own books of account, the customer returns it to them from time to time as he thinks fit; and, the proper entries being made by them up to the day on which it is left for that purpose, they.deliver it. again to the customer, who thereupon examines it, and if there appears any error or oinission, brings or sends it back to be rectified; or, if not, his silence is regarded as an admission that the entries are correct.” This report is quite as applicable to the existing usages of this country as it was to the usages of business in London at the time it was made. The depositor cannot, therefore, without injustice to the bank, omit all examination of his account, when thus rendered at his request. His failure to make it or to have it made, within a reasonable time after opportunity given for that purpose, is inconsistent with the object for which he obtains and uses a pass-book. It was observed in First National Bank v. Whitman, 94 U. S. 343, 346—although the observation was not, perhaps, necessary in the decision of the case — that the ordinary writing up of a bank book, with a return of Vouchers or statement of accounts, precludes no one from ascertaining the truth and claiming its benefit. Such undoubtedly is a correct statement of a general rule. It was made in a case where the account included a check in respect to which it w;as subsequently discovered that the name of the payee had been forged. But it did not appear that either the bank or the drawer of the check waS guilty of negligence. The drawer was not presumed to know the signature of the payee; his examination of the account would not necessarily have disclosed the forgery of the payee’s name;, therefore his failure to discover that fact sooner than he did was not to be attributed to want of care. Without impugning the general rule that an account rendered which has become an account stated, is open to correction for mistake or fraud, Perkins v. Hart, 11 Wheat. 237, 256; Wiggins v. Burkham, 10 Wall. 129, 132, other principles come into operation, where a party-to a stated account, who is under a duty, from the usages of business or otherwise, to examine it within a reasonable time after having an opportunity to do so, and give timely notice of his objections thereto, neglects altogether to make such examination himself, dr to have‘it made, in good faith, by another for him ; by reason of which negligence, the other party, relying upon the account as having been acquiesced in or approved, has failed to take steps for his protection which he could and would have talcén had such notice been given. In other words, parties to a stated account may be estopped by their conduct from questioning its conclusiveness.

The doctrine of estoppel by conduct has been applied under a great diversity of circumstances. In the consideration of the question before us aid will be derived from an examination of some of the cases in which it has been defined and applied. In Morgan v. Railroad Company, 96 U. S. 176, 720, it was held that a party may not deny a state of things which by his culpable silence or misrepresentations he has led another to believe existed, if the latter has acted upon that belief. “ The doctrine,” the court said, “ always presupposes error on one side and.fault or fraud upon the other, an'd somé defect of which it would be inequitable for the party against whom the doctrine is asserted to take advantage.” In Continental Bank v. Bank of the Commonwealth, 50 N. Y. 575, 583, it was held not to be always necessary to such- an estoppel that there should be an intention, upon the part of the person making a declaration or ‘ doing an act, to mislead the one who is induced to rely upon it. “ Indeed,” said Folger, J., “ it would limit the rule much ■ within the reason of it if it were restricted to cases where there was an element of. fraudulent purpose. In very many of the cases in which the rule has been applied, there wast no more than negligence on the part of him who was estopped. And it has long been held that where it is a breach of good faith to allow the truth to be shown, there an- admission will estop. Gaylord v. Van Loan, 15 Wend. 308.” The general doctrine,', with proper limitations, was well -expressed in Freeman, v. Cooke, 2 Exch. 654, 663, and in Carr v. London & Northwestern Railway Co., L. R., 10 C. P. 307. In the first of those cases it was said by Parke, B., for the whole court, that “ if, whatever a man’s real intention may be, he so conducts himself that a reasonable man would take the representation to be true,-and believe that it was meant that he should act upon it, and did act upon it as true, the party making the representation would be equally precluded from contesting its truth; and conduct, by negligence or omission, when there is a duty cast ugou a person by- usage of trade or otherwise to disclose the truth, may' often have the same effect.” And in the other case, Brett, J.,,speaking for the court, said: “If in.the transaction itself which is in dispute, one' has led another into the belief of a certain state of facts by conduct of culpable, negligence calculated to have that result,' and such culpable negligence has been the proximate cause of leading and has led the. other to act by mistake upon such belief, to his prejudice, the second cannot be heard afterwards, as against the first, to show that the state of facts referred to did hot exist.” See also Manufacturers’ & Traders' Bank v. Hazard, 30 N. Y. 226, 229; Blair v. Wait, 69 N. Y. 113, 116; McKenzie v. British Linen Co., 6 App. Cas. 82, 101; Miles v. McIlwraith, 8 App. Cas. 120, 133; Cornish v. Abington, 4 H. & N. 549, 556.

TJpon this doctrine, substantially, rests the decision in Bank of United States v. Bank of Georgia, 10 Wheat. 333, 343, where the question was as to the right of the Bank of Georgia" to cancel a credit given to the' Bank of the United States, in the general - account the latter kept with the former, for the • face value of certain bank notes purporting to be genuine notes of the Bank of Georgia, and which came to the hands of the other bank in the regular course of business and for value. The notes were received by the Bank of Georgia as genuine, but being discovered nineteen days thereafter to be counter-' feits, they were tendered back to the Bank of the United States, which refused to receive them. This court held that the loss must fall upon the Bank of Georgia. Mr. Justice. Story, who delivered the opinion of the court, after observing that the notes were received and adopted by the Bank of Georgia as its genuine notes, and treated as cash, and that the bank must be presumed to use all reasonable care, by private marks and otherwise, to secure itself against forgeries and impositions, said: “Under such.circumstances, the receipt by a bank of forged notes, purporting to be its own, must .be deemed an adoption of them. It has the means of knowing if they are genuine; if these means are not employed, it is certainly evidence of a neglect of that duty which the public have a right to' require. And in. respect to persons equally inno cent, where one is bound to know and act upon his knowledge, and the other has no means of knowledge, there seems to be no reason for burdening the latter with any loss in exoneration of the former. There is nothing unconscientious in retaining the. sum received from the bank, in payment of such notes, which its own acts have deliberately assumed to be genuine. .If this doctrine be applicable to ordinary cases, it must apply with greater strength to cases where the forgery has- not been detected until- after a considerable lapse of time.” “ Even,” he added, “ in relation to. forged bills of third persons received in payment of a debt, there has been a qualification engrafted on the general doctrine,, that the notice and réturn must be within a reasonable time; and any neglect will absolve the payer from responsibility.” It was, therefore, held that, as the Bank of Georgia could by ordinary circumspection have detected the fraud, it must account to its depositor according to the entry made in its books at the time of receiving the notes.

The same principle was recognized in Cooke v. United States, 91 U. S. 389, 396. One of the questions there was as to the effect, on the rights of the government, of the receipt by an assistant treasurer of the United States in New York of certain treasury notes, endorsed by the holders to the order of the Secretary of the Treasury for redemption in accordance with an act of Congress, and which notes, when examined at the Treasury Department, were ascertained to be forgeries, of which prompt notice was given. This court, speaking by the Chief Justice, said: “ It is undoubtedly, also, true, as a general rule of commercial law, that where one accepts forged paper purporting to be his own, and pays it to a holder for value, he cannot recall - the payment. The operative fact in this rule is the acceptance, or more properly, perhaps, the adoption of the paper as genuine by its' apparent maker. . . . He must repudiate as soon as he ought to have discovered the forgery, ’ otherwise he will be regarded as accepting the paper. Unnecessary delay under such circumstances is unreasonable; and unreasonable delay is negligence, which throws the burden of the loss upon him who is guilty of it, rather than upon one who is not.” Again: “ "When, therefore, a party is entitled to something more than a mere inspection of the paper before he can be required to pass finally' upon its character — as, for example, an examination of accounts or records kept by him for the purpose of verification — negligence sufficient to charge him with a loss cannot be claimed until this examination ought to have been completed. If, in the ordinary course of business, this might have been done before payment, it ought to have been, and payment without it will have the effect of an acceptance and adoption. . . . "What is reasonable must in every case depend upon circumstances; -but, until a reasonable time has in fact elapsed, the law will not impute negligence on account of delay.”

This court in the two cases last cited, refers, with approval, to Gloucester Bank v. Salem Bank, 17 Mass. 33, 42. In that case it appeared that the Salem Bank exchanged with the Gloucester Bank, for value, certain bank notes which purported to be, and which both banks at the time believed to be, the genuine notes of the Gloucester Bank, and which the latter bank did not, until about fifty days after the exchange, discover to be forgeries. The question was whether the Salem Bank was bound to account for the value of the notes so ascertained to be counterfeit. Chief Justice Parker, speaking for the whole court, observed that the parties being’equally innocent and ignorant, the loss should remain where the chance of business had placed it, and that in all such cases the just and sound principle of decision was, that, if the loss can be traced to the fault or negligence of either party, it should be fixed upon him. He said: “ And the true rule is that the party receiving such notes must examine them as soon as he has opportunity, and return them immediately. If he does not, he is negligent; and negligence will defeat his right of action. This principle will apply in all cases where forged notes have been received; but certainly with more strength when the party receiving them is the one purporting to be bound to pay. For he knows better than any other, whether they are his notes or not; and if he pays them, or receives them in payment, and continues silent, after he has had sufficient opportunity to examine them, he should be considered as having adopted them as his own.”

These cases are referred to for the purpose of showing some of the circumstances under which the courts, to promote the ends of justice, have sustained the general principle that, where a duty is cast upon a person, by the usages of business or otherwise, to disclose the truth — -which he has the means, by ordinary diligence, of ascertaining — and he neglects or omits to discharge that duty, whereby another is misled in the very transaction to which the duty relates, he will not be permitted, to the injury of the one misled, to question the construction rationally placed. by the latter upon his conduct. This principle commends itself to our judgment as both just and beneficent ; for, as observed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in Ellis & Morton v. Ohio Life Ins. & Trust Co., 4 Ohio St. 628, 667, while in the forum of conscience there may be a wide difference between intentional injuries and those arising from negligence, yet no man conducts himself “quite as absolutely'in this world as thdugh he was the only man in it; and the very existence of society depends upon compelling every one to pay a proper regard to the rights and interests of others. The law, therefore, proceeding upon the soundest principles of morality and public policy, has adapted a large number of its rules and remedies to the enforcement of this duty. In almost every department of active life rights are in this manner daily lost and acquired, and we know of no reason for making the commercial classes an exception.”

Recurring to the facts of this case, there was evidence tending to show — we do not say beyond controversy — that Cooper failed to exercise that degree of care which, under all the circumstances, it.was his duty to do; he knew of the custom of the defendant to balance the pass-books of its depositors and return their checks “ as vouchers ” for payments; yet he did not' examine his pass-book and vouchers to see whether there were any errors in the account to his prejudice, and, therefore, he could give no notice of any. Of course, if the defendant’s officers, before paying the altered checks, could by propér care and skill have' detected the forgeries, then it cannot receive a credit for the amount of those checks, even if the depositor pmitted all examination of his accopnt. . But if by such care and' skill they could not Have discovered the forgeries, then the only person unconnected with the forgeries who had the means of detecting them was Hooper himself. He' admits that by such an examination as that of March, 1881, he could easily have discovered them on, the balancings of October 1, 1880, November 19, 1880, and' January. 18, 1881. ' If he had discovered that altered checks were embraced in the account, and failed to give due notice thereof tó the bank, it could not be doubted that he would have been estopped to dispute the genuineness of the checks in the form in which they were paid; upon the principle stated by Lord Campbell in Gairncross v. Lorimer, 3 Macq. 827, 830, that “if a party‘having an interest to prevent an act being done, has full notice of its having been done, and acquiesces in it, so as to Induce a reasonable belief that' he consents to it, and the position of others is altered by fheir giving credit to his sincerity, he has no more right to challenge the act tó their prejudice than he would have had if it liad been done by his previous license.” This, however,, could not be, if, as claimed, the depositor was under no obliga-. tion whatever to the bank to examine the account rendered at his instance; and notify it of errors therein in order that it might correct them, and, if necessary, take steps for its protec-’ tion by compelling restitution by the forger., But .if the evil-dence showed that the depositor intentiónally remained silent, after discovering the fórgeries in question, would the law. conclusively presume that he had acquiesced in the account as rendered, and infer previous authority in the clerk to make the checks, and yet forbid the application of the same principle where the depositor was guilty of neglect of duty in failing to do that, in reference to the account, which he admits would have readily disclosed the same fraud ? It seems to the court that the simple statement of this proposition suggests a nega-, tive answer to it.

There was, also; evidence tending to prove — we do not say conclusively — that the depositor gave, practically, no attention to the account rendered by the bank, except to that one rendered March 2, 1881; that very slight diligence would have disclosed the fact that the vouchers, which he knew to be in the possession of his clerkj were not all that the account upon its face showed had been returned; and that he intrusted the entire business to an inexperienced boy, in whose integrity-he seemed to place implicit confidence, and of whose conduct he neglected to exercise that supervision which ordinary prudence suggested as both necessary and proper. Upon one occasion, as we have seen, he discovered an error in the footings of the check-book, and failed to look farther, because of the assurance of his clerk that he was seldom caught in a mistake. He was in the habit of looking over his check-book and keeping track of his balance in bank, and yet he did not observe that he was improperly charged in the balancing of October 7, 1880, with checks for $500 and $400; in that of November 19,1880, with checks for $405 and $600.25 ; and in that of January 18,1881, with checks for $1,000, $700.25, $1,500, $600, $1,000, $400, and $2,000. He finally discovered, in March, 1881, that there was something radically wrong in his account, and sent his pass-book to the bank to be balanced, without intimating, so far as the record shows, that he had then discovered anything to excite suspicion or to call for explanation. The book having been balanced and returned to him on March 2, 1881, he then notified the bank that his clerk had absconded, and forbade the payment of any more checks the bodies of which were in Berlin’s handwriting. Whether the clerk had absconded and left the State prior to this sending of the passbook- to the bank does not appear. But, when next heard of, so far as the record shows, he was at Wilmington, Delaware, in June, 1881, when and where he gave his deposition, de bene esse, in behalf of his former principal. The numerous checks which he confesses to have forged have been destroyed, and the bank is thereby put at disadvantage upon any issue as to the fact of forgery, or as to whether the checks may not have been so carelessly executed at the time they were signed by the depositor, as to have invited or given opportunity for these al-. terations by his confidential clerk. Van Duzen v. Howe, 21 N. Y. 531, 538; Redlich v. Doll, 54 N. Y. 234, 238; Young v. Grote, 4 Bing. 253; Greenfield Savings Bank v. Stowell, 123 Mass. 196, 202. Still, further, if the depositor was guilty of negligence in not discovering and giving notice of the fraud of bis clerk, then the bank was thereby prejudiced, because it was prevented from taking steps, by the arrest of the criminal, or by an attachment of his property, or other form of proceeding, to compel restitution. It is not necessarythat it should be made to appear, by evidence, that benefit would certainly have accrued to the bank from an attempt to secure payment from the criminal. Whether the depositor is to be held as having ratified what his clerk did, or to have adopted the checks paid by the bank and charged to him, cannot be made, in this action, to depend upon a calculation whether the criminal had at the time the forgeries were committed, or subsequently, property sufficient to meet the demands of the bank. An inquiry as to the damages in money actually sustained by the bank by reason of the neglect of the depositor to give notice of the forgeries might be proper if this were an action by it to recover damages for a violation of his duty. But it is a suit by the depositor, in' effect.to falsify a stated account, to the injury of the bank, whose defence is that the depositor has, by his conduct, ratified or adopted the payment' of. the altered checks, and' thereby induced it to forbear taking steps for its protection against the person committing the forgeries. As the right to seek and compel restoration and payment from the person committing the forgeries was, in itself, a valuable one, it is sufficient if it appears that the bank, by reason of the negligence of the depositor, was prevented from promptly, and, it may be, effect--ively, exercising it . Continental Bank v. Bank of the Common wealth, above cited; Voorhis v. Olmstead, 66 N. Y. 113, 118; Knights v. Wiffen, L. R. 5 Q. B. 660; Casco Bank v. Keene, 53 Maine 103; Fall River Bank v. Buffinton, 97 Mass. 498.

It seems to us that if the case had been submitted to the jury, and they had found such negligence upon the part of the depositor as precluded him from disputing the correctness of the account rendered by the bank, the verdict could not have been set aside as wholly unsupported by the evidence. In their relations with depositors, banks are held, as they ought to. be, to rigid responsibility. But the principles governing those relations ought not to be so extended as to invite or encourage sucb negligence by depositors in tbe .examination of their bank accounts, as is inconsistent with the relations of the parties or with those established rules and usages, sanctioned by business men of ordinary prudence and sagacity, which are or ouglit to be known to depositors.

■ We must not be understood as holding that the examination by the depositor of his account must be so cióse and thorough' as to exclude the possibility of any error whatever being overlooked by him. Nor -do we mean to hold that the depositor ’ is wanting in proper care, when he imposes upon some competent pei’son the duty of making that examination and of giving timely notice to the bank of objections .to the account. If the examination is made by such an agent or clerk in good faith and with ordinary diligence, and 'due notice given of any error in the account, the depositor discharges his duty to the bank. But when, as in this case, the agent commits the forgeries which misled the bank and injured the depositor, and, therefore, has an interest in concealing the facts, the principal occupies no better position than he would have done had no one been designated by him to make the required examination — without, at .least, showing that he exercised reasonable diligence in supervising the conduct of the 'agent while the latter was discharging the trust committed to him. In the absence of such supervision, the mere designation of an .agent to discharge a duty resting primarily upon the principal, cannot be deemed the equivalent of performance by the latter.’ While no rule can be laid down that will cover every transaction between a bank and its depositor, it is sufficient to say that the latter’s duty is discharged when he exercises such diligence as 'is'required by' the circumstances of the particular ca,se, including the relations of the parties, and the established or known usages of banking business.

' It was -insisted in argument that the grounds upon which the Circuit Court proceeded are sustained by the settled course of decision in the highest court of New York, as manifested in. Weisser v. Denison, 10 N. Y. 68, 70; Welsh v. German-American Bank,, 73 N. Y. 424; and Frank v. Chemical Bank, 84 N. Y. 209, 213. We are also referred to Manufacturers’ Bank v. Barnes, 65 Ill. 69, and National Bank v. Tappan, 6 Kansas, 456, 467. There are, it must be conceded, some expressions in', the first two cases which, at first glance, seem to justify the position of counsel. But it is to be observed, in reference to the case of Weisser v. Denison, that it is said in the opinion of the court that, as. the bank had not taken any action, nor lost any rights, in consequence of the silence of the depositor, the only effect of such silence was to cast the burden upon hiin to 'show fraud, error, or mistake in the account rendered by the bank. From Welsh v. German-American Bank, it is clear that the comparison by the depositor of his check-book with his pass-book would not necessarily have disclosed the. fraud of his clerk; for the check when paid by the bank was,,in re-', spect of date, amount, and name of payee, as the depositor in-' tended it to be, and the fraud was in the subsequent forgery by the clerk of the payee’s name. As the depositor was not presumed to know, and as it did not appear that he in fact knew, the signature of- the payee, it could not be said that he was guilty of negligence in not discovering, upon receiving his pass-book, the fact that his clerk, or some one else, had forged the payee’s name in the endorsement.

The latest expression of the views of the Court of. Appeals of New York is in Frank v. Chemical National Bank. From what is there said it is evident that that learned tribunal, does not give its sanction to the broad proposition that a depositor-who-obtains periodical statements < of his account, with the vouchers, is under no duty whatever to the bank to examine them, and give notice, within a reasonable time, of errors discovered therein. The court in that case, speaking by Judge. Andrews, who delivered the’ opinion in Welsh v. German-American Bank, refers to Weisser v. Denison. After observing that it was unnecéssary to restate the grounds’ of that decision, and adverting to the argument that where a pass-book was kept, which was balanced from time to time and returned to the depositor, with the vouchers for the charges made by the bank, including forged checks, the latter is under a duty ,to the bank to examine the account and vouchers, with a view to - ascertain whether the account is correct, he proceeds :■ “It does not seem to be unreasonable, in view of tbe course of business ■and tbe custom of banks to surrender their vouchers on the periodical writing up of the accounts of depositors, to exact ' from the latter some attention to the account when it is made up, or to hold that the negligent omission of all examination may, when injury has resulted to the bank, which it would not have suffered if such examination had been made and the bank had received timely notice of objections, preclude the depositor from afterwards questioning its correctness. But where forged ' checks have been paid and charged in the account and returned to the depositor, he is under no duty to the bank to so conduct ..the examination that it will necessarily lead to the discovery of the fraud. If he examines the vouchers personally, and is himself deceived by the skilful character af the forgery, nis omission to discover it will not shift upon him the loss which, in the first instance, is the loss of the bank. Banks are bound to know the signatures of their customers, and .they pay checks purporting to be drawn by them at their peril. If the bank pays forged checks it commits the first fault. It cannot visit the consequences upon the innocent depositor who, after the fact, is also deceived by the simulated paper. So, if the depositor, in the ordinary course of business, commits the examination of the bank account and vouchers to clerks or agents, and they fail to discover checks which are forged, the duty of the depositor "to the bank is discharged, although the principal, if he had made the .examination personally, would have detected them. The alleged duty, at most, only requires the depositor to use ordinary care; and if this is exercised, whether by himself or his agents, the bank cannot justly complain, although the forgeries are not discovered until it is too late to retrieve its position or make reclamation from the forger.”

In Manufacturers’ National Bank v. Barnes, the Supreme Court of Illinois, while expressing its approval of the decision in Weisser v. Denison, shows that the bank was itself guilty of negligence in paying checks drawn by the depositor’s clerk; for it had in its possession, placed there by the depositor, written' evidence that the authority of the clerk to draw checks against the depositor’s account was restricted to a designated period, which had expired when, the checks there in dispute'were paid. Nor does the case cited from the Supreme Court of Kansas militate against the views we have expressed, although it refers with approval to Weisser v. Denison. The question there was as to the right of the bank to charge the depositor with the amount of a certain forged acceptance. The court found that the depositors were not guilty of neglect, and gave notice of the forgery as soon as it was discovered.

An instructive case is that of Dana v. Bank of the Republic, 132 Mass. 156, 158, where the issue was between a bank and its depositor in reference to a check, which the latter’s clerk altered after it had been signed and before it was paid by the bank. The court said that the plaintiffs, who were the depositors, owed to the bank “ the duty of exercising due diligence to give it information that the payment was unauthorized; and this included not only due diligence in giving notice after knowledge of the forgery, but also due diligence in discovering it. If the plaintiffs knew of the mistake, or if they had that notice of it which consists in the knowledge of facts which, by the exercise of due care and diligence, will disclose it, they failed in their duty; and adoption of the check and ratification of the payment will be implied. They cannot now require the defendant to correct a mistake to its .injury from which.it might have protected itself but for the negligence of the plaintiffs. Whether the plaintiffs were required, in the exercise of due diligence, to read the monthly statements or to examine the checks, and how careful an examination they were bound to make, and what inferences are to be drawn, depend upon the nature and course of dealing between the parties, and the particular circumstances under which the statements and checks were delivered to them.” So in Hardy v. Chesapeake Bank, 51 Maryland, 562, 591, which was also a case where checks forged by the confidential clerk of the depositor had been paid by the bank, and, as shown by the pass-book, were charged to his account, the court, upon an elaborate review of the authorities, said, upon the general question, that “ there is a duty owing from the customer to the bank to act with that ordinary diligence and care that prudent business men gen- erallj bestow on such cases,’in the examination and comparison of the debits .and credits contained in this bank or passbook, in order to detéct any errors or mistakes- therein.' More than this, under ordinary circumstances, could not be required.”

"What has been said' applies mainly to the issue between the parties in relation to the altered checks embraced in the balancings of October and November 1880, and January 1881. The case in reference to checks 8518 and 8550 presents a somewhat different aspect. Cooper, we infer from the evidence, became aware,.-on March 2, 1881, when these checks were returned with his pass-book, balanced as of that date, that they w;ere forgeries. But it is not clear from the evidence at what time, or on what day, he gave the bank notice of that fact, or generally of the fact that there had been alterations in his 'Checks. It may be that the account rendered on March 2, 1881? did not, by reason of any unnecessary delay, become an account stated, as to items subsequent to the balancing of January 18, 1881, and, consequently, there niay'be no'ground to charge the depositor with negligence in not giving -due notice to the bank of the alleged alterations of those two 1 'checks. .. ..

, It remains only'to consider the action of the court below in reference to the second cause of -action. Touching this branch •' Of the case the essential.facts are:. Cooper, on August 25,1880, in his capacity as “Agent for Ashburner & Co.,” made his ..•check upon the Leather Manufacturers’ National Bank for ■$280.97, payable to the order of “ W. B. Cooper, Jr., Agent.” On the side of‘the check, were the printed words “Wm. B: Cooper, -Agent.” Across its face whs the word “ Gold.” Upon the back of the check, before it was endorsed, were the' following words, printed or stamped:

“ For deposit in Leather'Manf’s Nat. Bank to the credit of Ag’t for Ashburner & Coi”

Cooper endorsed the check in question by writing “ W. B. Cooper, agent,” on the line- immediately below the words “ Leather Manf s Nat. Bank,”, that is, on the line ■ occupied by-the words “ to the credit of,” arid so as almost to obliterate the latter words. Thus- endorsed, the check was delivered by Cooper to Berlin for the purpose, as the former states, of having it deposited to his credit, as agent of Ashburner & Co. Berlin ■ presented it at the bank and received the money on it, but never accounted therefor to his principal. When Cooper first discovered that his clerk collected the amount of that check does not appear. He makes no statement on that subject.

The peremptory instruction to find against the bank upon this cause of action was, perhaps, based mainly upon the assumption-' that the endorsement imported a direction to place the amount of the check to the credit of Cooper, as agent for Ashburner & Co. But there is ground to contend that such- was not the intention of Cooper. Evidently he had, for use, a stamp by which he could print the foregoing words upon checks which he desired placed to his credit, as agent for Ashburner & Co.,, leaving a blank line for his own signature. The object of this was to save time and writing. It might be asked why should he, as agent for Ashburner & Co., dfaw a check payable to his own order as such agent, and then direct the bank, by his •endorsement as agent, to place the money, to the credit of himself, as agent fon Ashburner &. Co.; with one hand taking the' money out of his account, as agent, and with the other putting it back immediately into the same account? And it might be argued that if'he intended, by. his endorsement,'to direct the money to be placed to the credit of himself, as agent of Ash-burner and Co., he would have written his name in the blank' line underneath the words “ to the credit of ; ” but- that, to prevent any such disposition of the money, he obliterated the operative words in the stamped lines on the back of the check by writing his name across the words “ to the credit of,” thus making, what the bank claims was intended, an endorsement in blank, entitling the bearer of the check to receive the money. Qr, if his purpose was to take out of his account, as agent, the sum specified in his check, and at the same time show that the money was not to be used by him for his personal benefit, but for his principals, what he did would naturally effect that object. If the endorsement was made in such manner as fairly to indicate that it was intended to be in blank, the loss should fall on the depositor whose negligence caused the mistake. These observations are not intended as an expression of opinion as to the weight of evidence upon this branch of the case. They are intended only to show that the case, as to the check for $280.97, was not clearly for the plaintiffs, and ought to have been submitted to the jury.

It results from what has been said that the court erred in peremptorily instructing the jury to find for the plaintiffs. Both , causes of action are peculiarly for á jury to determine, under such instructions as may be consistent with the principles announced in this opinion. Whether the plaintiffs are estopped, by the negligence of their representative, to dispute the correctness of the' account as rendered by the bank from time to time, is, in view of all the circumstances of this case, a mixed question of law and fact. As there is, under the evidence, fair ground for controversy as to whether the officers of the bank exercised due caution before paying the altered checks, and whether the depositor omitted, to the injury of the bank, to do what ordinary care and prudence required of him, it was not proper to withdraw the case from the jury. Railroad Co. v. Stout, 17 Wall. 657, 663, and Cooke v. United, States ; Wiggins v. Burkham ; Dana v. Bank of the Republic ; and Hardy v. Chesapeake Bank, ubi supra.

The jlodgment is reversed, and the cause rema/ndedfor a new trial, and for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.

Mr. Justice Blatchford did not sit in this case or take any part in its decision.