Cite as 2023 Ark. App. 165 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION I No. CV-22-73
LAKEWOOD HEALTH AND Opinion Delivered March 15, 2023 REHABILITATION CENTER; CENTRAL ARKANSAS CENTERS, INC.; NURSING APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI CENTERS, INC.; NURSING COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, CONSULTANTS, INC.; AND MICHAEL TWELFTH DIVISION MORTON [NO. 60CV-20-6607] APPELLANTS HONORABLE ALICE S. GRAY, V. JUDGE
AFFIRMED LULA ASHBY, AS PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF MARTHA WEAVER, AND ON BEHALF OF THE WRONGFUL DEATH BENEFICIARIES OF MARTHA WEAVER
APPELLEE
MIKE MURPHY, Judge Appellants Lakewood Health and Rehabilitation Center; Central Arkansas Nursing
Centers, Inc.; Nursing Consultants, Inc.; and Michael Morton bring this interlocutory
appeal from an order of the Pulaski County Circuit Court denying their motion to compel
arbitration of a lawsuit filed by appellee Lula Ashby, as personal representative of the estate
of Martha Weaver, deceased. Appellants claim on appeal that the circuit court erred in
refusing to enforce an arbitration agreement. We affirm. On August 2, 2017, Martha Weaver was admitted to Lakewood Health and
Rehabilitation Center (Lakewood Health). Her sister, Lula Ashby, accompanied her. Weaver
was a resident of the facility until she died in August 2019. Upon admission, Weaver and
Ashby were presented with paperwork, including an admission agreement with an
arbitration agreement in the addendum. At the time the agreement was signed, Ashby was
Weaver’s power of attorney. Ashby was appointed in February 2013. The general durable
power of attorney specifically provided that Ashby was not granted the authority to sign an
arbitration agreement. Ashby signed the facility admission agreement in her capacity as
Weaver’s “Responsible Party.” The agreement defined “responsible party” as “[the resident’s]
legal guardian, if one has been appointed, [the resident’s] attorney-in-fact, if you have
executed a power of attorney, or some other individual or family member who agrees to assist
the Facility in providing for [the resident’s] health, care and maintenance.” The arbitration
agreement included a blank line followed by “(Check if applicable): A copy of my
guardianship papers, durable power of attorney or other documentation has been provided
to the Facility and is attached.” There is no check mark in the blank. Unlike the admission
agreement, Weaver, herself, also signed the arbitration agreement, but her name appears on
the signature line reserved for a “Witness if executed by Responsible Party.”
On December 31, 2020, Ashby filed her first amended complaint alleging that
Weaver was injured as a result of the care and treatment received at Lakewood Health and
asserting causes of action for negligence, medical malpractice, breach of the admission
agreement, and violation of the Deceptive Trade Practices Act as against appellants and in
2 addition to Kindred Hospice and Odyssey Healthcare Operating A, LP. Appellants filed a
timely answer denying Ashby’s claims and asserting the existence of an arbitration agreement
as a defense.1 Lakewood Health also submitted an affidavit from Jennifer Reichard, its
administrator, who helped the two women complete the paperwork and who stated that
Weaver and Ashby were given the opportunity to read and ask questions about the
arbitration agreement. In response to the motion, Ashby asserted that the agreement was
invalid because Ashby did not have authority to agree to arbitration on behalf of Weaver,
and the arbitration agreement constitutes an illegal contract in violation of federal law
because it requires arbitration as a condition of admission.
Following a hearing on appellants’ motion to compel arbitration, the circuit court
denied the motion. The circuit court subsequently entered its order denying the motion on
October 5, 2021, finding that Weaver had signed as a witness to Ashby’s signature and “did
not imply her consent to the arbitration agreement by signing as witness.” This appeal
followed.
On appeal, appellants challenge the circuit court’s order denying the motion to
compel arbitration, arguing that there was a valid and enforceable agreement encompassing
the parties’ dispute that obligated them to arbitration.
An order denying a motion to compel arbitration is immediately appealable pursuant
to Arkansas Rule of Appellate Procedure–Civil 2(a)(12) (2021). We review a circuit court’s
1 Kindred Hospice and Odyssey Healthcare Operating A, LP, adopted the separate defendants’ motion to compel arbitration. They are not a party to this appeal.
3 denial of a motion to compel arbitration de novo on the record. Robinson Nursing & Rehab.
Ctr., LLC v. Phillips, 2019 Ark. 305, 586 S.W.3d 624. While we are not bound by the circuit
court’s decision, in the absence of a showing that the circuit court erred in its interpretation
of the law, we will accept its decision as correct on appeal. Progressive Eldercare Servs.-Morrilton,
Inc. v. Taylor, 2021 Ark. App. 379.
Despite an arbitration provision being subject to the Federal Arbitration Act, we look
to state contract law to decide whether the parties’ agreement to arbitrate is valid. Courtyard
Rehab. & Health Ctr., LLC v. Est. of Tice, 2022 Ark. App. 327, at 4–5. The same rules of
construction and interpretation apply to arbitration agreements as apply to agreements in
general. Id.
In deciding whether to grant a motion to compel arbitration, two threshold questions
must be answered: (1) is there a valid agreement to arbitrate between the parties and (2) if
so, does the dispute fall within its scope? Id. In answering these questions, doubts about
arbitrability must be resolved in favor of arbitration. Colonel Glenn Health & Rehab, LLC v.
Aldrich, 2020 Ark. App. 222, 599 S.W.3d 344. We are also guided by the legal principle that
contractual agreements are construed against the drafter. Id.
We must first determine the threshold inquiry of whether a valid agreement to
arbitrate exists. Phillips, supra. We have held that, as with other types of contracts, the essential
elements for an enforceable arbitration agreement are (1) competent parties, (2) subject
matter, (3) legal consideration, (4) mutual agreement, and (5) mutual obligations. Id. As the
proponent of the arbitration agreement, appellants have the burden of proving these
4 essential elements. Id. Both parties must manifest assent to the particular terms of a contract.
Pine Hills Health & Rehab., LLC v. Matthews, 2014 Ark. 109, at 6–7, 431 S.W.3d 910, 915.
This court employs an objective test for determining mutual assent, by which we mean
objective indicators of agreement and not subjective opinions. Id.
Appellants contend there are two possible interpretations of Weaver’s signature: (1)
she intended to sign on her own behalf but mistakenly signed on the witness line, or (2) she
intended to sign as a witness to Ashby’s signature. They state that regardless of Weaver’s
intent in signing, however, ordinary contract law establishes that her estate is bound by the
arbitration agreement’s terms. We disagree.
Appellants’ first interpretation that Weaver mistakenly signed on the witness line
requires speculation and is not objectively clear. To support their argument, appellants direct
us to the facility representative’s affidavit and assert that it establishes that Weaver was
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Cite as 2023 Ark. App. 165 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION I No. CV-22-73
LAKEWOOD HEALTH AND Opinion Delivered March 15, 2023 REHABILITATION CENTER; CENTRAL ARKANSAS CENTERS, INC.; NURSING APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI CENTERS, INC.; NURSING COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, CONSULTANTS, INC.; AND MICHAEL TWELFTH DIVISION MORTON [NO. 60CV-20-6607] APPELLANTS HONORABLE ALICE S. GRAY, V. JUDGE
AFFIRMED LULA ASHBY, AS PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF MARTHA WEAVER, AND ON BEHALF OF THE WRONGFUL DEATH BENEFICIARIES OF MARTHA WEAVER
APPELLEE
MIKE MURPHY, Judge Appellants Lakewood Health and Rehabilitation Center; Central Arkansas Nursing
Centers, Inc.; Nursing Consultants, Inc.; and Michael Morton bring this interlocutory
appeal from an order of the Pulaski County Circuit Court denying their motion to compel
arbitration of a lawsuit filed by appellee Lula Ashby, as personal representative of the estate
of Martha Weaver, deceased. Appellants claim on appeal that the circuit court erred in
refusing to enforce an arbitration agreement. We affirm. On August 2, 2017, Martha Weaver was admitted to Lakewood Health and
Rehabilitation Center (Lakewood Health). Her sister, Lula Ashby, accompanied her. Weaver
was a resident of the facility until she died in August 2019. Upon admission, Weaver and
Ashby were presented with paperwork, including an admission agreement with an
arbitration agreement in the addendum. At the time the agreement was signed, Ashby was
Weaver’s power of attorney. Ashby was appointed in February 2013. The general durable
power of attorney specifically provided that Ashby was not granted the authority to sign an
arbitration agreement. Ashby signed the facility admission agreement in her capacity as
Weaver’s “Responsible Party.” The agreement defined “responsible party” as “[the resident’s]
legal guardian, if one has been appointed, [the resident’s] attorney-in-fact, if you have
executed a power of attorney, or some other individual or family member who agrees to assist
the Facility in providing for [the resident’s] health, care and maintenance.” The arbitration
agreement included a blank line followed by “(Check if applicable): A copy of my
guardianship papers, durable power of attorney or other documentation has been provided
to the Facility and is attached.” There is no check mark in the blank. Unlike the admission
agreement, Weaver, herself, also signed the arbitration agreement, but her name appears on
the signature line reserved for a “Witness if executed by Responsible Party.”
On December 31, 2020, Ashby filed her first amended complaint alleging that
Weaver was injured as a result of the care and treatment received at Lakewood Health and
asserting causes of action for negligence, medical malpractice, breach of the admission
agreement, and violation of the Deceptive Trade Practices Act as against appellants and in
2 addition to Kindred Hospice and Odyssey Healthcare Operating A, LP. Appellants filed a
timely answer denying Ashby’s claims and asserting the existence of an arbitration agreement
as a defense.1 Lakewood Health also submitted an affidavit from Jennifer Reichard, its
administrator, who helped the two women complete the paperwork and who stated that
Weaver and Ashby were given the opportunity to read and ask questions about the
arbitration agreement. In response to the motion, Ashby asserted that the agreement was
invalid because Ashby did not have authority to agree to arbitration on behalf of Weaver,
and the arbitration agreement constitutes an illegal contract in violation of federal law
because it requires arbitration as a condition of admission.
Following a hearing on appellants’ motion to compel arbitration, the circuit court
denied the motion. The circuit court subsequently entered its order denying the motion on
October 5, 2021, finding that Weaver had signed as a witness to Ashby’s signature and “did
not imply her consent to the arbitration agreement by signing as witness.” This appeal
followed.
On appeal, appellants challenge the circuit court’s order denying the motion to
compel arbitration, arguing that there was a valid and enforceable agreement encompassing
the parties’ dispute that obligated them to arbitration.
An order denying a motion to compel arbitration is immediately appealable pursuant
to Arkansas Rule of Appellate Procedure–Civil 2(a)(12) (2021). We review a circuit court’s
1 Kindred Hospice and Odyssey Healthcare Operating A, LP, adopted the separate defendants’ motion to compel arbitration. They are not a party to this appeal.
3 denial of a motion to compel arbitration de novo on the record. Robinson Nursing & Rehab.
Ctr., LLC v. Phillips, 2019 Ark. 305, 586 S.W.3d 624. While we are not bound by the circuit
court’s decision, in the absence of a showing that the circuit court erred in its interpretation
of the law, we will accept its decision as correct on appeal. Progressive Eldercare Servs.-Morrilton,
Inc. v. Taylor, 2021 Ark. App. 379.
Despite an arbitration provision being subject to the Federal Arbitration Act, we look
to state contract law to decide whether the parties’ agreement to arbitrate is valid. Courtyard
Rehab. & Health Ctr., LLC v. Est. of Tice, 2022 Ark. App. 327, at 4–5. The same rules of
construction and interpretation apply to arbitration agreements as apply to agreements in
general. Id.
In deciding whether to grant a motion to compel arbitration, two threshold questions
must be answered: (1) is there a valid agreement to arbitrate between the parties and (2) if
so, does the dispute fall within its scope? Id. In answering these questions, doubts about
arbitrability must be resolved in favor of arbitration. Colonel Glenn Health & Rehab, LLC v.
Aldrich, 2020 Ark. App. 222, 599 S.W.3d 344. We are also guided by the legal principle that
contractual agreements are construed against the drafter. Id.
We must first determine the threshold inquiry of whether a valid agreement to
arbitrate exists. Phillips, supra. We have held that, as with other types of contracts, the essential
elements for an enforceable arbitration agreement are (1) competent parties, (2) subject
matter, (3) legal consideration, (4) mutual agreement, and (5) mutual obligations. Id. As the
proponent of the arbitration agreement, appellants have the burden of proving these
4 essential elements. Id. Both parties must manifest assent to the particular terms of a contract.
Pine Hills Health & Rehab., LLC v. Matthews, 2014 Ark. 109, at 6–7, 431 S.W.3d 910, 915.
This court employs an objective test for determining mutual assent, by which we mean
objective indicators of agreement and not subjective opinions. Id.
Appellants contend there are two possible interpretations of Weaver’s signature: (1)
she intended to sign on her own behalf but mistakenly signed on the witness line, or (2) she
intended to sign as a witness to Ashby’s signature. They state that regardless of Weaver’s
intent in signing, however, ordinary contract law establishes that her estate is bound by the
arbitration agreement’s terms. We disagree.
Appellants’ first interpretation that Weaver mistakenly signed on the witness line
requires speculation and is not objectively clear. To support their argument, appellants direct
us to the facility representative’s affidavit and assert that it establishes that Weaver was
present at the time the arbitration agreement was presented and that she was given an
opportunity to ask questions or object, yet she signed the arbitration agreement without
objection. Looking only to the four corners of the agreement, we can ascertain that
Lakewood Health attempted to contract with Ashby as Weaver’s responsible party because
Weaver did not sign the admission agreement at all nor did she sign the arbitration
agreement as “the resident.” While the affidavit establishes who was present at the signing,
no explanation is given to explain Weaver’s signature. The facility representative could have
removed any ambiguity by ensuring that this paperwork was filled out correctly because she
5 was present at the signing. This interpretation is not supported by the evidence and plain
language of the agreement.
Alternatively, appellants argue that even if it is assumed that Weaver intended to sign
as a witness and not a party, the doctrine of ratification applies. They argue that Weaver’s
acts and failure to object constituted a ratification of the signature of her agent, Ashby.
However, appellants have not sufficiently shown that Weaver was consenting to Ashby’s
signing the arbitration agreement as Weaver’s agent.
The supreme court has said that “[r]atification is a doctrine of agency . . . [that] refers
to the express or implied adoption and confirmation by one person of an act or contract
performed or entered into in his behalf by another without authority.” Brady v. Bryant, 319
Ark. 712, 715, 894 S.W.2d 144, 146 (1995). Under this doctrine, a principal may ratify an
unauthorized contractual decision by an agent. See Sterne, Agee & Leach v. Way, 101 Ark. App.
23, 31, 270 S.W.3d 369, 376 (2007). Ratification may be implied rather than express, and
implied ratification may be inferred from the acts and words of the principal. Progressive
Eldercare, supra. The doctrine of ratification, however, has no application if there was no
agency relationship. Id.
Ashby signed merely as a “family member” and not as Weaver’s agent. While she had
a power of attorney over Weaver, it explicitly stated that she did not have authority to sign
arbitration agreements, nor was Lakewood Health even aware that Ashby had a power of
attorney. Therefore, we conclude on these facts that the doctrine of ratification is
inapplicable.
6 In construing the contract against the drafter, we have no evidence to contradict the
circuit court’s conclusion that Weaver signed only as a witness. Moreover, for the reasons
explained herein, ratification does not apply under the circumstances presented. Because
there was no manifestation of mutual assent, the arbitration agreement was unenforceable.
We affirm the circuit court’s decision.
Affirmed.
VIRDEN and HIXSON, JJ., agree.
Hardin, Jesson & Terry, PLC, by: Jeffrey W. Hatfield, Kynda Almefty, Carol Ricketts, and
Kirkman T. Dougherty, for appellants.
Reddick Moss, PLLC, by: Matthew D. Swindle and Heather G. Zachary, for appellee.