MaRshall, J.
There are several reasons assigned for reversing the judgment appealed from, the most important of which will be treated in their order.
1. That there was no evidence of adverse possession such as the law requires. It is a familiar principle of law that evidence of adverse possession must be clear and positive, and that it should be construed strictly, and every reasonable presumption made in favor of the true owner. Sydnor v. Palmer, 29 Wis. 226; Ayers v. Reidel, 84 Wis. 276. But the char’acter of the possession, whether the facts exist or not, making it adverse, so as to ripen into a title under the statutes of limitation on the subject, are questions for the jury, under proper instructions. Their finding in respect thereto cannot be disturbed where there is any legitimate [423]*423basis in the evidence therefor. Without taking time or space to discuss the evidence, suffice it to say that a careful examination of the record fails to disclose any sufficient reason to disturb the verdict on the ground that there is no evidence to support it.
2. That the court adopted the view that the incidents and qualities of an adverse possession of land, requisite to vest title in the possessor, must be determined solely with reference to secs. 4211, 4212, R. S. True, this court in effect decided, in Wilson v. Henry, 40 Wis. 594, that it was not the legislative intent, by such statutes, to restrict the conditions of adverse possession to those particularly specified therein, but rather to provide that certain conditions should be sufficient without reference to common-law rules; that the intent was, not to exclude common-law conditions, but to supply others. Yet, it is not perceived how defendants could have been prejudiced because of the case being confined to the statutory conditions; that is to say, there being conditions of adverse possession at common law not abrogated by statute, and others supplied by the statute, to restrict a person claiming title by adverse possession to the latter cannot be successfully urged as prejudicial error by the party affected by the alleged hostile title.
3. That the adverse possession was not hostile, because Miller acquiesced in the use of the land for flowage purposes. The evidence on that point tends to show merely that Miller supposed the owner of the milldam had the right ■of flowage. That was not inconsistent with a claim of title to the land otherwise than as so affected. Whether the title of plaintiff is good as against the right to flow the land by the backwater from the dam is not in this case.
4. That no sufficient occupation was shown, because that required by sec. 4212, R. S., is not a test of adverse possession. Here, again, it appears that Wilson v. Henry, supra, is misunderstood. Surely there is nothing in that case to [424]*424warrant the conclusion that the acts which will constitute adverse possession must be tested by the common law. On the contrarjq as before stated, it is there held that the statute supplies new conditions, and broadens out the common-law rule on the subject. By subd. 3 it is provided that adverse possession of any uninclosed land may consist in using the same for the supply of fuel or of fencing timber, for the-purposes of husbandry, or for the ordinary use of the occupant. The court properly submitted the case to the jury under that subdivision, as the evidence tended to show adverse possession under that or not at all. No exception was taken to the charge that it did not properly explain to the jury the nature of adverse possession covered by that provision of the statute, nor any request to charge specifically in that regard. It would have been very proper and helpful to the jury to have had the words, “ supply of fuel or fencing timber, for the purposes of husbandry, or for the ordinary use of the occupant,” explained according to the holdings of this court on the subject; but, no request in that regard having been made, no error can be predicated upon its omission.
5. That the court gave sec. 4211, R. S., to the jury as defining adverse possession. An examination of the charge fails to bear out that contention. What the learned judge did do was to state to the jury, in substance, that title by adverse possession is founded on the statute. He was speaking with reference to the case on trial. At that point he read sec. 4211. No error is perceived thus far, as plaintiff’s claim is based solely on such section. After explaining it at some length, the court followed by stating, in substance,, that sec. 4212 defines adverse possession as applied to the facts of this case, and closed by reading subd. 3, and instructing the jury that plaintiff must prevail under that or not at all. The jury were properly so instructed.
6. That the jury were not instructed that, to show title [425]*425by adverse possession, such possession must be visible and notorious; hence, that the court erred in refusing appellants’ request, which is in the following words: “ Possession is not adverse unless it is open and notorious; and the acts of ownership must be so unmistakable that the real owner, or any person having the right to challenge such possession, will- not, without negligence, fail to know the hostile character of the possession.” That is hardly an accurate statement of the law. It would be quite liable to mislead a jury. To be sure, the doctrine of adverse possession rests upon presumed acquiescence and laches of the-owner. Therefore the acts of hostile possession must be such as to furnish to the true owner knowledge or means of knowledge. To that end the entry must not be clandestine,, but open, and the possession, from the beginning to the end of the period, be actual in whole or in part, open, continuous, exclusive, and hostile. So characterized, the element of laches arises as a presumption from failure of the true owner to assert his title. It is not necessary that the acts of the adverse claimant be such that the true owner will know of the hostile claim. It is sufficient if they be such as to furnish him means of knowledge. On this point the learned judge said, in regard to possession: “ It must be a continuous possession, every year, to bring it within the statute of adverse possession. I may say, it means hostile adverse possession,— hostile possession.” “It must be continuous, hostile, and uninterrupted, and under claim of title exclusive of any other right.” “ If he went there in 1872, under claim of title exclusive of any other right, and had been in continuous possession of that part out of water; if he cut timber every year, got a supply of fuel from there year after year, you are at liberty, if you believe the evidence, to find he had possession under the statute.” “ If he has not [been in adverse possession], applying the rules of law,— the provisions of the statute in regard to possession being continuous,, open, and notorious,— then he gets no title.?’
[426]*426Perhaps the law might have been more clearly stated, but the charge sufficiently informed the jury of all the elements requisite to adverse possession. To be sure, neither the word 4‘ visible ” nor “ exclusive ” was used; but the jury were told that the possession must be continuous, hostile,- and notorious.
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MaRshall, J.
There are several reasons assigned for reversing the judgment appealed from, the most important of which will be treated in their order.
1. That there was no evidence of adverse possession such as the law requires. It is a familiar principle of law that evidence of adverse possession must be clear and positive, and that it should be construed strictly, and every reasonable presumption made in favor of the true owner. Sydnor v. Palmer, 29 Wis. 226; Ayers v. Reidel, 84 Wis. 276. But the char’acter of the possession, whether the facts exist or not, making it adverse, so as to ripen into a title under the statutes of limitation on the subject, are questions for the jury, under proper instructions. Their finding in respect thereto cannot be disturbed where there is any legitimate [423]*423basis in the evidence therefor. Without taking time or space to discuss the evidence, suffice it to say that a careful examination of the record fails to disclose any sufficient reason to disturb the verdict on the ground that there is no evidence to support it.
2. That the court adopted the view that the incidents and qualities of an adverse possession of land, requisite to vest title in the possessor, must be determined solely with reference to secs. 4211, 4212, R. S. True, this court in effect decided, in Wilson v. Henry, 40 Wis. 594, that it was not the legislative intent, by such statutes, to restrict the conditions of adverse possession to those particularly specified therein, but rather to provide that certain conditions should be sufficient without reference to common-law rules; that the intent was, not to exclude common-law conditions, but to supply others. Yet, it is not perceived how defendants could have been prejudiced because of the case being confined to the statutory conditions; that is to say, there being conditions of adverse possession at common law not abrogated by statute, and others supplied by the statute, to restrict a person claiming title by adverse possession to the latter cannot be successfully urged as prejudicial error by the party affected by the alleged hostile title.
3. That the adverse possession was not hostile, because Miller acquiesced in the use of the land for flowage purposes. The evidence on that point tends to show merely that Miller supposed the owner of the milldam had the right ■of flowage. That was not inconsistent with a claim of title to the land otherwise than as so affected. Whether the title of plaintiff is good as against the right to flow the land by the backwater from the dam is not in this case.
4. That no sufficient occupation was shown, because that required by sec. 4212, R. S., is not a test of adverse possession. Here, again, it appears that Wilson v. Henry, supra, is misunderstood. Surely there is nothing in that case to [424]*424warrant the conclusion that the acts which will constitute adverse possession must be tested by the common law. On the contrarjq as before stated, it is there held that the statute supplies new conditions, and broadens out the common-law rule on the subject. By subd. 3 it is provided that adverse possession of any uninclosed land may consist in using the same for the supply of fuel or of fencing timber, for the-purposes of husbandry, or for the ordinary use of the occupant. The court properly submitted the case to the jury under that subdivision, as the evidence tended to show adverse possession under that or not at all. No exception was taken to the charge that it did not properly explain to the jury the nature of adverse possession covered by that provision of the statute, nor any request to charge specifically in that regard. It would have been very proper and helpful to the jury to have had the words, “ supply of fuel or fencing timber, for the purposes of husbandry, or for the ordinary use of the occupant,” explained according to the holdings of this court on the subject; but, no request in that regard having been made, no error can be predicated upon its omission.
5. That the court gave sec. 4211, R. S., to the jury as defining adverse possession. An examination of the charge fails to bear out that contention. What the learned judge did do was to state to the jury, in substance, that title by adverse possession is founded on the statute. He was speaking with reference to the case on trial. At that point he read sec. 4211. No error is perceived thus far, as plaintiff’s claim is based solely on such section. After explaining it at some length, the court followed by stating, in substance,, that sec. 4212 defines adverse possession as applied to the facts of this case, and closed by reading subd. 3, and instructing the jury that plaintiff must prevail under that or not at all. The jury were properly so instructed.
6. That the jury were not instructed that, to show title [425]*425by adverse possession, such possession must be visible and notorious; hence, that the court erred in refusing appellants’ request, which is in the following words: “ Possession is not adverse unless it is open and notorious; and the acts of ownership must be so unmistakable that the real owner, or any person having the right to challenge such possession, will- not, without negligence, fail to know the hostile character of the possession.” That is hardly an accurate statement of the law. It would be quite liable to mislead a jury. To be sure, the doctrine of adverse possession rests upon presumed acquiescence and laches of the-owner. Therefore the acts of hostile possession must be such as to furnish to the true owner knowledge or means of knowledge. To that end the entry must not be clandestine,, but open, and the possession, from the beginning to the end of the period, be actual in whole or in part, open, continuous, exclusive, and hostile. So characterized, the element of laches arises as a presumption from failure of the true owner to assert his title. It is not necessary that the acts of the adverse claimant be such that the true owner will know of the hostile claim. It is sufficient if they be such as to furnish him means of knowledge. On this point the learned judge said, in regard to possession: “ It must be a continuous possession, every year, to bring it within the statute of adverse possession. I may say, it means hostile adverse possession,— hostile possession.” “It must be continuous, hostile, and uninterrupted, and under claim of title exclusive of any other right.” “ If he went there in 1872, under claim of title exclusive of any other right, and had been in continuous possession of that part out of water; if he cut timber every year, got a supply of fuel from there year after year, you are at liberty, if you believe the evidence, to find he had possession under the statute.” “ If he has not [been in adverse possession], applying the rules of law,— the provisions of the statute in regard to possession being continuous,, open, and notorious,— then he gets no title.?’
[426]*426Perhaps the law might have been more clearly stated, but the charge sufficiently informed the jury of all the elements requisite to adverse possession. To be sure, neither the word 4‘ visible ” nor “ exclusive ” was used; but the jury were told that the possession must be continuous, hostile,- and notorious. " It is difficult to perceive how the acts to which the ■court confined the case, such as by cutting timber and getting a supply of fuel from the land year after year, could be other than visible; and, if such acts were continuous and hostile to the true owner, how they could be otherwise than ■exclusive, in view of the fact that the evidence conclusively shows that the true owner, during the period in question, ■did not exercise any acts of ownership over the property.
7. That the court failed to instruct the jury upon the subject of Miller’s good faith. On this the defendants requested the court to charge the jury as follows: “If the evidence does not show the cutting of timber on or the pasturage of the whole tract in suit, it is necessary, to a recovery in this action of the whole tract, that the entry under the deed to Miller, and his holding under it, should have been in good faith; that is, it is necessary for you to be satisfied, by the ■evidence, that he honestly believed that his deed gave him a good title to the whole tract.” •
On this subject there is a conflict of authority, of such long standing and in respect to so many phases of-the question, that it is useless to try to reconcile the various adjudications. Such conflict is not merely between different jurisdictions, but is found in the adjudications of the same ■court, and it may be said that this court is not entirely free from that criticism. This has grown out of the gradual development of the law from an early period, when it was quite generally held that only occupants in good faith could acquire title by adverse possession, to the rule obviously prescribed by the statute, but reluctantly adopted by the courts, doing' entirely away with all necessity for judicial investigation into the hidden motives of the entry or posses[427]*427sion and all questions of good faith respecting the same, and substituting instead the rule that open, exclusive, continuous, uninterrupted, and hostile possession for the statutory period, whether in good faith respecting boundaries or title, or whether applied to. actual possession or actual possession of part accompanied by constructive possession of the balance included in a written instrument upon which the claim of title is based, does the work. The rule that good faith in respect to the validity of the claim of title must characterize the entry and possession, is still held in some jurisdictions; in others, it is held that good faith only applies to constructive possession; and in still others, while the element is held to be indispensable, it is so limited as to be practically done away with. In the late work by New-ell on Ejectment (p. 788) it is said: “Good faith in the claimant is an indispensable element in the law of adverse possession. But by the term ‘good faith,’ as used in this connection, it must not be understood that it involves an inquiry into the party’s belief in the character or strength of his title, or whether, in fact, he has any title. What is meant by the term is simply good faith in claiming possession and title, or, in other words, a real intention to claim the land as his own, distinct and hostile to the title of the owner.”
• This only illustrates the tenacity with which text writers, as well as courts, have clung to the term “good faith” as an element of adverse possession, in their efforts to harmonize the holdings of different courts on the subject. The case which Mr. Newell cites as authority for the rule as he states it is Davis v. Hall, 92 Ill. 85, and that does not support such rule at all, but says that good faith in such a case requires a sincere belief in the claimant that he is the owner of the premises. To say that good faith is an essential element, and then to limit it to mere intent to claim title, is to eliminate it altogether, as the intent to claim title may exist entirely [428]*428independent of any element of good faith, as the term has-universally been understood.
This court early laid down the rule that the' claimant must enter bona fide, believing in good faith that the land is-his, and that he has a title. Woodward v. McReynolds, 2 Pin. 268, following Livingston v. Peru I. Co. 9 Wend. 518, which was overruled in the leading case of Humbert v. Trinity Church, 24 Wend. 589, holding that lona fides is never necessary in adverse possession. That court later, in Crary v. Goodman, 22 N. Y. 177, tried to harmonize Livingston v. Peru I. Co. with Humbert v. Trinity Church, by drawing a distinction between the former, which arose under the champerty act, and the latter, which depended on the statute of limitation. But later, in Sands v. Hughes, 53 N. Y. 296, this distinction was doubted, and so the law remains in the state of FTew York. In the opinions of this court since Woodward v. McReynolds, expressions are frequently found which apparently support the doctrine of that case. In Watts v. Owens, 62 Wis. 512 (opinion by Mr. Justice Obton), it is said: “The animus or intent with which the entry is-made must be bona fide,— an entry believing in good faith that the laud is his, and that he has title; ” citing Livingston v. Peru I. Co., supra. But Mr. Justice Obtoh’s observation in that regard was not necessary to the decision of that case, and appears to have been a personal expression of opinion, and not an announcement of the law as held by the court. That it was not the doctrine of this court at that time,, and that Woodward v. McReynolds had long prior thereto been overruled, though not by direct reference, there is abundance of evidence. In North v. Hammer, 34 Wis. 425, it was said, in effect, that if the party enters, claiming title exclusively, and remains in the open, uninterrupted, exclusive possession, so claiming title, for the statutory period, that is enough, whether the title is good or not, and without regard to the claimant’s belief on the subject. The same doc[429]*429trine is found in McMillan v. Wehle, 55 Wis. 685, and in Hacker v. Horlemus, 69 Wis. 280. In the late case of Chicago & N. W. R. Co. v. Groh, 85 Wis. 641, Lyon, C. J., said that, to maintain title by adverse possession, good faith is not essential. It is sufficient that the entry of the disseisor is hostile to all the world, that he intends to hold the land as his own, and does hold it for the statutory period of limitations. To be sure, that was said with reference to an ■entry and claim of title merely, where the possession was actual, not a claim under color of title,'or a claim under ■color of title combining actual possession of a part with constructive possession of the balance described in the written instrument upon which the claim was based, leaving an opportunity for argument that it does not apply to the latter class of cases; but the language is general, and it may be taken to be the established doctrine of this court that it applies to all cases of adverse possession under the statutes of limitation of this state, whether founded upon claim merely, or upon color of title, and whether the possession be.simply jpossessio pedis, or, in addition, a constructive possession, co-extensive with the premises described in a written instrument constituting the color of title. By this, the plain words of the statute are construed according to the obvious legislative intent. There is no middle ground that can be resorted to on this subject. Good faith is an essential element of adverse possession under the statutes of limitation, or it is not. The controversy should be tested and determined by the language of the statutes. We do not find it there in any literal expression,— anything to warrant a departure from the plain import of the words used. But, if this were not so, and we were to resort to considerations of their reason and spirit, the same result is reached. The statutes of limitation are statutes of repose, and their purpose should not be impaired by injecting into them by judicial construction elements that are not there.
[430]*4308. It is further assigned that the court erred in holding that the deed describes the land claimed to have been adversely held. This was an important element in the case, as the title by adverse possession cannot be extended beyond the limits of the land described in the deed under which the entry and claim of title was made. McEvoy v. Loyd, 31 Wis. 142; Furlong v. Garrett, 44 Wis. 111; Childs v. Nelson, 69 Wis. 125. The court properly held that the foundation of plaintiff’s title is the deed from Bowman to Miller. Miller had no title or claim of title, and made no entry prior to obtaining that deed. The north boundary line described in the Bowman deed is the Mullet river. That called for a line of definite location that overcomes distance and quantity, in the absence of any ambiguity in the description ; and we find none.
9. Error is further assigned in that the court failed to instruct the jury respecting the burden of proof. It does not appear that there was any request to instruct in that regard, or that the omission of such instruction from the general charge was seasonably called to the attention of the trial court by an exception. Hence, no error can be predicated on such omission. Lachner v. Salomon, 9 Wis. 129; Austin v. Moe, 68 Wis. 458.
There are several other assignments of error, all of which have been considered; but there are none of sufficient importance, in our judgment, to require further notice in this opinion.
By the Oowrt.— The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.