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5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT TACOMA 7 WILLIAM V. LANGFITT, III, CASE NO. C21-5122 BHS 8 individually and as executor of the Estate of WILLIAM V. LANGFITT, IV, and ORDER 9 PATRICIA E. LANGFITT, individually, 10 Plaintiffs, v. 11 PIERCE COUNTY, COLBY 12 EDWARDS, and “JANE DOE” EDWARDS, 13 Defendants. 14
15 THIS MATTER comes before the Court on the following motions: Defendants 16 Pierce County and Colby Edwards’s Rule 12(c) Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, 17 Dkt. 16, and Plaintiffs William Langfitt, III, individually and as executor of the Estate of 18 William V. Langfitt, IV, and Patricia Langfitt’s responsive Motion for Leave to Amend 19 their complaint, Dkt. 30. Also pending are Defendants’ Motion to Strike Plaintiffs’ 20 surreply, Dkt. 21, and Defendants’ Motion for a Protective Order, Dkt. 24, asking the 21 Court to stay discovery pending resolution of Edwards’s claim for qualified immunity. 22 1 The Court has considered the pleadings and the all the materials filed in support of and 2 opposition to the motions. Its rulings follow. 3 I. BACKGROUND
4 This case arises from the March 16, 2018, shooting death of William V. Langfitt, 5 IV, by Defendant Colby Edwards, a Pierce County Sheriff’s Deputy. Plaintiffs allege that 6 Langfitt was distraught following his grandfather’s death. Dkt. 1, ⁋ 4.3. His friend Naomi 7 Powers called 911 to report he was having a mental health crisis and to obtain assistance 8 transporting him to the hospital. Id. ⁋ 4.4. While on the phone, Powers saw that Langfitt
9 was in the street, barefoot, wearing shorts and a T-shirt, and holding nothing but a photo 10 of his grandfather. Id. ⁋ 4.6. Edwards arrived on the scene, flung his door open, and 11 immediately drew his firearm. Id. ⁋ 4.8. Edwards kept his gun trained on Langfitt and 12 made no attempts to deescalate or negotiate before opening fire. Id. ⁋⁋ 4.9–4.13. Langfitt 13 made no verbal or physical threats towards Edwards and did not touch him. Id. ⁋⁋ 4.14–
14 4.15. Edwards shot Langfitt and then rolled his body over and handcuffed him. Id. ⁋ 4.16. 15 Langfitt died at the scene. Id. 16 Plaintiffs (Langfitt’s parents, individually, and his father as the executor of his 17 estate) sued Edwards and Pierce County in February 2021, claiming Edwards violated1 18 Langfitt’s Fourth Amendment right to be free from excessive force, and deprived them of
20 1 Plaintiffs’ complaint alleges a “violation” of 42 U.S.C.§ 1983, Dkt. 1, ¶ 5.6, but no such claim is cognizable. “One cannot go into court and claim a violation of § 1983—for § 1983 by itself does not protect anyone against anything.” Gonzaga Univ. v. Doe, 536 U.S. 273, 285 21 (2002) (citing Chapman v. Houston Welfare Rights Org., 441 U.S. 600, 617 (1979)). It does not create any substantive rights. Section 1983 is instead merely a vehicle for enforcing individual 22 rights secured elsewhere, most typically in the United States Constitution. 1 their Fourteenth Amendment liberty interest in a familial relationship with their son. Dkt. 2 1. They assert a Monell claim against Pierce County, and state law claims for negligence, 3 outrage, false arrest, unlawful seizure, and discrimination in violation of Washington’s
4 Law Against Discrimination (“WLAD”), RCW Chapter 49.60, et seq. Id. 5 Defendants seek judgment on the pleadings under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 6 12(c). Dkt. 16. They contend that Plaintiffs’ allegations are conclusory and without 7 sufficient factual context to state a plausible claim. They argue Plaintiffs have not 8 plausibly asserted a Monell claim against the County because they have failed to identify
9 a policy, how it was deficient, or how it caused them harm. They argue that Plaintiffs’ 10 state law intentional tort claims are barred by the applicable two-year limitations period 11 and that their negligence claim is inconsistent with their other claims. They argue that 12 Plaintiffs’ WLAD claim is not plausible because they have alleged no facts supporting 13 the conclusion that Edwards’s (or the County’s) conduct was discriminatory. Id.
14 Defendants also argue that the Plaintiffs “artfully” pled their claims, to avoid 15 describing the factual context of the shooting, which they argue involved Langfitt’s effort 16 to enter Edwards’s vehicle. The Complaint does not set forth any factual context for the 17 shooting; it focusses what did not happen, but discloses very little about what did: 18 4.14 William V. Langfitt, IV did not make any verbal or physical threats towards Defendant Colby Edwards. 19 4.15 William V. Langfitt, IV never touched Defendant Colby Edwards. 20 4.16 After shooting William V. Langfitt, IV, sheriff officer [sic] rolled his 21 body over and handcuffed him.
22 Dkt. 1 at 5. 1 Defendants argue the bare bones complaint purposefully does not include the facts 2 leading up to the shooting, and that it thus improperly deprives Edwards of his qualified 3 immunity defense. They ask the Court to require Plaintiffs to file a reply to their Answer.
4 Dkt. 15. 5 Plaintiffs respond that Defendants are asking the Court to draw inferences in 6 Defendants’ favor or to construe disputed facts in favor of the Defendants. Dkt. 17. More 7 persuasively, they seek leave to amend or supplement their complaint to address the 8 claimed deficiencies (and to revise their state laws claims) and their motion includes a
9 proposed amended complaint.2 Dkts. 30 and 31-1. It is more detailed than the first, and 10 the recitation of facts surrounding the shooting now suggest that Langfitt sought to enter 11 Deputy Edwards’s car from the open driver’s door, but Plaintiffs blame Edwards for 12 leaving it open. 13 The proposed amended complaint minimally asserts that the County had a policy
14 of failing to train its officers to interact with mentally distraught persons; it alleges only 15 that “Pierce County failed to adequately train and equip Deputy Edwards with the tools 16 necessary to address issues related to unarmed individuals that were in need of mental 17 health assistance.” Dkt. 31-1 at 8. 18 The proposed amended complaint barely addresses why the policy was deficient
19 or how it caused the shooting, and Defendants reasonably contend that the allegations are 20 too conclusory to survive a motion to dismiss. 21 2 Local Rule 15 requires a motion to amend to include a proposed amended complaint, 22 red-lined to highlight the amended portions. 1 Plaintiffs’ proposed amended complaint abandons their state law excessive force 2 and unlawful seizure claims, but asserts a negligence claim, wrongful death and survival 3 actions, a claim asserting that Pierce County must indemnify Edwards for any damages
4 awarded against him, an outrage claim, respondeat superior claims against the County, 5 based on both their state law tort claims and their constitutional claims against Edwards, 6 and a WLAD claim which simply quotes the statute. Id. at 16. 7 Defendants oppose amendment, arguing the effort is too late and prejudicial. They 8 argue that amendment would be futile as to Plaintiffs’ Monell claim against Pierce
9 County and that the revised factual context still does not add up to a plausible Fourth 10 Amendment excessive force claim against Edwards. They reiterate that Plaintiffs’ 11 negligence claim is irrevocably inconsistent with their assertions that Edwards acted 12 intentionally, that their state law intentional tort claims are barred by the applicable two- 13 year limitations period, and that Plaintiffs’ revised WLAD claim is no more plausible
14 than the one asserted in the earlier version. 15 Plaintiffs filed a surreply, Dkt. 20, in opposition to the Defendants’ Rule 12(c) 16 Motion, and Defendants moved to strike that filing as unauthorized, Dkt. 21. Because the 17 Plaintiffs surreply, Dkt. 20, does not affect the resolution of the motion, Defendants’ 18 Motion to Strike, Dkt. 21, is DENIED as moot. Finally, Defendants have moved to stay
19 discovery until the Court resolves their motion for judgment on the pleadings and 20 Edwards’s claim of qualified immunity. See Dkts. 24, 27, 28. 21 The substantive motions are addressed in turn. 22 1 II. DISCUSSION 2 A. Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings 3 1. Standards A Rule 12(c) motion is “functionally identical” to a motion to dismiss under Rule 4 12(b)(6). Cafasso, U.S. ex rel. v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., Inc., 637 F.3d 1047, 1054–55 5 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing Dworkin v. Hustler Mag. Inc., 867 F.2d 1188, 1192 (9th Cir. 6 1989)); see also Gentilello v. Rege, 627 F.3d 540, 544 (5th Cir. 2010) (applying Ashcroft 7 v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009), to a Rule 12(c) motion). The difference is that a Rule 12(c) 8 motion may be filed after the defendant answers, while a Rule 12(b)(6) motion must be 9 filed before the defendant pleads. 10 Dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) may be based on either 11 the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a 12 cognizable legal theory. Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 13 1990). A plaintiff’s complaint must allege facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible 14 on its face. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A claim has “facial plausibility” when the party 15 seeking relief “pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable 16 inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. Although the court 17 must accept as true the Complaint’s well-pled facts, conclusory allegations of law and 18 unwarranted inferences will not defeat an otherwise proper 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. 19 Vazquez v. Los Angeles (“LA”) Cnty., 487 F.3d 1246, 1249 (9th Cir. 2007); Sprewell v. 20 Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). “[A] plaintiff’s obligation to 21 provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and 22 1 conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. 2 Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” 3 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (citations and footnotes omitted).
4 This requires a plaintiff to plead “more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully- 5 harmed-me-accusation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). 6 On a 12(b)(6) motion, “a district court should grant leave to amend even if no 7 request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not 8 possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Cook, Perkiss & Liehe v. N. Cal.
9 Collection Serv. Inc., 911 F.2d 242, 247 (9th Cir. 1990). However, where the facts are not 10 in dispute, and the sole issue is whether there is liability as a matter of substantive law, 11 the court may deny leave to amend. Albrecht v. Lund, 845 F.2d 193, 195–96 (9th Cir. 12 1988). 13 In determining whether to grant leave to amend under Rule 15, courts consider
14 five factors: (1) bad faith, (2) undue delay, (3) prejudice to the opposing party, (4) futility 15 of amendment, and (5) whether plaintiff has previously amended his complaint. Allen v. 16 City of Beverly Hills, 911 F.2d 367, 373 (9th Cir 1990). “[A] proposed amendment is 17 futile only if no set of facts can be proved under the amendment to the pleadings that 18 would constitute a valid and sufficient claim or defense.” Miller v. Rykoff-Sexton, Inc.,
19 845 F.2d 209, 214 (9th Cir. 1988), overruled on other grounds by Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 20 U.S. 662 (2009). 21 Defendants’ Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings attacks Plaintiffs’ 22 operative, original complaint, arguing that it fails to state a plausible claim against Pierce 1 County or Deputy Edwards, and asking the Court to dismiss it with prejudice. Dkt. 16. 2 Plaintiffs oppose the motion, Dkt. 17, but also seek leave to amend, Dkt. 30, in an 3 apparent effort to remedy any deficiencies in their operative complaint. An amended
4 complaint properly filed while a motion to dismiss is pending generally moots the motion 5 to dismiss. See, e.g., Williamson v. Sacramento Mortg., Inc., No. S-10-2600KJM-DAD, 6 2011 WL 4591098, at *1, (E.D. Cal., October 11, 2011) (internal citations omitted). 7 Defendants contend that the Motion to Amend should be denied as untimely and 8 futile and argue that they would be prejudiced if Plaintiffs were permitted to amend their
9 complaint, primarily because the proposed amended complaint suffers from the same 10 deficiencies as the original complaint. Dkt. 32. The Court disagrees that Plaintiffs unduly 11 delayed their attempt to amend or that Defendants will necessarily be prejudiced—a court 12 must ordinarily permit a plaintiff to amend in the face of a motion to dismiss, even if the 13 plaintiff does not ask for such leave, so long as doing so would not be futile. Eminence
14 Capital, LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003) (holding that if a court 15 finds dismissal warranted, it should grant leave to amend unless amendment would be 16 futile). Discovery has not yet commenced. 17 Defendants also argue that the proposed amended complaint does not remedy the 18 problems, so it would be futile to permit them to file it. The futility standard evaluates
19 whether there are facts which could be plausibly alleged in an amended complaint, 20 Miller, 845 F.2d at 214, not whether the proposed amended complaint itself survives a 21 hypothetical Rule 12 motion. The Court will therefore address Plaintiffs’ current claims 22 1 and Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, and then whether Plaintiffs could 2 amend their complaint to remedy any deficiencies. 3 Neither Plaintiffs’ current complaint, Dkt. 1, nor their proposed amended
4 complaint, Dkt. 31-1, is a model of clarity, but it is apparent that they seek leave to 5 amend to state a plausible claim, even if the Court deems their proposed amended 6 complaint insufficient. See Dkt. 33 (“Even assuming the Plaintiffs inadvertently left out 7 claims, then Plaintiff[s] would seek to add those claims.”). 8 The claims are addressed in turn.
9 2. Constitutional Claims. 10 a. Excessive Force. 11 Plaintiffs’ primary constitutional claim is that Defendant Edwards violated 12 Langfitt’s Fourth Amendment rights by using excessive force on him. And Edwards’s 13 primary argument for judgment on the pleadings is that Plaintiffs failed to sufficiently
14 plead the factual circumstances surrounding their conclusory allegations which would 15 plausibly amount to a claim of excessive force. He claims that Plaintiffs must allege 16 enough facts to demonstrate that Edwards’s use of force was objectively unreasonable. 17 He emphasizes that before Plaintiffs are entitled to discovery, they must “put forward 18 specific, nonconclusory factual allegations” that plausibly allege that Edwards’ conduct
19 “was unlawful in the situation he confronted.” Dkt. 16 at 13-14 (citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 20 21 22 1 685 (other citations omitted)). Edwards also argues that Plaintiffs should be required to 2 reply3 to his Answer so that the Court can evaluate his entitlement to qualified immunity. 3 Qualified immunity is “immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability,”
4 so the Court begins its analysis there. Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526 (1985) 5 (emphasis in original). Defendants contend that both Plaintiffs’ operative complaint and 6 their proposed amended complaint artfully plead around facts critical to establishing 7 Edwards’s entitlement to qualified immunity from a claim of unconstitutional excessive 8 force.
9 “Government officials performing discretionary functions enjoy qualified 10 immunity from civil damages so long as their conduct does not violate ‘clearly 11 established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have 12 known.’” F.E. Trotter, Inc. v. Watkins, 869 F.2d 1312, 1314 (9th Cir. 1989) (quoting 13 Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). Under qualified immunity, a public
14 official is protected from suit when he or she “makes a decision that, even if 15 constitutionally deficient, reasonably misapprehends the law governing the 16 circumstances.” Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 198 (2004). It protects “all but the 17 plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.” Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 18 335, 341 (1986).
19 20
21 3 Edwards does not describe his request for an Order requiring a reply to his Answer as an alternative to the outright dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims with prejudice he also seeks, but the 22 Court construes it as one. 1 In analyzing a qualified immunity defense, the Court must determine: (1) whether 2 a constitutional right would have been violated on the facts alleged, taken in the light 3 most favorable to the party asserting the injury and (2) whether the right was clearly
4 established when viewed in the specific context of the case. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 5 194, 201 (2001), abrogated on other grounds by Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223 6 (2009). The Supreme Court has repeatedly held that clearly established law may not be 7 defined “at a high level of generality.” See Kisela v. Hughes, 138 S. Ct. 1148, 1152 8 (2018); District of Columbia v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 589 (2018); City of San Francisco
9 v. Sheehan, 575 U.S. 600, 613 (2015). Instead, courts must look at the “particular 10 context” at issue and determine the question within the “specific context” of the case. See 11 Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 12 (2015). 12 Plaintiffs correctly argue that at the time of the shooting, it was clearly established 13 that officers may not use deadly force against a person who cannot be reasonably
14 perceived to be taking any furtive or threatening actions, even if that person is armed. 15 Dkt. 17 at 15 (citing George v. Morris, 736 F.3d 829, 838 (9th Cir. 2013)); see also 16 Harris v. Roderick, 126 F.3d 1189, 1204 (9th Cir. 1997) (“Law enforcement officials 17 may not kill suspects who do not pose an immediate threat to their safety or to the safety 18 of others simply because they are armed.”), abrogated on other grounds by Galbraith v.
19 Cnty. of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. 2002). If Edwards indeed shot Langfitt 20 without a reasonable basis to suspect he was armed, and without “a furtive movement, 21 harrowing gesture, or serious verbal threat [that] might create an immediate threat,” he 22 1 violated clearly established law on the facts alleged. George, 736 F.3d at 839 (citing 2 Saucier, 533 U.S. at 201). 3 The Court must take material allegations in the complaint as true. Keniston, 717
4 F.2d at 1301. Defendants contend that the complaint omits critical factual context, Dkt. 5 16 at 11–12, including that Langfitt appeared to be armed with a knife and “attempted to 6 steal a patrol car in which a knife and loaded assault rifle was within his reach,” Dkt. 15, 7 ⁋ 8 (Defendants’ Answer). Defendants contend that Plaintiffs’ claim is not plausible 8 without these facts. See, e.g., Dkt. 16 at 12 (citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678). The Court
9 disagrees. While it is distressing that a 911 call for help in a mental health crisis could 10 result in a shooting without a “furtive movement, harrowing gesture, or serious verbal 11 threat,” George, 736 F.3d at 839, it is not necessarily implausible. 12 The circumstances surrounding Langfitt’s death, including the Defendants’ claim 13 that he was shot because he charged at and attempted to enter Edwards’s car, possibly to
14 access the assault rifle in that car, cannot be resolved on these pleadings or on this 15 motion. The fact that Plaintiffs acknowledge this additional fact in their response, Dkt. 17 16 at 19 (Langfitt was shot “for entering the door left open by Defendants”), and in their 17 proposed amended complaint, Dkt. 31-1, does not mean their excessive force claim is not 18 plausible. Defendants have not established that amendment of Plaintiffs’ excessive force
19 claim would be futile. Miller, 845 F.2d at 214. 20 Defendants also argue that Edwards’s immunity is from suit, not just from 21 damages, Saucier, 533 U.S. at 200, and that the Court should require a reply to 22 Defendants’ Answer per Rule 7(a)(7). Dkt. 16 at 13 (citing Crawford-El v. Britton, 523 1 U.S. 574, 597–98 (1998)). They argue that a reply to their Answer would allow Edwards 2 to assert qualified immunity on the true factual context for the shooting. 3 In Crawford-El, the Supreme Court explained that a reply to Answer under Rule
4 7(a)(7) was one option available to courts in resolving qualified immunity, useful when a 5 plaintiff alleges an intent-based violation that is particularly difficult to resolve before 6 trial. 523 U.S. at 598. It permits the court to “insist that the plaintiff ‘put forward specific, 7 nonconclusory factual allegations’ that establish improper motive causing cognizable 8 injury in order to survive a pre-discovery motion for dismissal or summary judgment.”
9 Id. (quoting Siegert v. Gilley, 500 U.S. 226, 236 (1991) (Kennedy, J., concurring)). 10 Plaintiffs have put forward specific, nonconclusory factual allegations that caused 11 a cognizable injury, and Edwards’s intent is not at issue. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 12 372, 381 (2007) (excessive force analyzed under the Fourth Amendment’s objective 13 reasonableness standard). Defendants simply dispute that these allegations tell the whole
14 story, including the parts that Edwards wants to emphasize. Requiring an additional 15 pleading is not superior to traditional motion practice, and the Court declines to employ it 16 here. 17 Plaintiffs’ operative complaint is not sufficient to state a plausible excessive force 18 claim, but their proposed amended complaint addresses that deficiency. Edwards’s
19 factual defense to the claim and his entitlement to qualified immunity on provable facts 20 (as opposed to allegations), must await a motion on the evidence. A plaintiff is under no 21 obligation to anticipate the qualified immunity defense (as Defendants concede, Dkt. 16 22 at 13), and a plaintiff is not required to assert exculpatory facts that a defendant claims 1 are true and which it believes can be proven at trial or even on summary judgment. At 2 this stage, Plaintiffs must instead meet their Iqbal burden of pleading facts which, taken 3 as true, amount to a plausible excessive force claim, including why Edwards’s actions
4 were unconstitutional. 5 The Court concludes that the proposed amended complaint does so, even though it 6 could be more detailed. The Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings on Plaintiffs’ Fourth 7 Amendment claim is DENIED. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend as to their 8 excessive force claim is GRANTED. Plaintiffs shall file the amended complaint within
9 14 days. 10 b. Monell Claim. 11 Both iterations of Plaintiffs’ complaint assert a municipal liability, or Monell 12 claim, against Pierce County. The County argues that Plaintiffs have failed to articulate a 13 policy, its deficiency, how it caused them harm, or how it amounted to deliberate
14 indifference. 15 A local government may be held liable under 28 U.S.C. § 1983 only “when 16 implementation of its official policies or established customs inflicts the constitutional 17 injury.” Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691–92 (1978). Official policies or 18 established customs may be shown when an omission such as a pervasive failure to train
19 amounts to an official policy, Clouthier v. Cnty. of Contra Costa, 591 F.3d 1232, 1249 20 (9th Cir. 2012), overruled on other grounds by Castro v. Cnty. of LA, 833 F.3d 1060, 21 1070 (9th Cir. 2016), or when an official with final policy-making authority “ratified a 22 1 subordinate’s unconstitutional decision or the action and the basis for it,” Gilette v. 2 Delmore, 979 F.2d 1342, 1346–47 (9th Cir. 1992). 3 Plaintiffs claim that the County was the moving force behind a constitutional
4 violation in two ways, discussed in turn. 5 i. Failure to Train 6 “In limited circumstances, a local government’s decision not to train certain 7 employees about their legal duty to avoid violating citizens’ rights may rise to the level of 8 an official government policy for purposes of § 1983.” Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S.
9 51, 61 (2011). To allege municipal liability under § 1983 for failure to train, Plaintiff 10 must allege: (1) the existing training program is inadequate in relation to the tasks the 11 particular officers must perform; (2) the failure to train amounts to deliberate indifference 12 to the rights of persons with whom the police come into contact; and (3) the inadequacy 13 of the training actually caused the deprivation of the alleged constitutional right. Merritt
14 v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 875 F.2d 765, 770 (9th Cir. 1989). “A municipality’s culpability 15 for a deprivation of rights is at its most tenuous where a claim turns on a failure to train.” 16 Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 61 (2011). “A ‘pattern of similar constitutional 17 violations by untrained employees is ordinarily necessary to demonstrate deliberate 18 indifference for purpose of failure to train,’ though there exists a ‘narrow range of
19 circumstances [in which] a pattern of similar violations might not be necessary to show 20 deliberate indifference.’” Flores v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 758 F.3d 1154, 1159 (9th Cir. 21 2014) (quoting Connick, 563 U.S. at 63). 22 1 Plaintiffs allege that Edwards was not trained to deal with one having a mental 2 health crisis and that the lack of training was the moving force behind Edwards’s 3 unconstitutional reaction to the situation. Plaintiffs allege Langfitt was killed while
4 standing in the street, unarmed, barefoot, and holding a photo of his grandfather. Dkt. 1, 5 ⁋ 4.6. Plaintiffs allege was experiencing a mental health crisis and made no threats, verbal 6 or physical, toward the officer who immediately drew his gun and shot and killed him. Id. 7 ⁋⁋ 4.8–4.16. 8 Defendants contend that Plaintiffs’ Monell claim is insufficient as a matter of law.
9 Dkt. 32 at 4. They argue Plaintiffs have yet to identify the deficient policy or custom, 10 how it was the moving force causing the harm, or how it amounted to deliberate 11 indifference. Id. at 6. 12 Though the allegations could be clearer, Plaintiffs’ proposed amended complaint 13 is just enough to plausibly state a claim under this standard. As with the excessive force
14 claim, the evidence in support of this claim may not be enough to prevail, but the 15 allegations themselves are plausible. 16 The Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings on Plaintiffs’ failure to train Monell 17 claim is DENIED. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend as to that claim is 18 GRANTED, and Plaintiffs shall file the amended complaint within 14 days.
19 ii. Ratification 20 Plaintiffs’ proposed amended complaint raises ratification as a new theory for 21 Monell liability. Ratification under Monell requires that a local government “ratif[y] a 22 subordinate’s unconstitutional decision or action and the basis for it.’” Clouthier, 591 1 F.3d at 1250 (emphasis added). That an officer was not reprimanded or provided with 2 additional training cannot support a theory of ratification without more. Morales v. Fry, 3 C12-2235-JCC, 2014 WL 1230344, at *14 (W.D. Wash. Mar. 25, 2014); Clouthier, 591
4 F.3d at 1253–54 (holding that a failure to discipline employees, without more, was 5 insufficient to establish ratification). As this Court has previously concluded, when 6 seeking to establish Monell liability under a ratification theory, a plaintiff must present 7 more than just a police investigation that concludes an officer applied reasonable force. 8 German v. Roberts, Case No. C15-5237 BHS-DWC, 2017 WL 6547472, at *2 (W.D.
9 Wash. Dec. 22, 2017). “A plaintiff must also point to some set of facts to suggest the 10 investigation’s findings reflect a policy or custom that encourages or condones the 11 alleged underlying constitutional deprivation,” such that the policy or custom is the 12 moving force behind the violation. Id. 13 The Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings on Plaintiffs’ ratification Fourth
14 Amendment claim is DENIED without prejudice. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend 15 to add a Monell ratification claim is GRANTED, though not as to the proposed amended 16 complaint. If they choose to assert a ratification claim, Plaintiffs shall file an amended 17 complaint consistent with this Order within 14 days. 18 3. State Law Claims.
19 a. False Arrest, Unlawful Seizure, and Outrage 20 To be viable, Plaintiffs’ state law claims for false arrest, unlawful seizure, and 21 outrage would at least require that Edwards used excessive force. Defendants contend 22 that these claims are both insufficiently pled due to the omission of their asserted factual 1 context, discussed above, and barred by the statute of limitations. Plaintiffs’ proposed 2 amended complaint abandons their false arrest and unlawful seizure claims but continues 3 to assert an outrage claim.
4 The standard for whether conduct is considered ‘outrageous’ is a high one: ‘[I]t is 5 not enough that a defendant has acted with an intent which is tortious or even criminal, or 6 that he has intended to inflict emotional distress, or even that his conduct has been 7 characterized by malice, or a degree of aggravation which would entitle the plaintiff to 8 punitive damages for another tort.’” Hernandez v. Federal Way, 456 F. Supp. 3d 1228,
9 1248–49 (W.D. Wash. 2020). Moreover, at least to bring a claim of outrage on behalf of 10 themselves, Plaintiffs would have to plead that they were present when the conduct 11 occurred. Reid v. Pierce Cnty., 136 Wn.2d 195, 204 (1998) (en banc). 12 While neither the original nor the proposed amended complaint appear to 13 approach this standard, it is possible that Plaintiffs could plead facts to meet it.
14 Defendants also contend that outrage is not permitted when other tort remedies are 15 available to avoid double recovery. Defendants are correct that the Washington Supreme 16 Court has found instructing the jury on both outrage and assault at trial was error, Rice v. 17 Janovich, 109 Wn.2d 48, 61–62 (1987), but the risk of double recovery may be addressed 18 at a later phase of the proceedings.
19 However, even if the Plaintiffs could amend their complaint to assert a plausible 20 state law outrage claim consistent with the facts they have already alleged, that claim is 21 facially time barred. The limitations period for an outrage claim based on assault or 22 battery is two years. See Douchette v. Bethel Sch. Dist. No. 403, 117 Wn.2d 805, 809 1 (1991); State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Justus, 199 Wn. App. 435, 452 (2017). Plaintiffs 2 have not established that that period does not apply to their intentional tort claims, and 3 they did not assert them for more than two years after the event.
4 Plaintiffs’ outrage claim is not plausible on its face, and it would be futile to 5 permit them to amend it where it is facially time-barred. The Motion for Judgment on the 6 Pleadings on this claim is GRANTED, and Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend it is 7 DENIED as futile. Plaintiffs’ outrage claim is DISMISSED with prejudice. 8 b. Negligence, Wrongful Death, and Survival
9 Plaintiffs’ proposed amended complaint asserts Negligence, Wrongful Death, and 10 Survival claims. 11 To establish a negligence claim, a plaintiff must plead duty, breach, proximate 12 cause, and resulting harm. Pedroza v. Bryant, 101 Wn.2d 226, 228 (1984). In Beltran- 13 Serrano v. City of Tacoma, 193 Wn.2d 537, 544–45 (2019), the Washington Supreme
14 Court held that intentional tort and negligence claims may coexist in a suit arising from 15 an officer-involved shooting, where the plaintiff alleged negligence in the series of 16 actions leading up to the decision to shoot. “The series of actions culminating in the use 17 of deadly force may be analyzed in its constituent parts or, alternatively, as involving 18 either negligent or intentional conduct.” Id. at 545–46 (citing District of Columbia v.
19 Chinn, 839 A.2d 701, 710 (D.C. 2003)). The Washington Supreme Court analogized to a 20 person who is injured, “not by an officer shooting, but perhaps by running into a car as he 21 attempts to flee from the officer in panic.” Id. at 546. 22 1 Analogizing this claim to Beltran-Serrano, Plaintiffs allege that leaving the police 2 car door open and drawing a gun on a person in mental health distress represents a 3 negligent failure to follow police practices calculated to avoid the use of deadly force.
4 193 Wn.2d at 544. It is possible Plaintiffs could state a plausible negligence claim under 5 the rule announced in Beltran-Serrano. The Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings as to 6 this claim is DENIED without prejudice, and the Motion for Leave to Amend this claim 7 is GRANTED, though not as to the proposed amended complaint. Plaintiffs shall file an 8 amended complaint consistent with this Order within 14 days.
9 Defendants also contend that Plaintiffs’ proposed wrongful death and survival 10 claims fail because amendment of their underlying tort actions would be futile, Dkt. 32 at 11 9 (citing Deggs v. Asbestos Corp., Ltd., 188 Wn. Ap. 495, 507 (2015) (wrongful death 12 and survival actions are based on “underlying wrongful acts against the decedent”)), but 13 the Court disagrees that the underlying claims are not plausible, as discussed above.
14 Therefore, amendment is not futile as to Plaintiffs’ wrongful death and survival claims 15 and the Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend to assert those claims is GRANTED. 16 Plaintiffs shall file the amended complaint within 14 days. 17 c. Washington Law Against Discrimination 18 Plaintiffs’ operative complaint alleges that, because Edwards knew the decedent
19 was suffering from a mental health crisis, “this mental handicap was a motivating factor 20 in the actions.” Dkt. 17 at 20. RCW 49.60.030 establishes the right to be free from 21 discrimination because of factors including the presence of any sensory, mental, or 22 physical disability. To state a claim, Plaintiffs must plead both that Langfitt suffered from 1 a disability and that Defendants discriminated against him “because of that disability.” 2 City of Seattle v. McConahy, 86 Wn. App. 557, 572 (1997) (citing Doe v. Boeing Co., 3 121 Wn.2d 8, 13 (1993)).
4 Defendants contend that Plaintiffs have failed to plead facts to support motivation 5 based on protected status and failed to plead Langfitt had a mental health disability rather 6 than a mental health episode. Dkt. 19 at 12. The operative complaint could be construed 7 to allege that Edwards was motivated to use excessive force based on the mental health 8 disability causing Langfitt’s mental health crisis. Though the proposed amended
9 complaint appears to lack these allegations, in the absence of contrary authority it is 10 possible that Plaintiffs could state a claim in the factual circumstances alleged. 11 Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings as to this claim is DENIED, 12 and the motion to amend to assert a plausible WLAD claim is GRANTED, though not as 13 to the proposed amended complaint (which simply recites the elements of the claim).
14 Plaintiffs shall file an amended complaint that complies with this Order—one that does 15 more than simply recite the elements of claim, or just quotes the statue, but alleges facts 16 and factual context plausibly supporting the claim—within 14 days. 17 d. Respondeat Superior and Indemnification 18 Plaintiffs appear to propose a respondeat superior claim against the County,
19 predicated on their state law tort claims. Defendants contend that Plaintiffs’ state law 20 claims fail as a matter of law, so there is no basis for these claims against the County. As 21 discussed above, the Court disagrees, and amendment to assert such claims would not be 22 futile. The motion to amend to assert such a claim as to state law torts is GRANTED. 1 To the extent Plaintiffs assert respondeat superior predicated on federal law, 2 amendment would be futile as respondeat superior liability is not available for § 1983 3 claims. See Monell, 436 U.S. at 691. The Motion to Amend to add a respondeat superior
4 claim as to Plaintiffs’ constitutional claims is DENIED as futile. 5 Plaintiffs’ “indemnification” claim does not seek any relief; it asserts instead that 6 the County must pay any damage award they obtain against Edwards. This is not an 7 affirmative claim for relief; it is a premature argument about remedies. Plaintiffs’ Motion 8 to Amend to assert an “indemnification” claim would be futile and it is DENIED.
9 B. Defendants’ Motion for Protective Order 10 Defendants ask the Court to stay discovery pending resolution their motion for 11 judgment on the pleadings and of Edwards’ qualified immunity from suit. Dkt. 24. To the 12 extent this motion is not moot based on the Court’s resolution of the motion for judgment 13 on the pleadings, the motion is DENIED without prejudice. On the record, Defendants
14 have not established that Edwards’s entitlement to qualified immunity may be established 15 on the pleadings; the parties dispute the factual circumstances of the shooting. Further 16 development of these factual circumstances is required, either by the plaintiffs’ 17 allegations in their forthcoming amended complaint, or after discovery. Only then may 18 the Court compare this case to Long v. Slaton, 508 F.3d 576, 581–83 (11th Cir. 2007),
19 which Defendants argue shows reasonable use of force when a suspect had an unstable 20 state of mind, stole a police cruiser, and failed to heed a deputy’s warning to stop. Dkt. 24 21 at 2. 22 1 After Plaintiffs file an amended complaint, Defendants may renew their motion for 2 a protective order limiting discovery to issues bearing on qualified immunity. 3 III. CONCLUSION
4 Defendant’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, Dkt. 16, is GRANTED in 5 part and DENIED without prejudice in part. Defendant’s Motion to Strike, Dkt. 21, is 6 DENIED as moot. Defendant’s Motion for a Protective Order, Dkt. 24, is DENIED 7 without prejudice. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend, Dkt. 30, is GRANTED, 8 except as to Plaintiffs’ outrage, respondeat superior liability for constitutional torts, and
9 proposed indemnification claims. 10 The Court is reluctant to invite further pleading and additional motion practice, but 11 Plaintiffs are entitled to an additional opportunity to amend their complaint to state 12 plausible claims. They should file a carefully drafted complaint addressing the 13 deficiencies and standards articulated in this Order within 14 days. Defendants may
14 renew or supplement their Motion to Dismiss (preferably, before answering), after that 15 filing. 16 Dated this 31st day of August, 2021. A 17 18 BENJAMIN H. SETTLE 19 United States District Judge
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