Mulroney, J.
The sole question to be determined is whether plaintiff is an honorably discharged soldier of the war with Germany, and, as such, entitled to the tax exemption provided in section 6946, Code of Iowa, 1939. This section provides for a tax exemption upon ‘ ‘ the property, not to exceed five hundred dollars in aetuál value, of any honorably discharged soldier, sailor, marine, or nurse of the war with Germany.”
The stipulation of facts relates the following story: Appellee, a resident of Davenport, Iowa, registered under the Selective Draft Act of 1917, and on November 9, 1918, he received, by United States mail from Local Board No. 1 in Davenport, a notice that he had been selected for immediate military service. The notice stated that he should report at 9 a. m. on November 11, 1918, at draft headquarters in Davenport, and it further stated: “From and after the day and hour just named, you will be a soldier in the military service of the United States. ’ ’ The notice was signed by a board member of Local Draft Board No. 1 in Davenport.
Appellee reported to draft headquarters at the hour named on the morning of November 11th, and after the roll of draftees was called, one of the draft-board members read to all the draftees an order of the Provost Marshal General to the effect that they were “now in the military service of the United States. ” Appellee was appointed leader of the contingent, by a board member, and the entire contingent went to the Hotel Dempsey, in Davenport, for lunch before entraining for Camp Dodge in Des Moines. While at lunch, a board member arrived and told them that they would not entrain for Camp Dodge because ‘ ‘ calls had been cancelled.” He also stated that the members of the contingent were dismissed and that written notice of the cancellation would be mailed to each of them.
On November 15, 1918, appellee received, by mail from Draft Board No. 1 in Davenport, a letter stating that by order of the Provost Marshal General all outstanding “calls for the army” had been canceled and that “all registrants who were inducted but not entrained under such calls are discharged from the army.” The letter further stated “that such cancellation in cases of registrants who were inducted has the effect of an'honorable discharge from the army.”
Thereafter, on or about January 26, 1919, appellee received, by mail from Camp Dodge in Des Moines, a “Discharge from Draft.” This discharge certifies that appellee “is hereby discharged from the military service of the United States by order of the President dated November 11, 1918.” It also states: “While this certificate discharges the person named herein from his present obligation to serve in the Army, it does not operate as a permanent bar to his subsequent entrance into the military service. ’ ’
On the same date appellee received a voucher from the government for $4 for “final pay.”
■It was stipulated that appellee had received the exemption from taxation from 1929 to 1939, but that the Attorney General of Iowa had, on February 2, 1922, ruled that the holder of such a discharge from draft was not entitled to the exemption under section 6946, Code of Iowa, 1939.
We must here interpret the meaning of the words “honorably discharged soldier * * * of the war with Germany”
found in section 6946, Code of Iowa, 1939. This law is a tax-exemption law. As such it must be strictly construed to the end that no property shall be exempt except that which clearly and fairly falls within the express terms of the law. Trustees of Griswold College v. State of Iowa, 46 Iowa 275, 26 Am. Rep. 138. The Iowa rule is probably best stated in Readlyn Hospital v. Hoth, 223 Iowa 341, 344, 272 N. W. 90, 91:
“Statutes passed for the purpose of exempting property from taxation must be strictly construed, and if there is any doubt upon the question it must be resolved against the exemption and in favor of taxation. The exemption is not to be made by judicial construction, but anyone claiming exemption from taxation under a statute must show clearly that the property is exempt within the terms of the constitution and the statute. ’ ’
The above rule announced in the Readlyn Hospital case was quoted with approval in Board of Directors v. Board of Supervisors, 228 Iowa 544, 293 N. W. 38.
What did the legislature mean by the words “honorably discharged soldier * * * of the war with Germany ’ ’ ? The word “soldier” is defined by Webster’s New International Dictionary, 2d Ed., as:
“One who is engaged in military service as an officer or a private; one who serves in an army; one of an organized body of combatants.”
Lamb, under this record, was neither an officer nor a private in the military service. Did he serve in the Army? Was he one of an organized body of combatants? We think not. The Army had not accepted him as yet. He had passed no army physical examination. The stipulation of facts contains the following significant language:
1 ‘ It is further stipulated and agreed that all draftees selected by local Boards, including the plaintiff, were subject, upon arrival at a mobilization center, to further physical examination before acceptance or rejection by the United States Army. All draftees so examined and accepted were then to be given the Oath of Enlistment in the United States Army; that plaintiff and
other members of the contingent never entrained for Camp Dodge, Iowa, which was the proper mobilization center in the instant case and therefore plaintiff was not subjected to further physical examination, was not given the Oath of Enlistment in the United States Army and was not accepted or rejected by the United States Army at said mobilization center. ’ ’
True, certain notices he had received from his draft board had stated that he was a soldier and that after receipt of the notice he would be in the military service at a certain hour on a certain date, and the discharge from draft he received expressly stated that'he was discharged “from the-military service of the United States.” These notices and instruments are not controlling. We are here concerned with what the Iowa Legislature, not draft-law administrators, or United States Government officials, meant by the term “honorably discharged soldier
* * *
of the war with Germany.”
The case of Zearing v. Johnson, 10 Cal. App. 2d 654, 657, 52 P. 2d 1019, 1020, is in point. In this case the California court construed a law giving a tax exemption to “every resident * * * who has served in the army * * * of the United States in time of war, and received an honorable discharge therefrom * * The applicant, who was then a resident of Indiana, did go from his local draft board to Camp Dodge, but was there rejected because of physical unfitness. He was given a discharge exactly like the “Discharge From Draft” Lamb received. In holding the applicant was not entitled to the tax exemption, the California Supreme Court stated:
“It appears from the face of the discharge from draft and the allegations of the petition that petitioner was merely subject to military law and had an obligation to serve in the army from which he was relieved for proper reasons.
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Mulroney, J.
The sole question to be determined is whether plaintiff is an honorably discharged soldier of the war with Germany, and, as such, entitled to the tax exemption provided in section 6946, Code of Iowa, 1939. This section provides for a tax exemption upon ‘ ‘ the property, not to exceed five hundred dollars in aetuál value, of any honorably discharged soldier, sailor, marine, or nurse of the war with Germany.”
The stipulation of facts relates the following story: Appellee, a resident of Davenport, Iowa, registered under the Selective Draft Act of 1917, and on November 9, 1918, he received, by United States mail from Local Board No. 1 in Davenport, a notice that he had been selected for immediate military service. The notice stated that he should report at 9 a. m. on November 11, 1918, at draft headquarters in Davenport, and it further stated: “From and after the day and hour just named, you will be a soldier in the military service of the United States. ’ ’ The notice was signed by a board member of Local Draft Board No. 1 in Davenport.
Appellee reported to draft headquarters at the hour named on the morning of November 11th, and after the roll of draftees was called, one of the draft-board members read to all the draftees an order of the Provost Marshal General to the effect that they were “now in the military service of the United States. ” Appellee was appointed leader of the contingent, by a board member, and the entire contingent went to the Hotel Dempsey, in Davenport, for lunch before entraining for Camp Dodge in Des Moines. While at lunch, a board member arrived and told them that they would not entrain for Camp Dodge because ‘ ‘ calls had been cancelled.” He also stated that the members of the contingent were dismissed and that written notice of the cancellation would be mailed to each of them.
On November 15, 1918, appellee received, by mail from Draft Board No. 1 in Davenport, a letter stating that by order of the Provost Marshal General all outstanding “calls for the army” had been canceled and that “all registrants who were inducted but not entrained under such calls are discharged from the army.” The letter further stated “that such cancellation in cases of registrants who were inducted has the effect of an'honorable discharge from the army.”
Thereafter, on or about January 26, 1919, appellee received, by mail from Camp Dodge in Des Moines, a “Discharge from Draft.” This discharge certifies that appellee “is hereby discharged from the military service of the United States by order of the President dated November 11, 1918.” It also states: “While this certificate discharges the person named herein from his present obligation to serve in the Army, it does not operate as a permanent bar to his subsequent entrance into the military service. ’ ’
On the same date appellee received a voucher from the government for $4 for “final pay.”
■It was stipulated that appellee had received the exemption from taxation from 1929 to 1939, but that the Attorney General of Iowa had, on February 2, 1922, ruled that the holder of such a discharge from draft was not entitled to the exemption under section 6946, Code of Iowa, 1939.
We must here interpret the meaning of the words “honorably discharged soldier * * * of the war with Germany”
found in section 6946, Code of Iowa, 1939. This law is a tax-exemption law. As such it must be strictly construed to the end that no property shall be exempt except that which clearly and fairly falls within the express terms of the law. Trustees of Griswold College v. State of Iowa, 46 Iowa 275, 26 Am. Rep. 138. The Iowa rule is probably best stated in Readlyn Hospital v. Hoth, 223 Iowa 341, 344, 272 N. W. 90, 91:
“Statutes passed for the purpose of exempting property from taxation must be strictly construed, and if there is any doubt upon the question it must be resolved against the exemption and in favor of taxation. The exemption is not to be made by judicial construction, but anyone claiming exemption from taxation under a statute must show clearly that the property is exempt within the terms of the constitution and the statute. ’ ’
The above rule announced in the Readlyn Hospital case was quoted with approval in Board of Directors v. Board of Supervisors, 228 Iowa 544, 293 N. W. 38.
What did the legislature mean by the words “honorably discharged soldier * * * of the war with Germany ’ ’ ? The word “soldier” is defined by Webster’s New International Dictionary, 2d Ed., as:
“One who is engaged in military service as an officer or a private; one who serves in an army; one of an organized body of combatants.”
Lamb, under this record, was neither an officer nor a private in the military service. Did he serve in the Army? Was he one of an organized body of combatants? We think not. The Army had not accepted him as yet. He had passed no army physical examination. The stipulation of facts contains the following significant language:
1 ‘ It is further stipulated and agreed that all draftees selected by local Boards, including the plaintiff, were subject, upon arrival at a mobilization center, to further physical examination before acceptance or rejection by the United States Army. All draftees so examined and accepted were then to be given the Oath of Enlistment in the United States Army; that plaintiff and
other members of the contingent never entrained for Camp Dodge, Iowa, which was the proper mobilization center in the instant case and therefore plaintiff was not subjected to further physical examination, was not given the Oath of Enlistment in the United States Army and was not accepted or rejected by the United States Army at said mobilization center. ’ ’
True, certain notices he had received from his draft board had stated that he was a soldier and that after receipt of the notice he would be in the military service at a certain hour on a certain date, and the discharge from draft he received expressly stated that'he was discharged “from the-military service of the United States.” These notices and instruments are not controlling. We are here concerned with what the Iowa Legislature, not draft-law administrators, or United States Government officials, meant by the term “honorably discharged soldier
* * *
of the war with Germany.”
The case of Zearing v. Johnson, 10 Cal. App. 2d 654, 657, 52 P. 2d 1019, 1020, is in point. In this case the California court construed a law giving a tax exemption to “every resident * * * who has served in the army * * * of the United States in time of war, and received an honorable discharge therefrom * * The applicant, who was then a resident of Indiana, did go from his local draft board to Camp Dodge, but was there rejected because of physical unfitness. He was given a discharge exactly like the “Discharge From Draft” Lamb received. In holding the applicant was not entitled to the tax exemption, the California Supreme Court stated:
“It appears from the face of the discharge from draft and the allegations of the petition that petitioner was merely subject to military law and had an obligation to serve in the army from which he was relieved for proper reasons. It does not appear that he ever served in the army
or was ever a part of the army.
[Italics supplied.] A person may be subject to military law without being a member of the armed forces of the United States. (Bannister v. Soldiers’ Bonus Board, 43 R. I. 346, [112 Atl. 422, 13 A. L. R. 589].) An honorable discharge is a formal and final judgment based by the government upon the military record of a member of its armed forces, and a declaration that such per
son had left the service in a status of honor. (United States v. Kelly, 15 Wall. 34, [21 L. Ed. 106].) There is no doubt that appellant was released from
the obligation to perform active duty under
honorable conditions, but in our opinion, this is not a release from active duty. The attorney-general of this state has ruled that a discharge from draft, such as the one in the instant case, is not an honorable discharge within the meaning of the constitutional provision (A.G.O. 7656, July 31, 1931), and we are of the same opinion. We concur in that part of the opinion of the attorney-general referred to, in which the attorney-general states: ‘From all of the foregoing it would seem to clearly appear that the physical examination, selecting, etc., by the Local Board, were tentative, conditional or preliminary in character, and only ripened into an actual service following physical examination and acceptance by the military authorities after arrival at mobilization camp. If not so accepted a “discharge from draft” was given, signifying the
refusal
of the military authorities to accept the individual named therein for military service.’ ”
It is argued that this case is not authority be.cause of the difference in the statutes. The California statute uses the words “who has served in the army.” The Iowa statute gives the exemption to “soldiers * * * of the war with-Germany.” We see no material difference. Can it be argued that the Iowa Legislature meant to give this exemption to anyone who did not
serve
in the army? The ordinary and accepted meaning of the word “soldier” is one who serves in an army. With this definition the two statutes have the same meaning and the case is in point.
But we are not left to conjecture about what the Iowa Legislature meant. Section 5173, Code of Iowa, 1939, providing for the recording of discharges of soldiers, provides for recording without fee when “at the time of his entrance into the
service
of the United States” he was a resident, etc. (Italics ours.) This statute was amended by chapter 242, section 1, Acts of the Forty-ninth General Assembly, but again the statute speaks of “the final discharge or service certificate of any
person who
.served in the armed forces of the United States
* *
(Italics ours.)
The fact that a person was subject to military law during the time that intervened between his call to’ report for military service find his final acceptance or rejection does not make that person a soldier within the meaning of this tax-exemption act. The purpose of this law is to grant a gift of tax exemption in recognition of patriotic service rendered by Iowa citizens. We cannot believe the legislature meant by the phrase “soldier of the war with Germany, ’ ’ one who merely received from his draft board a communication that his draft number had been reached and after a certain hour on a certain date he would be “ a soldier in the militai’y forces of the United States.” Nor do we believe the legislature intezzded that those who were rejected by the United States Army upon arrival at the mobilization center were to be given the exemptiozz as “soldiers of the war with Gez'many. ” Yet, such wozzld be the logical result of a cozzelusion that appellee was such a “soldier of the war with Germany.” As poizzted out in the Zearing case, azi indzzctee, rejected for physical zznñtness when he reached the mobilization center, received the same discharge frozn draft that appellee received.
A literal cohatzazctiozi of this statute would give the exemption to an ho'norably discharged soldier of the Canadian, French, English, or Japazzese Army, or even the German Arzny. Such a cozzstructiozz would be azi absurdity. This court is zzot bound by a literal cozzstrzzction. See State v. Gish, 168 Iowa 70, 78, 150 N. W. 37, 39, Azzn. Cas. 1917B, 135, where the rule is stated:
“The purpose, of course, of statutory eonstrzzction is to ascertain and declare legislative intent as expressed in the statute. It has often been held, however, that where a literal cozistructiozz of a statute leads to absurdity or to znanifest injustice or oppressiozz, the court will not be bound by literal terms, but will seek a cozzstruction consistent with a sense of justice, if possible, aizd will presume such to have been the intezit of the-legislature. ’ ’
This statute should receive a sensible construction. As we have stated, the legislative intent to reward by tax exemption for patriotic service is clear. A legislative intent not to reward for a call to service that was cazzceled before the service comznezzeed is just as clear.
The ease of Bannister v. Soldiers’ Bonus Board, 43 R. I. 346, 351, 112 A. 422, 424, 13 A. L. R. 589, referred to in the quotation from the Zearing opinion, is a ease where the applicant for a soldier’s bonus held a similar "Discharge From Draft. ’ ’ The Rhode Island statute gave a bonus for each enlisted man "who was mustered into the federal service and reported for active duty.” The statute is quite different, but, in holding the applicant was not entitled to the bonus, the court stated:
"His name was selected by lot as were the names of all other persons who were called by the draft and he, like the others, was ordered to report to a camp for final examination to determine his fitness for active duty. Had the petitioner successfully passed the physical examination he probably would have been enrolled as a member of the army and assigned to active duty in a training camp. *
* *
"When the petitioner was drafted, or in other words, inducted into the service he became subject to military law and regulations. Section 6 of the act of May„18, 1917 [40 Stat. at L. chapter 15], entitled, ‘An Act To authorize the President to increase temporarily the Military Establishment of the United States,’ provides that any person who fails or neglects to perform any duty required of him in the execution of said act shall ‘if subject to military law *
* *
be tried by court-martial and suffer such punishment as a court-martial may direct.’
It was the intention of Congress, as expressed in the two acts last above cited, that a person should be subject to the military law during the time intervening between his induction into the service and his final acceptance or rejection.
The purpose evidently was to prevent the government, in the emergency, from being hampered by the delays incident to procedure in the civil courts.
A person, however, may be subject to military law and regulations without being a member of the army and it does not follow that a man must be a member of the army to be the subject of court-martial.”
(Italics ours.)
The case of Dunn v. Commissioner of Civil Service, 281 Mass. 376, 380, 183 N. E. 889, 891, 87 A. L. R. 998, illustrates the point that we must find out what our legislature had in mind when it
granted this exemption. There the Massachusetts Supreme Court stated:
“We think the Legislature had in mind participation in situations where army, navy and marine corps were engaged in performing the objects for which they were called into being and the individual members were acting their several parts. * *
'*
The beneficiary has been the man who ‘served,’ not merely one who has been ‘mustered in’ or ‘inducted.’ ”
The case of Hurley v. Crawley, 60 App. D. C. 245, 50 F. 2d 1010, much relied upon by counsel for appellee, can be distinguished. There the court’s decision seemed to be pai'tly based upon the fact that the drafted man performed military duties for approximately nine weeks. There, too, the statute under consideration was a civil-service-preference statute that had to be liberally construed to effect the purpose of the law.
II. The stipulation in this case sets forth the opinion of the Attorney General of Iowa, dated February 2, 1922 (1922 A.G.O. 194). The question asked the attorney general was whether the holder'of a similar discharge from draft was entitled to the exemption.. The attorney general ruled that the holder of such a discharge from draft was “never actually in the service of the United States as a soldier.” In the course of his opinion he stated that the intent of the legislature was to grant exemption “to those who were aetualfy in the service and who had secured an honorable discharge.”
Here is a ruling, made within a year after the effective date of the tax-exemption law, by the attorney general, who is charged with the duty of rendering such opinions. We do not think it controlling, but it is excellent authority bearing upon the question of legislative intent, (hurts have always given great weight to the construction of statutes of this kind by the executive departments of the state. In the case of John Hancock Mut. L. Ins. Co. v. Lookingbill, 218 Iowa 373, 387, 253 N. W. 604, 611, we stated:
“The legislature is presumed to know the construction of its statutes by the executive departments of the state, and if the legislature of this state was dissatisfied with the construction which lias been placed upon them by the duly elected officials in
the past years, the legislature could very easily remedy this situation, as it has the power to pass such legislation, and the only conclusion we can come to is that the legislature must have been satisfied with the construction placed upon the act by the secretary of state.”
In-view of the evident purpose of this law, and the early ruling of the attorney general against the exemption in a similar ease, we feel there is a serious doubt upon the question whether the appellee is an honorably discharged soldier of the Avar Avith Germany Avithin the meaning of section 6946, Code of loAva, 1939. When such a doubt exists upon the application of this tax-exemption statute, our ruling’ must be against the exemption.
The judgment of the trial court is therefore reversed.— Reversed.
Gareield, C. J., and Bliss, Miller, Wennerstrum, Oliver, and Mantz, JJ., concur.
Smith, J., dissents.