Lattig v. Scott

107 P. 47, 17 Idaho 506, 1910 Ida. LEXIS 119

• Court: Idaho Supreme Court
• Decided: January 11, 1910
• Status: Published

Opinions

AILSHIE, J.

(After stating the facts.) — The only question to be determined iñ this case is this: Did the United States convey this island to its grantees, Poole and Green, by the patents issued to them in 1894 and 1895 ? In answering this question there are some well-recognized rules it will be necessary to observe. It has been repeatedly held by the supreme court of the United States and is now the settled law of the land that the “grants by the United States of its public land bounded on streams and other waters, made without reservation or restriction, are to be construed as to their effect according to the law of the state in which the land lies.” (Grand Rapids & Ind. R. Co. v. Butler, 159 U. S. 91, 15 Sup. Ct. 991, 40 L. ed. 87; Hardin v. Jordan, 140 U. S. 371, 11 Sup. Ct. 808, 838, 35 L. ed. 428; Middleton v. Pritchard, 4 Ill. 510, 38 Am. Dec. 112.) This rule was adopted and quoted with approval in Whitaker v. McBride, 197 U. S. 510, 25 Sup. Ct. 530, 49 L. ed. 857, to the same effect. As said by the court in St. Louis v. Rutz, 138 U. S. 226, 11 Sup. Ct. 337, 34 L. ed. 941: “The question as to whether the fee .... extends to the middle thread of the stream or only to the water’s edge is a question in regard to a rule of property which is governed by the local law. . . . .” (Kaukauna Water Power Co. v. Green Bay & Miss. Canal Co., 142 U. S. 254, 12 Sup. Ct. 173, 35 L. ed. 1010.)

In view of this well-established rule of law, we must construe these grants from the government, and their effect with reference to the boundary line along this stream, in the light of the decisions and rule of law in this state. After a very careful and full consideration of the question as to the rights of a riparian proprietor in this state, this court held in Johnson v. Johnson, 14 Ida. 561, 95 Pac. 499, as follows: “A riparian owner upon the streams of this state, both navigable and non-navigable, takes to the thread of the stream, subject, however, to an easement for the use of the public.” There are no tide waters in this state; all our waters are fresh waters, unaffected by the ebb and flow of the tide. We therefore have no navigable streams in Idaho as viewed by the rule of the common law. We have consequently adopted the common-law doctrine that has been uniformly applied everywhere the common law prevails on the subject; that is, whether a fresh-water stream be navigable or non-navigable in fact, the riparian proprietor takes title ad filium aquae.

It is also equally well settled that a meander line, run in conformity to the United States statute in surveying public lands bordering on a navigable stream, is not a line of boundary, but is intended only to designate and point out the sinuosity of the bank of the stream and as a means of ascertaining the quantity of land in the fractional subdivisions to be paid for by the purchaser, and that the real and true monument in such case is the watercourse and not the meander line. (Johnson v. Hurst, 10 Ida. 308, 77 Pac. 784; Johnson v. Johnson, 14 Ida. 561, 95 Pac. 499; Horne v. Smith, 159 U. S. 40, 15 Sup. Ct. 988, 40 L. ed. 68; St. Paul & P. R. Co. v. Schur meier, 74 U. S. 272, 19 L. ed. 74; Hardin v. Jordan, 140 U. S. 371, 11 Sup. Ct. 808, 838, 35 L. ed. 428; Jefferis v. East Omaha Land Co., 134 U. S. 178, 10 Sup. Ct. 518, 33 L. ed. 872.) Under the decisions of this court in Johnson v. Hurst, and Johnson v. Johnson, supra, and numerous decisions from the supreme court of the United States, as well as the courts of the various states, there could be no doubt, we thinkj but that it would be our duty to hold that the land comprising this island belongs to the abutting upland owners if in fact no body of water intervened between the meander line and this tract of land. As said by the supreme court in Whitaker v. McBride, a ease in which the court awarded an island of twenty-two acres to the riparian proprietor, “If there were no islands in this case, it would not under these authorities be questioned that the title of the riparian owners extended to the center.of the channel. How far does the fact that there is this unsurveyed island in the river abridge the scope of the rule ? ” *

It should be observed at this juncture that Poole island is 8,600 feet long, extending in a northerly direction along the course of the river. Its average width is apparently about 700 feet. Opposite the lands of respondent Lattig it is something less than 700 feet wide, while opposite the lands of respondent Green it varies from some 500 to over 1,200 feet in width. It is conceded that the Snake river proper flows along the west side of this island, and that the navigable stream, forming at this point the dividing line between Idaho and Oregon, is the stream as it flows northerly in front of these lands and along the west side of the island. Indeed, if any controversy could arise as to the real dividing line between the two states, that would be readily settled in favor of the main channel on the west side of this island under the rule announced in Iowa v. Illinois, 147 U. S. 1, 13 Sup. Ct. 239, 37 L. ed. 55.

The real difficulty which has been injected into this case seems to grow out of the fact that there is a slough or high-water channel flowing from the Snake river at the upper end of this island for a distance of about one mile and a half and thence returning to the main stream and separating the island from the main land. This, it is conceded, is non-navigable except in times of high water. There is some difference among the witnesses as to the volume of water flowing in this slough or high-water channel during the ordinary and low-water season, but we think it is reasonably well established that it is very shallow at the upper end of the island, and at the intake to the slough or channel and in the upper portion thereof it does not exceed a foot in depth. Lower down the channel there seem to be some deeper places.

Plaintiff’s exhibit “D” is a very comprehensive and instructive map and plat of these fractional lots, Poole Island, and the entire river opposite the same, and was made from a survey had on December 5, 1905, and some six months prior to the government taking notice of and ordering a survey of the island. This survey was made by Mr. D. A. Utter, the present surveyor general of this state, and prior to his appointment to the office he now holds. It shows the main channel of the river on the west side of the island of an average width of 1,000 feet. He designates the channel on the east side as a “slough.” This seems to vary in width from 240 feet near the lower end to 385 feet at the upper end. It also shows the meander line on the right bank of the slough, as established by the 1868 survey, running very close, in most places, to the' water line. The river has a fall of six feet from, the upper end to the lower end of the island. This map shows a slough cutting into the island from the west side. We recite these additional facts in passing in order to give as fully as possible the situation and condition upon which we rest this opinion.

We are at once confronted with two lines of authorities from the supreme court of the United States. On the one hand are Horne v. Smith, 159 U. S. 40, 15 Sup. Ct. 988, 40 L. ed. 68; Niles v. Cedar Point Club, 175 U. S. 300, 20 Sup. Ct. 124, 44 L. ed. 171; French-Glenn Livestock Co. v. Springer, 185 U. S. 47, 22 Sup. Ct. 563, 46 L. ed. 800; Security Land & E. Co. v. Burns, 193 U. S. 167, 24 Sup. Ct. 425, 48 L. ed. 662; and a number of state decisions to tbe same effect. We can most accurately state the holding of the first three of those eases by quoting from a summary made by Mr. Justice Brewer in Whitaker v. McBride, 197 U. S. 510, 25 Sup. Ct. 530, 49 L. ed. 857. In referring to the foregoing ease he said:

“In the first of those cases it appeared that the survey stopped at a bayou, and did not extend to the main channel of the Indian river, a mile distant; and we held that the line of that bayou must be considered as the boundary of the grant; that it could not be extended over the unsurveyed land between the bayou and the main channel of the Indian river; that it was a case of an omission from the survey of land that ought to have been surveyed, and that such omission did not operate to transfer unsurveyed land to the patentee of the surveyed land bordering on the bayou. In the second, we held that, as the survey showed a meander line bordering on a tract of swamp or marsh lands, the grant by patent terminated at the meander line, and did not carry the swamp lands lying between it and the shores of Lake Brie. In the third, it appeared that there was no body of water in front of the meandered line, and we held that that line must, therefore, be the limit of the grant, and the fact that outside the side lines extended there was a body of water did not operate to extend the grant into any portion of that body of water. ’ ’

The other cases are similar in facts and principle to those just reviewed.

On the other hand, there is a line of more numerous decisions from the same court holding that when the government has surveyed its lands along the bank of a river and has sold and conveyed the uplands by government patent and by legal subdivisions, the patent conveys the title to all the land lying between such meander line and the high-water mark or low-water mark or thread of the stream, as the rule may prevail in the state where the lands are situated, and that if in a state where the riparian proprietor takes to the thread of the stream, he takes all such islands as lie on his side of the middle of the stream. (Grand Rapids etc. R. R. Co. v. Butler, 159 U. S. 88, 15 Sup. Ct. 991, 40 L. ed. 85; Hardin v. Jordan, 140 U. S. 371, 11 Sup. Ct. 808, 838, 35 L. ed. 428; Mitchell v. Smale, 140 U. S. 406, 11 Sup. Ct. 819, 840, 35 L. ed. 442; Whitaker v. McBride, 197 U. S. 510, 25 Sup. Ct. 530, 49 L. ed. 857.)

The question, therefore, confronting us is to discover, if possible, the distinguishing feature or circumstance between these two lines of authority, and ascertain the class to which the present case belongs.

In Security Land & E. Co. v. Burns, 193 U. S. 167, 24 Sup. Ct. 425, 48 L. ed. 662, the court followed the first line of authorities above mentioned and rested its decision specifically on the authority of French-Glenn Livestock Co. v. Springer, supra. That was a case where the lands claimed lay between the meander line of the patentee’s lands and a lake, and the unsurveyed body of land was about 1,000 acres. The court, in passing on the ease and determining the class to which it should properly belong and the rule by which it should be decided, felt called upon to give some of the reasons, facts and circumstances that influenced the court to refuse the patentee of the fractional lots the right to project his lines to the lake. We quote from the opinion some of the reason® that the court sets forth as decisive points on which the opinion turns. The court says:

“There was, in truth, no such survey as was called for by the contract between the government and the surveyor. The exterior lines, with the exception of the south line of the township, were run, but no survey of the interior of the township was ever made and .no section lines thereof were ever run, with one possible exception, and in truth the survey as a whole was a fraud. No such body of water at the place indicated on the plat of survey, then existed or now exists. On the contrary, the lake is from half a mile to a mile away from what is called its meander line on the plat of the survey filed by the surveyor.The surveyor never was on the ground and never saw the lake he pretended to measure, and the lake never existed where he laid it down in his fraudulent survey. If the side lines of the various lots were protracted in their course, those of lot 3 would never reach the lake, and those of lots 5 and 6 would not reach the lake within the limits of section 4, while the south line of lot 7 would touch the lake, and a few feet of frontage would then be secured, and that lot would then have 139 instead of 25.25 acres. The side lines of lots 5, 6, and 7, if protracted, would instantly cross the protracted side lines of lot 3. There are at least 1,000 acres of high tillable land between the actual water line of the lake and the meander line as returned by the field-notes and the plat of survey, and the land is covered by trees of more than a century’s growth and growing down to the water’s edge. In order to bound on the lake the lots would exhibit a totally different form from that which' they take on the plat of survey and such boundary would violate, every rule of statutory survey, by conveying lands not conforming to the system adopted by the government, and carried out ever since its adoption.”

And, again, the learned justice in the course of the same opinion reiterates the reasons for the holding in this language:

“The fraudulent character of the survey, the nonexistence of the lake within at least half a mile of the point indicated on the plat, the excessive amount of land claimed as compared with that which was described and stated in the patents and actually purchased and paid for, the difficulty in reaching the lake at all, and the necessity, in order to do it, of going outside of section 4 (with the exception as to a small part of lot 7), the section in which the description and plat placed all the land, all go to show that the lake ought not to be regarded as a natural monument within the cases, or within the principle upon which the rule is founded, and therefore the courses and distances by which the amount of land actually purchased and paid for was determined ought to prevail.”

And again says the court: “When the plat itself is the result of a gross fraud, and indeed is entirely founded upon it, the reason for refusing to recognize the lake as a boundary becomes apparent.”

In the French-G-lenn Livestock ease, Mr. Justice Shiras in the course of the opinion gave substantially the same reasons for confining the patentee to the meander line instead of allowing him to go to the waters of Malheur Lake.

Horne v. Smith was a bayou case, and the court limited the patentee’s grant to the waters of the bayou, and in giving the reasons for doing so said:

“In the first place, the area of the lots is given, and when that area is stated to be 170 acres, it is obvious that no survey was intended of over 700 acres.. In the second place, the meander line, as shown on the plat, is, so far as these lots are concerned, wholly within the east half of sections 23 and 26, while the water line of the main body of the river is a mile or 'a mile and a quarter west thereof, in sections 22 and 27. Again, the distance from the east line of the section to the meander line is given, which is less than a quarter of a mile, while the distance from such east line to the main body of the river must be in the neighborhood of a mile and a half. Further, the description in the patent is of certain lots in sections 23 and 26, and, manifestly, that was not intended to include land in sections 22 and 27.

“These considerations are conclusive that the water line which was surveyed, and made the boundary of the lots, was the water line of the bayou or savannah, and there has been simply an omission to make any survey of the tract west of the bayou, and between it and the main body of the Indian river. ’ ’

Ordinarily, the government is bound by its own plats, and a patent issued referring to the official plats amounts to an adoption of such plats as a part of the description, and the natural monuments therein designated and shown are ordinarily controlling as to the boundary line.

In Grand Rapids & Ind. R. Co. v. Butler, 159 U. S. 88, 15 Sup. Ct. 991, 40 L. ed. 85, the court, speaking through Mr. Chief Justice Fuller and treating of the necessity for reserving any right not intended to be granted, said:

“We entirely concur in the result reached by the state court that there was no such reservation, and in its findings as follows: ‘In the present case there is no act on the part of the government showing any intention to reserve this land. The only inference that can be drawn from the facts is that the government agents, its surveyors, did not consider it of sufficient value to survey. It was not surveyed until about twenty-five years after the survey of 1831, and not till nearly twenty years after the survey of 1837, when the other islands and the lands upon the west bank were surveyed, thus completing the survey in that region.’ ”

In further considering the questions involved in the foregoing case, the chief justice quoted with approval from the opinion of the court in Middleton v. Pritchard, 4 Ill. 510, 38 Am. Dec. 112, as follows:

“Where the government has not reserved any right or interest that might pass by the grant, nor done any act showing an intention of reservation, such as platting or surveying, we must construe its grant most favorably for the grantee, and that it intended all that might pass by it. What will pass, then, by a grant bounded by a stream of water? At common law, this depended upon the character of the stream or water. If it were a navigable stream or water, the riparian proprietor extended only to high-water mark. If it were a stream not navigable, the rights of the riparian owner extended to the center thread of the current.At common law, only arms of the sea and streams where the tide ebbs and flows, are deemed navigable. Streams above tide water, although navigable in fact at all times, or in freshets, were not deemed navigable in law. To these, riparian proprietors bounded on or by the river could acquire exclusive ownership of the soil, water and fishery, to. the middle thread of the current; subject, however, to the public easement of navigation. And this latter, Chancellor Kent says, bears a perfect resemblance to public highways. The consequence of this doctrine is, that all grants bounded upon a river not navigable by common law, entitle the grantee to all islands lying between the main land and the center thread of the current. And we feel bound so to construe grants by the government, according to the principles of the .common law, unless the government has done some act to qualify or exclude the right. .... The United States have not repealed the common law as to the interpretation of their own grants, nor explained what interpretation or limitation should be given to, or imposed upon, the terms of the ordinary conveyances which they use, except in a few special instances; but these are left to the principles of law and rules adopted by each local government, where the land may lie. We have adopted the common law, and must, therefore, apply its principles to the interpretation of their grant. ’ ’

Middleton v. Pritchard has been' so repeatedly cited and quoted from with approval by the highest court of the land that we feel justified in accepting it as sound law.

In Jefferis v. East Omaha Land Co., the court in speaking of the presumptions that must arise from the descriptions and calls of the plat and of the plat itself, says:

“It is a familiar rule of law that, where a plat is referred to in a deed as containing a description of land, the courses, distances and other particulars appearing upon the plat are to be as much regarded, in ascertaining the true description of the land and the intent of the parties, as if they had been expressly enumerated in the deed.In the present case the plat was made in accordance with the statute, showing the river as the northern boundary of fractional section 21 and of lot 4 therein; and as the .patent referred to the official plat of the survey, and thus made that a part of the description of lot 4, that description made the river the boundary of lot 4 on the north.These views result in the conclusion that the side lines of- lot 4 are to be extended to the river, not as the river ran at the time of the survey in 185 L but as it ran at the date of the patent in 1855, and that all the land which .existed at the latter date, between the side lines, so extended and between the line of the lot on the south and the river on the north, was conveyed by the patent. ’ ’

In Mitchell v. Smale, the patentee paid for a fractional lot of four and one-half acres within the meander line, and the supreme court held that the patent included an unsurveyed point or tongue of high, land running beyond the meander line and down into the adjoining lake containing 25 acres; and that the government by survey made subsequent to the issuance of patent could not reconvey this twenty-five acres between the meander line and the lake. .In considering this, the court said:

“We think it a great hardship, and one not to be endured, for the government officers to make new surveys and grants of the beds of such lakes after selling and granting the lands bordering thereon, or represented so to be. It is nothing more nor less than taking from the first grantee a most valuable, and often the most valuable, part of his grant. The patents when issued refer to this plat for identification of the lots conveyed, and are equivalent to and have the legal effect of a declaration that they extend to and are bounded by the lake or stream. Such lake or stream itself, as a natural object or monument, is virtually and truly one of the calls of the description or boundary of the premises conveyed; and all the legal consequences of such a boundary, in the matter of riparian rights and title to land under water, regularly follow.”

In St. Clair County v. Lovingston, 90 U. S. 46, 23 L. ed. 59, Mr. Justice Swayne, speaking for the court, said: “Where a survey and patent show a river to be one of the boundaries of the tract, it is a legal deduction that there is no vacant land left for appropriation between the river and the river boundary of such tract. ’ ’ (Brown v. Huger, 62 U. S. 305, 16 L. ed. 125; Franzini v. Layland, 120 Wis. 72, 97 N. W. 499.)

It will be at once observed that the first line of authorities above cited consists chiefly of marsh, bayou, slough and lake cases. On the contrary, the distinctly river cases, from states holding to the common-law rule as to the vesting of title in the riparian proprietor to the thread of the stream, almost, if not entirely without exception, hold that the grantee from the government takes not only any margin of land between the meander line and the water but also such unsurveyed islands as lie on his side of the middle of the stream.

The government in ordering the survey of public lands issues certain instructions to its surveyors. After the survey is made and the plat and field-notes are returned to the land office, an inspector appointed by the government is sent to examine the survey in detail and report thereon to the government. This is done for the purpose of checking up the work of the surveyor and verifying the same, and ascertaining if he has complied with the law and the terms of his contract. After the report of such inspector goes in the government either approves or rejects the survey and the notes and plats thereof. After these things have been done it is quite generally held, as can be seen from the foregoing authorities, that the omission on the part of the government to take notice of an existing island or tract of land between a meander line and the stream it purports to meander, and the subsequent approval of the survey, is to be taken as evidence that the island or strip of land beyond the meander line was intended to pass as a part of and incident to the upland it abuts. It has even been intimated in some of the decisions and positively asserted in others that “Such evidence is conclusive in the absence of a judicial determination in favor of the government relieving it from mistake upon the same grounds that a private party might be relieved under the same or similar circumstances.” (Franzini v. Layland, 120 Wis. 72, 97 N. W. 503; Murphy v. Kirwan, 103 Fed. 104; Moore v. Robbins, 96 U. S. 530, 24 L. ed. 848.)

Now, as we gather from the rulings and comments of the court running throughout the different cases on both sides of this question, we arrive at the conclusion that the court will only permit the government to intervene and survey land lying between the meander line and the river, or other body of water, in cases where the survey has been made prior to the sale or disposal of the fractional subdivisions or abutting land by the government, or in cases where the body of land is so large and so situated that no other reasonable inference can be drawn than that it was not the purpose and intention of the surveyor to survey the entire tract or of the government to part with title to the entire tract, and that the physical conditions and surrounding facts are so clear and patent that tbe purchaser could not help but know that he was not purchasing so large a body of land when buying a small fractional subdivision adjoining the unsurveyed tract. This seems to be also true in eases of palpable fraud on the part of the surveyor. It is only where the physical facts and circumstances rebut the legal presumption that the government intended to part with title to the land in question, that the court will recognize a further conveyance. In the light of these conclusions and of the foregoing authorities, we may well recount some of the undisputed facts of this ease and natural inferences deducible therefrom.

In the first place, there is no pretense made that the survey of 1868 was fraudulent, nor is it contended or intimated that the surveyor who made that survey violated his instructions in any respect or acted wrongfully or fraudulently. In the absence of a showing to the contrary, “it will be presumed,” says the supreme court of Minnesota, “that the surveyor did his duty, and meandered the shore line as it then existed.” (Sherwin v. Bitzer, 97 Minn. 254, 106 N. W. 1046.) Neither is there any showing that the island in fact existed at the time the survey of 1868 was made. Under the rules of evidence recognized by this and all other courts so far as we are advised, it must be accepted as an established fact in this case that Poole island did not exist at the time of the survey of 1868. The plat and field-notes show all the land to have been surveyed and that all the intervening surface was covered by the waters of Snake river. This plat and the field-notes were made by the direction of the government, the owner of the land, and were approved by the government and constitute prima facie evidence of the matters and facts therein designated and recited. That being true, a prima facie case has been made to the effect that no island existed at the time of the survey in 1868. It may in fact have been there, and yet not have been at that time the size that the government required surveyed; or it may have been nothing more than a strip of sand or gravel-bar extending along the course of the river and considered of no importance or value. It might have easily formed in a few years, as it is only slightly more than a mile below the mouth of the Payette river which empties into the Snake on the Idaho side. What was said by Mr. Justice Brewer in Whitaker v. McBride in speaking of some islands in the Platte river is very applicable in this ease. He said: “Possibly they may have been regarded as having no stability as tracts of land, but as like sand-bars which are frequently found in western waters and are of temporary duration, existing to-day and gone to-morrow. Be that as. it may, there is nothing to indicate any fraud or mistake on the part of the surveyor.” It is contended, however, by the appellant that this island did exist at the time of the admission of the state into the Union, and that the test should be applied as of that date.

It does not seem to us that such inquiry becomes an important question here. Under the rule of law prevailing in this state, the state does not take title to the bed of the stream and it does not claim title to this island. United States v. Mission Rock Co., 189 U. S. 391, 23 Sup. Ct. 606, 47 L. ed. 865, cited by appellant, was a tide land case between the government and the grantee of the state and involved the application of a different principle from that arising in the case at bar. The government never pretended to assert any claim to the island in question for sixteen years after the admission of the state into the Union, and then only upon the application of one who had squatted on the land. In fact, it had patented these fractional subdivisions to Poole and Green eleven and twelve years,- respectively, prior to ever asserting any right to the island or ordering a survey thereof. The patentees and their grantees had been in the actual, open and notorious possession of this island for at least twice the period necessary to constitute the bar of the statute of limitations under the laws of this state, and, while we recognize that the statute of limitations cannot be invoked against the government, yet it is a circumstance to be considered when we remember that the government had parted with its title to the upland and had let the grantees into the possession of the premises, and had acquiesced for so long a period of time in the patentee's possession and claim of ownership and bad permitted bim to improve and cultivate tbe same, under the assumption that he had acquired title thereto through his patent to the uplands. Poole resided on this island as early as 1883 and was living there, it seems, when he made proof on and secured title to lots 2, 3, and 4 adjacent to the island on the east.

Another thing that is worthy of note is the fact that the whole of the island, with the possible exception of a couple of acres at the upper or southern end of the island, is included within the sections (15 and 22) in which the fractional subdivisions are located that were patented to Green and to Lat-tig 's predecessor in interest. The plats returned to the land office showed all this land as having been surveyed and that the unsurveyed portion was a part of the river. It is also significant that in the order of the department directing a survey of “Poole island,” they say that it is located in “Snake river, situated in sections 15 and 22, T. 9 N., E. 5 W. Idaho.” The department was, therefore, ordering the survey of the identical sections that had already been surveyed and returned to the general land office, and the government had parted with all of its title to those identical sections. This is, therefore, not a case where the owners of the uplands are bound by the action of the Department of the Interior. If that action had been taken prior to the issuance of their patents, then it must be conceded, we think, that they would have been bound,- but at the time the government asserted its claim to this island by ordering it surveyed in 1906, and the survey was made on the application of a mere squatter, it had nothing to survey. It had conveyed all of its interest in this land to Poole and Green, and its action was without and beyond its jurisdiction and could in no way bind or affect the owners of these lands. (Hardin v. Jordan, supra; Davis v. Weibbold, 139 U. S. 507, 11 Sup. Ct. 628, 35 L. ed. 238; Moore v. Robbins, 96 U. S. 530, 24 L. ed. 848; Noble v. Union River L. R. Co., 147 U. S. 174, 37 L. ed. 123.) There is nothing in connection with the facts and circumstances of the size of Poole island that would either suggest or indicate fraud on the part of the surveyor, or would negative the prima facie presumption that the government intended that the island should go to the purchasers of the adjoining upland. Poole paid for 73.3 acres, and the portion of this island lying between the meander of the fractional subdivisions purchased and the thread of the stream is 54.75 acres, according to the survey of 1906. Green'paid for 98.75 acres, and the portion of the island to which he would be entitled amounts to 83.40 acres according to the 1906 survey. It will thus be seen that in each ease the land within the meander lines and actually paid for is in excess of the amount to which each would be entitled by reason of his riparian rights.

We have confined ourselves in this case almost exclusively to a consideration of decisions from the supreme court of the United States to the exclusion of eases from the state courts, for the reason that this ease involves a federal question. As we read and understand the decisions from that court, we are convinced of the correctness of our conclusion in this case. This is not the first time a similar question has arisen in this state. The facts of the ease of Johnson v. Johnson involved a somewhat similar question, as did also the case of Johnson v. Hurst. In view of the fact that Snake river flows through Idaho and constitutes the boundary line between the state of Idaho and the states of Oregon and Washington on the west for a sweep of some 600 miles, and that within that distance there is a large number of islands of varying sizes on the Idaho side of the thread of the stream, this question must necessarily recur from time to time, and it is essential that the rule of law be established with reference to the title to those islands. The lands abutting on this stream have been acquired by pioneer settlers and homesteaders in good faith and they have, as a general rule, taken possession of and occupied these islands and gravel and sand bars, and put them to such use as they could make of them, and if at this late date the government is from time to time to order those islands surveyed and issue patents upon the application of “prowling squatters” (Murphy v. Kirwan, 103 Fed. 109; Lamprey v. State, 52 Minn. 197, 38 Am. St. 541, 53 N. W. 1142, 18 L. B. A. 677), the situation will become lamentable and exceedingly prejudicial and burdensome to settlers and bona fide home-builders. We cannot give our sanction to such a procedure.

We conclude that the patentees to the abutting upland fractional subdivisions took title to the middle or thread of the navigable channel of Snake river, and that the judgment of the trial court should accordingly be affirmed, with costs in favor of respondents.

Stewart, J., concurs. Sullivan, C. J., dissents.