Henshaw, J.
Appeals from the judgment revoking the probate of a will, and from the order denying a motion for a new trial.
The facts disclosed by the evidence without conflict are as follows: The will of Ozias Walker, deceased, was written by C. Gr. Warren, the attorney at law of the testator, and was executed in the presence of H. C. White and 0. Gr. Warren, who were requested by the testator to attest, as witnesses, its execution. The requirements of the statute were complied with in all respects, saving that the witness C. Gr. Warren, in signing his name as a witness at the end of the will, inadvertently wrote the [390]*390name C. G. Walker, thus employing his own .initials but the testator’s surname.
Upon this showing the court revoked the probate of the instrument, and the propriety of its action in so doing is the sole question presented upon this appeal.
At the outset of this consideration it is proper to say that the right to make testamentary disposition of property is not an inherent right or a right of citizenship,nor is it even a right granted by the constitution. It rests wholly upon the legislative will, and is derived entirely from the statutes. In conferring that right the legislature has seen fit to prescribe certain exactions and requirements looking to the execution and authentication of the instrument, and a compliance with these requirements becomes necessary to its exercise. As has been said (In re O’Neil, 91 N. Y. 520, 521): “ While the primary rule governing the interpretation of wills when admitted to probate recognizes and endeavors to carry out the intention of the testator, that rule cannot be invoked in the construction of the statute regulating their execution. In the latter case courts do not consider the intention of the testator, but that of the legislature.”
As a prerequisite to the exercise of the testamentary right in this state, the legislature has prescribed for the execution and authentication of wills such as this the following requirements: 1. It must be subscribed at the end thereof by the testator himself, or some person in his presence, and by his direction must subscribe his name thereto; 2. The subscriptipn must be made in the presence of the attesting witnesses, or be acknowledged by the testator to them to have been made by him or by his. authority; 3. The testator must, at the time of subscribing or acknowledging the same, declare to' the attesting witnesses that the instrument is his will; and 4. There must be two attesting witnesses, each of whom must sign his name as a witness at the end of the will, at the testator’s request and in his presence. (Civ. Code, sec. 1276.)
It is not for courts to say that these requirements, or [391]*391any of them, are mere formalities which maybe waived without impairing the status of the instrument. It is not for courts to say that a mode of execution or authentication, other than that prescribed by law, subserves the same purpose and is equally efficient to validate the instrument. The legislative mandates are supreme, and there is no right to make testamentary disposition except upon compliance with those mandates.
It may be freely conceded that the question under consideration is of a nature purely technical, but it is to be remembered that the whole subject matter of the execution and authentication of wills is technical and nothing else; and it must not be forgotten that the technicalities are those which the law-making power has the right to impose and has imposed upon the maker of a will.
It will be noted in the section of the code above quoted that the duty enjoined upon the testator is to subscribe the will, while that imposed upon the attesting witnesses is that each must sign his name as a witness=. The difference is neither immaterial nor accidental. A testator may be illiterate, or he may by reason of paralysis, or other disabling cause, be incapacitated from signing his name, and the law has wisely and liberally provided for the due execution of a will by one so situated. It has required of him that he shall subscribe, and, while the word unquestionably has for one of its significations the signing of a name, it is a verb of comprehensive meaning. Any form or kind of underwriting is a subscription, and generally it has been held that any mark or writing by the testator meant by him to be his name, or to take the place of his signature, or to serve for his identification, will answer the requirements of a statute which calls merely for subscription or signing.
The same liberality of construction and interpretation has been put by the courts upon statutes which require the witnesses merely to subscribe or to sign.
[392]*392There are thus numerous cases under such statutes which hold, in effect, that any signing by which alone or by which, aided by parol evidence, the identity of the subscriber may be ascertained, substantially complies with the statute.
The case of the appellant upon this proposition cannot be more strongly' stated than in the following extracts from the learned work of Mr. Jarman, discussing the Victorian Wills Act:
“Examining the requirements common to the statute of frauds and the Wills Act in their order, the next condition prescribed for the validity of a will is that it should be signed, which suggests the inquiry, What amounts to a ‘signing’ by the testator? It has been decided that a mark is sufficient, and that notwithstanding the testator is able to write, and though his- name does not appear on the face of the will. A mark being sufficient, of course the initials of the testator’s name would also suffice. And it would be immaterial that he signed by a wrong or assumed name (since that name would be taken as a mark), or that against the mark was written a wrong name.” (1 Jarman on Wills, 6th ed., *79.)
“The next statutory requisition, which is common to the old and the present law, is that the will be ‘ attested and subscribed ’ by the witnesses. A mark has been decided to be a sufficient subscription.....The initials of the witnesses also amount to a sufficient subscription, if placed for their signature as attesting the execution.....A witness need not sign his own name if the name actually subscribed be intended to represent' his name; or a description (without any name) is sufficient if intended to identify him as a witness.....In fact, there seems to be no distinction in these respects between the word ‘sign’ and ‘subscribe’; any act, therefore, which, as before noticed, would be a good signature by a testator, would be a good signature by a witness.” (1 Jarman on Wills, 6th ed., *85, *86.)
[393]*393An examination of the cases bearing upon the interpretation of the English statute shows that the text of the learned author is fully supported.
The reasoning by which the conclusions are reached may be thus summarized:
To subscribe is to attest or give consent or evidence knowledge by underwriting, usually (but not necessarily) the name of the subscriber. But the place of the writing is immaterial, since a still more general meaning of the word “ subscribe” is to attest by writing, in which definition the locality is wholly disregarded. This is the reasoning of the leading English case of Roberts v. Phillips, 4 El. & B. 450.
To sign, in the primary sense of the word, is to make any mark.
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Henshaw, J.
Appeals from the judgment revoking the probate of a will, and from the order denying a motion for a new trial.
The facts disclosed by the evidence without conflict are as follows: The will of Ozias Walker, deceased, was written by C. Gr. Warren, the attorney at law of the testator, and was executed in the presence of H. C. White and 0. Gr. Warren, who were requested by the testator to attest, as witnesses, its execution. The requirements of the statute were complied with in all respects, saving that the witness C. Gr. Warren, in signing his name as a witness at the end of the will, inadvertently wrote the [390]*390name C. G. Walker, thus employing his own .initials but the testator’s surname.
Upon this showing the court revoked the probate of the instrument, and the propriety of its action in so doing is the sole question presented upon this appeal.
At the outset of this consideration it is proper to say that the right to make testamentary disposition of property is not an inherent right or a right of citizenship,nor is it even a right granted by the constitution. It rests wholly upon the legislative will, and is derived entirely from the statutes. In conferring that right the legislature has seen fit to prescribe certain exactions and requirements looking to the execution and authentication of the instrument, and a compliance with these requirements becomes necessary to its exercise. As has been said (In re O’Neil, 91 N. Y. 520, 521): “ While the primary rule governing the interpretation of wills when admitted to probate recognizes and endeavors to carry out the intention of the testator, that rule cannot be invoked in the construction of the statute regulating their execution. In the latter case courts do not consider the intention of the testator, but that of the legislature.”
As a prerequisite to the exercise of the testamentary right in this state, the legislature has prescribed for the execution and authentication of wills such as this the following requirements: 1. It must be subscribed at the end thereof by the testator himself, or some person in his presence, and by his direction must subscribe his name thereto; 2. The subscriptipn must be made in the presence of the attesting witnesses, or be acknowledged by the testator to them to have been made by him or by his. authority; 3. The testator must, at the time of subscribing or acknowledging the same, declare to' the attesting witnesses that the instrument is his will; and 4. There must be two attesting witnesses, each of whom must sign his name as a witness at the end of the will, at the testator’s request and in his presence. (Civ. Code, sec. 1276.)
It is not for courts to say that these requirements, or [391]*391any of them, are mere formalities which maybe waived without impairing the status of the instrument. It is not for courts to say that a mode of execution or authentication, other than that prescribed by law, subserves the same purpose and is equally efficient to validate the instrument. The legislative mandates are supreme, and there is no right to make testamentary disposition except upon compliance with those mandates.
It may be freely conceded that the question under consideration is of a nature purely technical, but it is to be remembered that the whole subject matter of the execution and authentication of wills is technical and nothing else; and it must not be forgotten that the technicalities are those which the law-making power has the right to impose and has imposed upon the maker of a will.
It will be noted in the section of the code above quoted that the duty enjoined upon the testator is to subscribe the will, while that imposed upon the attesting witnesses is that each must sign his name as a witness=. The difference is neither immaterial nor accidental. A testator may be illiterate, or he may by reason of paralysis, or other disabling cause, be incapacitated from signing his name, and the law has wisely and liberally provided for the due execution of a will by one so situated. It has required of him that he shall subscribe, and, while the word unquestionably has for one of its significations the signing of a name, it is a verb of comprehensive meaning. Any form or kind of underwriting is a subscription, and generally it has been held that any mark or writing by the testator meant by him to be his name, or to take the place of his signature, or to serve for his identification, will answer the requirements of a statute which calls merely for subscription or signing.
The same liberality of construction and interpretation has been put by the courts upon statutes which require the witnesses merely to subscribe or to sign.
[392]*392There are thus numerous cases under such statutes which hold, in effect, that any signing by which alone or by which, aided by parol evidence, the identity of the subscriber may be ascertained, substantially complies with the statute.
The case of the appellant upon this proposition cannot be more strongly' stated than in the following extracts from the learned work of Mr. Jarman, discussing the Victorian Wills Act:
“Examining the requirements common to the statute of frauds and the Wills Act in their order, the next condition prescribed for the validity of a will is that it should be signed, which suggests the inquiry, What amounts to a ‘signing’ by the testator? It has been decided that a mark is sufficient, and that notwithstanding the testator is able to write, and though his- name does not appear on the face of the will. A mark being sufficient, of course the initials of the testator’s name would also suffice. And it would be immaterial that he signed by a wrong or assumed name (since that name would be taken as a mark), or that against the mark was written a wrong name.” (1 Jarman on Wills, 6th ed., *79.)
“The next statutory requisition, which is common to the old and the present law, is that the will be ‘ attested and subscribed ’ by the witnesses. A mark has been decided to be a sufficient subscription.....The initials of the witnesses also amount to a sufficient subscription, if placed for their signature as attesting the execution.....A witness need not sign his own name if the name actually subscribed be intended to represent' his name; or a description (without any name) is sufficient if intended to identify him as a witness.....In fact, there seems to be no distinction in these respects between the word ‘sign’ and ‘subscribe’; any act, therefore, which, as before noticed, would be a good signature by a testator, would be a good signature by a witness.” (1 Jarman on Wills, 6th ed., *85, *86.)
[393]*393An examination of the cases bearing upon the interpretation of the English statute shows that the text of the learned author is fully supported.
The reasoning by which the conclusions are reached may be thus summarized:
To subscribe is to attest or give consent or evidence knowledge by underwriting, usually (but not necessarily) the name of the subscriber. But the place of the writing is immaterial, since a still more general meaning of the word “ subscribe” is to attest by writing, in which definition the locality is wholly disregarded. This is the reasoning of the leading English case of Roberts v. Phillips, 4 El. & B. 450.
To sign, in the primary sense of the word, is to make any mark. To sign an instrument or document is to make any mark upon it in token of knowledge, approval, acceptance, or obligation. The signature is the sign thus made. And while, by long usage and custom, signature has come generally to mean the name of a person written by himself, and thus to be nearly an exact synonym of autograph, that signification is derivative, and is not inherent in the word itself any more than it is in autograph, which strictly conveys no more-than the idea of a specimen of an individual’s writing.
Any mark may be a signature, and that species of mark which we call a cross (independent of an accompanying name) was early used as a signature of assent, and indeed was designated signum. While marksmen have become fewer with the spread of education, the mark of the cross is' still recognized by statute law as a method of signing.
Therefore, as the Wills Act required only a signing by the testator, and as this requirement of signing only was also found in the statute of frauds, the courts early decided not to be bound by any narrow definition of signing or signature as meaning the writing of one’s name, but to give to the word its broadest possible scope and significance, and thus held that any mark or signature made with the intent to bind the maker fin the [394]*394case of the statute), or to be a sign (in the case of wills), should be deemed sufficient. As the English courts had still further obliterated from the word “ subscription” the idea of place or locality, there was left no measurable distinction between the requirement upon the testator to sign and that upon the witness to subscribe.
In the decisions this broad rule is repeatedly asserted. In Goods of Susanna Clarke, 4 Jur., N. S., 243, the will of an illiterate person was executed by her mark, against which was written her maiden name, instead of that properly borne by her in marriage. Says the court: “ There is enough to show that the will is really that of the person whose it proposes to be. Her mark at the foot or end of it is a sufficient execution, and what somebody else wrote against the mark cannot vitiate it.”
In the Goods of James Clark, 2 Curt. 329, the testator had made his mark an d requested the vicar to sign for him, which he did with his own name and not that of the deceased. Says the court: “The statute allows a will to be signed for the testator by another person, and does not say that the signature must he in the testator’s name. Here this gentleman, at the testator’s request, signed the will for him, not in the testator’s name, but using his own name. I incline to think this is a sufficient compliance with the act.”
In Goods of Bryce, 2 Curt. 325, the testatrix signed her will by a mark, her name nowhere appearing. Says the court: “Although the name of the testatrix does not appear upon the face of the instrument, the affidavit sufficiently accounts for the manner in which the will was signed. The statute does not say that the name of the testator shall appear at the foot of the will. The paper is identified as being the will of the deceased. .... I am of opinion that the statute is sufficiently complied with.”
The foregoing cases deal with the “ signing” by the testator. Coming to the subscribing by the witness, it is said in Goods of Eynon, 3 L. R. Pro. & D. 92: “No particular form of attestation is necessary, but the act [395]*395done by the witness must be intended by him to evidence his attestation of the will. I must find that I can draw an inference from what occurred that the witness made a mark of some kind, with the intention to evidence his attestation.”
In Goods of Christian, 2 Rob. Ecc. 110, it is said: “The attesting witnesses to the so-called codicil have affixed their initials only; however, I have no doubt in the matter, although I believe this is the first instance under the act of the witnesses so signing. I am not aware that the witnesses can be required to sign their names. I am of opinion that there is a sufficient subscription on their parts, and, therefore, I decree probate as prayed.”
In Goods of Oliver, 2 Spinks, 57, it is said: “ The statute says the witnesses ‘shall attest and subscribe the will.’ It does not say shall write their own names, so that a mark is held to be a good subscription.”
These cases are quoted that there may be no room for misunderstanding of the English decisions or of the text of the book writers. But, as the matter is "wholly statutory, they have no value as authority, unless there be an identity in the statutory requirements of this state and England. But there is no such identity. Indeed, our statute seems to have been drawn with the express intent to foreclose and shut out the interpretation given to the English law. Thus, the English statute requires subscription. That word had been judicially declared not to have reference to the place of writing. Our statute says that the will shall be subscribed at the end thereof, thus expressly making locality of writing an element of the subscription.
The English statute required a signing. As interpreted by the court, this did not necessitate the signing of the name. By express language our statute commands that a witness shall sign his name. In England, therefore, a witness may sign in any one of a multitude of ways; by our law his signing is limited to the expression of his name.
The case of Meehan v. Rourke, 2 Bradf. 385, is in no [396]*396way opposed to, but rather is in full accord with, this view. The statute of New York, from which ours was taken, likewise requires that the witnesses should sign their names. Eliza Green, one of the witnesses to the will under consideration, was unable to write. Her name was correctly written by the doctor, and she then made her mark across it, and acknowledged it to be her mark and signature. The court said that before the revised statutes a witness might attest a will by a mark; as in this state it may be done under section 14 of the Civil Code. The opinion declares: “ Our statute requires the witness to ‘ sign his name.’ .... Where another person writes the name of the witness and then the witness acknowledges the signature—puts his mark to it, his signum—he literally signs; and what he signs is his name, i. e., he signs his name, while a mark alone (the learned judge significantly adds) would not be sufficient.” Yet a mark alone is held sufficient under the English statute.
I conclude, therefore, that as our law has seen fit to prescribe that the testator shall subscribe his will at the end thereof, so it has seen fit to require that attesting witnesses shall sign and shall sign only in one way, that is to say, by affixing their names. In construing a statute the duty of the court is simply to ascertain and declare what is in terms or in substance declared therein, not to insert what has been omitted, or to omit what has been inserted. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 1858.) It cannot be said that some other mode of subscription will answer the purpose, or subserve the statutory requirement, when in truth it does not. As well could it be said that the requirement of two attesting witnesses is not mandatory, and that this will, having been duly attested by one witness, should be admitted to probate.
That the overthrowing of any will works a hardship upon the devisees and legatees is obvious; but the law is no more tender of their claims than it is of the rights of the natural heirs. When a will is proved every ex[397]*397ertion of the court is directed to giving effect to the wishes of the testator therein expressed, but in the proving of the instrument the sole consideration before the court is whether or not the legislative mandates have been complied with.
The judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.
Harrison, J., Temple, J., and Beatty, C. J., concurred.