FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE NEWS RELEASE #006
FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
The Opinions handed down on the 26th day of January, 2024 are as follows:
BY Hughes, J.:
2023-CC-00794 LAW INDUSTRIES, LLC VS. STATE OF LOUISIANA, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, RECOVERY SCHOOL DISTRICT AND ADVANCED ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING, INC. (Parish of East Baton Rouge)
REVERSED IN PART; AFFIRMED IN PART; REMANDED TO DISTRICT COURT. SEE OPINION. SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
NUMBER 2023-CC-00794
LAW INDUSTRIES, LLC
VERSUS
STATE OF LOUISIANA, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, RECOVERY SCHOOL DISTRICT AND ADVANCED ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING, INC.
On Writ of Certiorari to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, Parish of East Baton Rouge
HUGHES, J.
At issue herein is a district court judgment denying exceptions pleading the
objections of no cause of action and peremption filed by the State of Louisiana,
Department of Education, Recovery School District (the “State”), in response to the
claims raised by defendant/third-party plaintiff Advanced Environmental
Consulting, Inc. (“AEC”) pursuant to the Louisiana Unfair Trade Practices and
Consumer Protection Act (“LUTPA”), La. R.S. 51:1401 et seq. The appellate court
ruled that La. R.S. 51:1409(E) provides for a one-year peremptive period, which had
tolled before the LUTPA claim was urged, and dismissed the LUTPA claim against
the State. For the following reasons, we reverse in part; affirm the appellate court’s
dismissal of the LUTPA claim against the State, albeit on different grounds; and
remand to the district court for further proceedings.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
This litigation arose out of an elementary school refurbishment contract
executed in April of 2018 by the State with the general contractor on the project,
Law Industries, LLC, which subcontracted the asbestos abatement portion of the
contract to AEC. After work had begun, a June 2018 inspection conducted by the
Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality revealed the continued presence of
asbestos-containing materials on the school premises. As a result, the State made the decision to terminate the contract in July of 2018. The instant suit was instituted
by Law Industries, in December of 2018, raising breach of contract claims against
defendants AEC and the State.
AEC answered the suit, but did not raise its claim under LUTPA until July of
2021, when it amended and supplemented its answer. AEC asserted the State’s
actions constituted unfair trade practices under LUTPA, because (as summarized by
the district court in its reasons for judgment): the State withheld information from
AEC about a previous abatement at the project site that involved “final clearance
failures” caused by exposed cement material on the third floor (about which, AEC
allegedly had no knowledge until discovery in the instant litigation, and prior
knowledge of these clearance failures would have altered AEC’s work plan and
actions); the State based its termination of the contract on the presence of asbestos
fibers found on the exposed cement material of the first floor; the State based the
contract termination on the opinions of non-accredited entities and/or persons; the
State based the contract termination on standards not required by any statute,
regulation, or contract document and which were not required of previous or
subsequent contractors; the State based the contract termination on tests it knew or
should have known were not properly conducted; and the State failed to allow AEC
a reasonable opportunity to cure any defects in its performance.
The State raised exceptions pleading the objections of no cause of action and
peremption to AEC’s LUTPA claims, which were denied by the district court. On
the State’s writ application, the appellate court issued the following ruling:
WRIT GRANTED IN PART; DENIED IN PART. The trial court’s January 11, 2023 judgment denying the State of Louisiana, Department of Education, Recovery School District’s exception of peremption is reversed. Louisiana jurisprudence has consistently held that the prescriptive period for a private action pursuant to the Louisiana Unfair Trade Practices Act (“LUTPA”) is peremptive. See CamSoft Data Systems, Inc. v. Southern Electronics Supply, Inc., 2019-0730 (La. App. 1st Cir. 7/2/19), 2019 WL 2865138 (unpublished), writs denied, 2019-01232, 2019-01436, 2019-01349, (La. 11/19/19), 282 So.3d
2 1069, 1070, 1073. In the present matter, Advanced Environmental Consulting, Inc. asserted a LUTPA claim against the State of Louisiana, Department of Education, Recovery School District on July 6, 2021, for actions that form the basis of its LUTPA claim that transpired on or before July 16, 2018. We find that Advanced Environmental Consulting, Inc.’s LUTPA claim is perempted on the face of its pleading. Accordingly, we reverse the portion of the trial court’s judgment denying the State of Louisiana, Department of Education, Recovery School District’s exception of peremption and grant same. We dismiss Advanced Environmental Consulting, Inc.’s LUTPA claim against the State of Louisiana, Department of Education, Recovery School District as perempted. In all other respects, the writ is denied.
Law Industries, LLC v. State of Louisiana, Department of Education, Recovery
School District, 23-0143, 2023 WL 3299929 (La. App. 1 Cir. 5/8/23) (unpublished).
We granted AEC’s writ application. Law Industries, LLC v. State of
Louisiana, Department of Education, Recovery School District, 23-00794 (La.
10/10/23), 370 So.3d 1067. AEC contends the appellate court erred in ruling that
La. R.S. 51:1409(E) contains a peremptive period rather than a liberative
prescriptive period. In response, the State urges this court to uphold the appellate
court ruling, but should this court rule to the contrary, the State asserts that a
dismissal of the LUTPA claim should be granted on the grounds AEC failed to state
a valid cause of action against the State under LUTPA.1
LAW AND ANALYSIS
“[A]fter the termination of [a] peremptive period,” a perempted cause of
1 As a matter of procedure, we note that the appellate court granted the State’s writ application only as to the district court’s denial of the State’s exception of peremption and denied the State’s writ application as to the district court’s denial of its exception of no cause of action. Therefore, the State would ordinarily be required to file a writ application in this court to contest the appellate court’s partial writ denial ruling against the State’s interest. See Doerr v. Mobil Oil Corp., 00- 0947 (La. 3/16/01), 782 So. 2d 573, 574 (per curiam, on rehearing) (“[W]here certiorari is granted on the application of one party to a suit, the judgment (decree) cannot be amended or changed to the benefit of other parties who have failed to apply for such review.”); Logan v. Louisiana Dock Co., 541 So.2d 182, 192 (La. 1989) (per curiam, on rehearing) (“[A] respondent may defend a judgment on any ground consistent with the record, even if rejected in the lower court, but he cannot attack the decree with a view either to enlarging his own rights or to lessening the rights of his adversary unless he files an application….”). Notwithstanding, courts are authorized by La. C.C.P. art. 927(B) (“…[T]he failure to disclose a cause of action or a right or interest in the plaintiff to institute the suit … may be noticed by either the trial or appellate court on its own motion…..”) to notice the failure to disclose a cause of action. Therefore, we will examine whether AEC has stated a cause of action under LUTPA against the State.
3 action “no longer exists … and any right to assert the claim is destroyed.” Naghi v.
Brener, 08-2527, p. 11 (La. 6/26/09), 17 So.3d 919, 925-26. Therefore, it is
judicially efficient, when both peremption and an exception of no cause of action
have been urged, to first examine whether a cause of action exists before advancing
to a determination of whether a peremptive period applies to that cause of action and
if so whether that peremptive period has expired. Accordingly, we first consider
whether AEC has stated a cause of action under LUTPA, against the State.
A cause of action, when examined in the context of a peremptory exception,
is defined as the operative facts that give rise to the plaintiff’s right to judicially
assert the action against the defendant. Ramey v. DeCaire, 03-1299, p. 7 (La.
3/19/04), 869 So.2d 114, 118; Everything on Wheels Subaru, Inc. v. Subaru
South, Inc., 616 So.2d 1234, 1238 (La. 1993). The function of the peremptory
exception of no cause of action is to test the legal sufficiency of the petition, which
is done by determining whether the law affords a remedy on the facts alleged in the
pleading. Ramey, 03-1299 at p. 7, 869 So.2d at 118; Everything on Wheels
Subaru, 616 So.2d at 1235. No evidence may be introduced to support or controvert
an exception of no cause of action. La. C.C.P. art. 931. Consequently, the court
reviews the petition and accepts well-pleaded allegations of fact as true. Ramey,
03-1299 at p. 7, 869 So.2d at 118; Jackson v. State ex rel. Dept. of Corrections,
00-2882, p. 3 (La. 5/15/01), 785 So.2d 803, 806; Everything on Wheels Subaru,
616 So.2d at 1235. The issue at the trial of the exception is whether, on the face of
the petition, the plaintiff is legally entitled to the relief sought. Ramey, 03-1299 at
p. 7, 869 So.2d at 118; Montalvo v. Sondes, 93-2813, p. 6 (La. 5/23/94), 637 So.2d
127, 131.
A LUTPA cause of action is based on La. R.S. 51:1405(A), which states that
“[u]nfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the
conduct of any trade or commerce are hereby declared unlawful.” (Emphasis
4 added.) It is well settled that a practice is considered unfair when it offends
established public policy and when the practice is unethical, oppressive,
unscrupulous, or substantially injurious to consumers or business competitors.
Copeland v. Treasure Chest Casino, L.L.C., 01-1122, p. 4 (La. App. 1 Cir.
6/21/02), 822 So.2d 68, 71; Inka’s S’Coolwear, Inc. v. School Time, L.L.C., 97–
2271, p. 10 (La. App. 1 Cir. 11/6/98), 725 So.2d 496, 501. As this court previously
noted, “the range of prohibited practices under LUTPA is extremely narrow.”
Cheramie Services, Inc. v. Shell Deepwater Prod., 09-1633, p. 11 (La. 4/23/10),
35 So.3d 1053, 1060. “LUTPA does not prohibit sound business practices, the
exercise of permissible business judgment, … appropriate free enterprise
transactions, … mak[ing] money[, or] … pursu[ing] profit, even at the expense of
competitors, so long as the means used are not egregious.” Id., 09-1633 at p. 11, 35
So.3d at 1060, quoting Turner v. Purina Mills, Inc., 989 F.2d 1419, 1422 (5th Cir.
1993). Further, “the statute does not provide an alternate remedy for simple breaches
of contract[;] [t]here is a great deal of daylight between a breach of contract claim
and the egregious behavior the statute proscribes.” Id. Nevertheless, what
constitutes an unfair trade practice in Louisiana is determined by the courts on a
case-by-case basis. Quality Environmental Processes, Inc. v. I.P. Petroleum Co.,
13-1582, p. 21 (La. 5/7/14), 144 So.3d 1011, 1025; Copeland v. Treasure Chest
Casino, L.L.C., 01-1122 at p. 4, 822 So.2d at 71; Jarrell v. Carter, 577 So.2d 120,
123 (La. App. 1 Cir.), writ denied, 582 So.2d 1311 (La. 1991).
Applicable to the instant case is La. R.S. 51:1409(A), which confers a private
right of action on “[a]ny person who suffers any ascertainable loss of money or
moveable property, corporeal or incorporeal, as a result of the use or employment
by another person of an unfair or deceptive method, act, or practice declared
unlawful by R.S. 51:1405.” Copeland v. Treasure Chest Casino, L.L.C., 01-1122
at p. 4, 822 So.2d at 71. The “unfair or deceptive method[s], act[s], or practice[s]
5 declared unlawful by R.S. 51:1405,” supra, are those that occur “in the conduct of
any trade or commerce.” The phrase “trade or commerce” is defined by La. R.S.
51:1402(10)(a) as “the advertising, offering for sale, sale, or distribution of any
services and any property, corporeal or incorporeal, immovable or movable, and any
other article, commodity, or thing of value wherever situated, and includes any trade
or commerce directly or indirectly affecting the people of the state.”
Therefore, to support a LUTPA cause of action against the State, the State
must have been engaged in (when it entered into, and withdrew from, the contract at
issue) unfair or deceptive methods, acts, or practices while in the conduct of trade or
commerce (i.e., the advertising, offering for sale, sale, or distribution of any services
or property). However, under the specific facts and circumstances of the instant
case, the State’s actions were undertaken in furtherance of its governmental function
of providing safe and appropriate educational facilities for schoolchildren. In so
doing, it cannot be said that the State was engaged in “trade or commerce,” since it
was not engaging in “advertising, offering for sale, sale, or distribution of any
services [or] property,” as set forth in La. R.S. 51:1405(A) and La. R.S.
51:1402(10)(a), respectively.
A similar conclusion was reached in Stevens v. St. Tammany Parish
Government, 19-1555 (La. App. 1 Cir. 4/8/21), 322 So.3d 1268, writ denied, 21-
00800 (La. 11/3/21), 326 So.3d 898, which also involved a governmental entity as a
LUTPA defendant. In Stevens, the plaintiff/landowners’ property was located
adjacent to a “public works project,” the paving of gravel streets in a neighboring
subdivision, which allegedly “altered the drainage, thereby increasing the drainage
burden on plaintiffs’ property.” Id., 19-1555 at p. 2, 322 So.3d at 1274. The
defendant, St. Tammany Parish Government (“STPG”), filed an exception raising
the objection of no cause of action as to plaintiffs’ claim of a LUTPA violation. Id.,
19-1555 at pp. 10-11, 322 So.3d at 1279. STPG asserted that plaintiffs failed to state
6 a cause of action for which LUTPA provides a remedy because “plaintiffs failed to
identify what ‘trade or commerce’ STPG was engaged in” or that “plaintiffs were
‘consumers’ of STPG’s alleged commercial activities.” Id. The Stevens court
upheld the trial court’s ruling that plaintiffs had failed to state a cause of action under
LUTPA, as to STPG, since the allegations “contain conclusory allegations or legal
conclusions or contain facts that are not related to the statutory definition of ‘trade
or commerce’” and “do not state that STPG was distributing services or property to
plaintiffs so as to come within the definition of ‘trade or commerce’ contained in La.
R.S. 51:1402.” Stevens, 19-1555 at p. 11, 322 So.3d at 1279.
Likewise, a governmental entity was sued under LUTPA in Gulf South
Business Systems & Consultants, Inc. v. State Through Department of
Environmental Quality, 625 So.2d 697 (La. App. 1 Cir. 1993). Therein, the
plaintiff (a vendor of modular office panels and furniture) filed suit against the
Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (“DEQ”) for interference with
contractual relations and violations of LUTPA, after DEQ actions resulted in a
building owner (from whom DEQ would be leasing office space) withdrawing from
a purchase order with plaintiff, in favor of purchasing equipment and furnishings
from “Prison Enterprises” (another State agency, which was also a vendor of
modular furniture and partitions). Id., 625 So.2d at 698-99. Originally, the building
owner included the office panels/partitions and furniture in the “build out” cost to
make the building suitable for DEQ’s use, but when it was discovered that certain of
DEQ’s existing furnishings would not be compatible with the office panels/partitions
to be provided by the building owner and plaintiff, it was agreed between DEQ and
the building owner that DEQ would purchase compatible panels/partitions directly
from Prison Enterprises, and plaintiff lost the sale. Id. at 699. Although the trial
court ruled in favor of the plaintiff/vendor, the appellate court reversed, reasoning:
“[LUTPA] requires the deceptive or unfair act to be one in the course of ‘trade’ or
7 ‘commerce.’ … The DEQ’s actions in this case were not acts in the course of ‘trade’
or ‘commerce’ as defined under the act. The DEQ was a consumer in this case, and
as so often happens, the consumer changed its mind to the chagrin of the seller. This,
however, does not amount to an unfair trade practice.” Gulf South Business
Systems, 625 So.2d at 702-03.
We also note the conclusion reached in Hairston v. Sun Belt Conference
Inc., CV 21-2088, 2022 WL 2828834 (E.D. La. 2022), as analogous to the instant
case, as both appear to be instances in which a cause of action was stated under other
law(s), though not under LUTPA. In Hairston, the plaintiff was an employee of the
defendant, whose employment was terminated after being told his position was “shut
down” due to budget cuts related to Covid-19. Plaintiff alleged that he had a
“sneaking suspicion” that he was actually fired due to the culmination of a toxic
workplace that discriminated against him because of his race, because his position
was subsequently filled by a non-minority person, and four other minority
employees were also later terminated. Id., 2022 WL 2828834, at *1. The defendant
sought dismissal of the LUTPA claim, contending that plaintiff “cannot pursue a
LUTPA claim as an alternative remedy to breach of contract or race discrimination”
and that plaintiff’s LUTPA claim was “nothing more than a rephrasing of his other
claims” for which there was already a legal remedy. Id., 2022 WL 2828834, at *1.
The federal district court concluded that the plaintiff’s allegations (that his
employment was terminated based on his race, that the reasons for the termination
were misrepresented, and that his employer’s handbook procedures were not
followed) did not show how the defendant/employer was advertising, offering for
sale, selling, or distributing any services or any property; therefore, the plaintiff had
not stated a LUTPA claim against the defendant. Id., 2022 WL 2828834, at *5. The
LUTPA claim was dismissed, though the court noted that plaintiff’s “additional
claims for breach of contract, race discrimination, and failure to pay vacation time
8 remain pending.” Id.
In the instant case, the State entered into a contract for the refurbishment of
an elementary school building, hiring the plaintiff/company, Law Industries, as the
general contractor to provide construction services, and the defendant/third-party
plaintiff, AEC, was hired as a subcontractor to perform asbestos removal services,
until the State terminated the contract for unsatisfactory progress in remediation of
the asbestos. While the plaintiff/contractor and the defendant/third-party plaintiff
may have stated a cause of action under contract law and/or on other bases, there is
no available cause of action against the State under LUTPA in this case. Even
though Law Industries and AEC were engaged in the conduct of a “trade or
commerce” (i.e., offering their construction-related services for sale to the State),
under these circumstances the State was merely a customer acting in furtherance of
its governmental function of maintaining school buildings in good repair and free
from health hazards. We conclude that no LUTPA cause of action has been, or could
be, stated against the State under this factual scenario, and the LUTPA claim should
be dismissed. As stated hereinabove, as a matter of judicial efficiency, the appellate
court should have ruled on the exception of no cause of action before disposing of
the exception of peremption. Accordingly, the appellate court ruling, holding that
La. R.S. 51:1409(E) sets forth a peremptive period rather than a liberative
prescriptive period,2 should be reversed, and the State’s objection pleading the
2 We note that La. R.S. 51:1409(E) (providing that a private LUTPA action “shall be subject to a liberative prescription of one year running from the time of the transaction or act which gave rise to this right of action”), prior to its amendment by 2018 La. Acts, No. 337, stated that the private LUTPA action “shall be prescribed by one year running from the time of the transaction or act which gave rise to this right of action.” (Emphasis added.) Prior to Act 337, La. R.S. 51:1409(E) was construed jurisprudentially as setting forth a peremptive period, which raises the question, post-Act 337, of whether the Louisiana Legislature intended to change the language of the law to reflect that the limitation for filing a LUTPA action under this statute is subject to liberative prescription, rather than peremption. Although we do not find it necessary to explicitly rule on this question herein, we note the Louisiana Legislature must be assumed to be aware of the pre- Act 337 State court rulings, holding the prior language of La. R.S. 51:1409(E) was peremptive, rather than prescriptive (see Bihm v. Deca Systems, Inc., 16-0356, p. 28 (La. App. 1 Cir. 8/8/17), 226 So.3d 466, 488; Zeigler v. Housing Authority of New Orleans, 12-1168, pp. 11-12 (La. App. 4 Cir. 4/24/13), 118 So.3d 442, 451; Morris v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 99-2772, p. 4 (La. 9 objection of no cause of action should be sustained, as to the LUTPA claim.
DECREE
Accordingly, we reverse the appellate court’s grant of the peremptory
exception pleading the objection of peremption; we sustain the peremptory
exception pleading the objection of no cause of action filed by State of Louisiana,
Department of Education, Recovery School District; and we affirm the dismissal of
Advanced Environmental Consulting, Inc.’s LUTPA claim against the State of
Louisiana, Department of Education, Recovery School District, on the basis of a
failure to state a valid LUTPA cause of action. The matter is remanded to the district
court for further proceedings in accordance with the foregoing.
REVERSED IN PART; AFFIRMED IN PART; REMANDED TO DISTRICT COURT.
App. 4 Cir. 5/31/00), 765 So.2d 419, 422; Spencer-Wallington, Inc. v. Service Merchandise, Inc., 562 So.2d 1060, 1063 (La. App. 1 Cir.), writ denied, 567 So.2d 109 (La. 1990), all holding the period as “peremptive”). We further note that after these decisions the 2018 Legislature deemed it necessary to change the language in the statute from the less specific “prescribed by one year” to the express, clear, and unambiguous language of “liberative prescription.” See La. R.S. 24:177 (“The legislature is presumed to have enacted an article or statute in light of the preceding law involving the same subject matter and court decisions construing those articles or statutes, and where the new article or statute is worded differently from the preceding law, the legislature is presumed to have intended to change the law. … The text of a law is the best evidence of legislative intent.”) In light of R.S. 24:177, the Legislative intent in enacting Act 337 to amend R.S. 51:1409(E) would seem to be indisputable since the text of the law is the best evidence of intent - that the LUTPA private action set forth in La. R.S. 51:1409 “shall be subject to a liberative prescription of one year.” (Emphasis added.)