Laatz v. Zazzle, Inc.

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 NICKY LAATZ, et al., Case No. 22-cv-04844-BLF

8 Plaintiffs, ORDER REGARDING PARTIES’ MOTIONS FOR RECONSIDERATION 9 v. OR CLARIFICATION OF ORDER ON PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR PARTIAL 10 ZAZZLE, INC., et al., SUMMARY JUDGMENT Defendants. Re: ECF Nos. 159, 166 11

12 Pending before the Court are (1) Defendants Zazzle, Inc. (“Zazzle”) and Mohamed 13 Alkhatib’s (“Alkhatib,” and with Zazzle, “Defendants”) Motion for Leave for Clarification and 14 Reconsideration of the Court’s Order on Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment 15 (“Defendants’ Motion”), see Defts.’ Mot., ECF No. 159, and (2) Plaintiff Nicky Laatz’s 16 (“Plaintiff”) Motion for Leave to File Motion for Reconsideration of the Court’s Order on 17 Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and Motion for Clarification (“Plaintiff’s 18 Motion,” and with Defendants’ Motion, the “Motions”); see Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 166. For the 19 reasons given below, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART the Motions. 20 I. BACKGROUND 21 Plaintiff brought this suit on August 24, 2022, see Compl., ECF No. 1, and filed the 22 operative First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) on March 14, 2023. See FAC, ECF No. 82. The 23 FAC asserts claims for (1) fraudulent misrepresentation, (2) fraudulent concealment, and (3) 24 promissory fraud, all in violation of Cal. Civ. Code § 1572, as well as (4) federal copyright 25 infringement under 17 U.S.C. § 101, (5) federal trademark infringement under 15 U.S.C. § 1114, 26 and (6) breach of contract. See id. ¶¶ 175–219. The basis of the dispute lies in Defendants’ 27 1 A. Licensing Plaintiff’s Fonts 2 In 2016, Plaintiff alleges that she designed and created a trio of fonts—the “Blooming 3 Elegant Trio,” comprised of Blooming Elegant, Blooming Elegant Sans, and Blooming Elegant 4 Hand—along with the software (the “Blooming Elegant Software”) used to implement the 5 Blooming Elegant Trio. Decl. of Nicky Laatz in Supp. of Partial MSJ (“Laatz Decl.”) ¶ 4, ECF 6 No. 89-1. Plaintiff has offered the Blooming Elegant Trio and Blooming Elegant Software for 7 licensing through Creative Market, an online marketplace. Id. ¶¶ 3, 13. Plaintiff’s Creative 8 Market shop offering page (the “Shop Page”) includes a link to Creative Market’s Terms of 9 Service (the “Service Terms”) and a link to Creative Market’s Licenses FAQ (the “License 10 FAQ”). Id. ¶ 13; see Decl. of Stephen C. Steinberg in Supp. of Partial MSJ (“Steinberg Decl.”), 11 Exh. 22 (Shop Page), Exh. 23 (FAQ), Exh. 25 (Service Terms), ECF Nos. 36, 37, 40. To license 12 the Blooming Elegant Trio and Blooming Elegant Software from Creative Market, a purchaser 13 must set up a Creative Market account, which requires the user to agree to Creative Market’s 14 Terms of Service (the “Service Terms”). Laatz Decl. ¶ 16; see Steinberg Decl., Exh. 24 (Account 15 Page), ECF No. 89-38. The Service Terms incorporate Creative Market’s License Terms (the 16 “License Terms”). Laatz Decl. ¶ 16; see Steinberg Decl., Exhs. 25 (Service Terms), 26 (License 17 Terms), ECF No. 89-41. The License FAQ includes a link to the License Terms. See Steinberg 18 Decl., Exh. 26. 19 B. Relevant Procedural History 20 On April 7, 2023, Plaintiff filed a Refiled Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (“Partial 21 MSJ”), seeking judgment in her favor as to all claims except federal trademark infringement. See 22 MSJ, ECF No. 89. Defendants opposed the Partial MSJ. See MSJ Opp’n, ECF No. 104. On 23 October 23, 2023, the Court granted the Partial MSJ as to the issue of Defendants’ demonstration 24 of mutual assent to the Service Terms and the License Terms, and otherwise denied the Partial 25 MSJ. See Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Pl.’s Mot. Partial Summ. J. (“MSJ Order”), 26 ECF No. 155. 27 On November 22, 2023, Defendants filed their pending Motion, seeking leave to request 1 that Defendants had demonstrated mutual assent to the License Terms. See Defts.’ Mot. The 2 Court denied Defendants’ request for leave to file for reconsideration, and directed Plaintiff to file 3 a response to Defendants’ request for clarification. See ECF No. 160. Plaintiff responded to 4 Defendants’ Motion on December 1, 2023, see Pl.’s Opp’n to Defts.’ Mot., ECF No. 165, and 5 filed her pending Motion that same day, see Pl’s Mot. The Court granted leave to file a motion for 6 reconsideration, deemed Plaintiff’s Motion to constitute the motion for reconsideration, and issued 7 deadlines for Defendants to respond and Plaintiff to reply. See ECF No. 167. Defendants filed 8 their opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion on December 14, 2023, see Defts.’ Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot., ECF 9 No. 169, and Plaintiff filed her reply on December 18, 2023, see Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 171. 10 II. LEGAL STANDARDS 11 A. Clarification 12 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60, a court may “correct a clerical mistake or a 13 mistake arising from oversight or omission whenever one is found in a judgment, order, or other 14 part of the record.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(a). “[T]he clarification process presumes some legitimate 15 need supporting relief, such as the existence of ambiguity or confusion that can be corrected with 16 further explanation.” Optronic Techs., Inc. v. Ningbo Sunny Elec. Co., Ltd., No. 16-cv-06370, 17 2020 WL 3892869, at *1 (N.D. Cal. July 10, 2020) (quoting Padgett v. Loventhal, No. 04-cv- 18 03946, 2015 WL 13753300, at *1 (N.D. Cal. May 13, 2015)) (alteration in original). The Local 19 Rules of this district do not require a party to seek leave to move for clarification. 20 B. Reconsideration 21 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b) provides that “any order or other decision, however 22 designated, that adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all 23 the parties . . . may be revised at any time before the entry of a judgment adjudicating all the 24 claims and all the parties’ rights and liabilities.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b); see WPP Luxembourg 25 Gamma Three Sarl v. Spot Runner, Inc., 655 F.3d 1039, 1059 (9th Cir. 2011), abrogated on other 26 grounds by Lorenzo v. SEC, 587 U.S. ––––, 139 S. Ct. 1094 (2019). This district’s local rules 27 further require parties to obtain leave prior to filing a motion for reconsideration and to establish 1 the Court prior to issuance of the order that is the subject of the motion for reconsideration; (2) 2 new material facts or a change of law occurring after issuance of such order; or (3) a manifest 3 failure by the Court to consider material facts or dispositive legal arguments that were presented to 4 the Court before issuance of such order. Civ. L.R. 7-9(b); see also, e.g., JMP Sec. LLP v. Altair 5 Nanotechnologies Inc., 880 F. Supp. 2d 1029, 1034 (N.D. Cal. 2012). 6 III. DISCUSSION 7 The Court first addresses the remainder of Defendants’ Motion following its order denying 8 reconsideration—i.e., the question of clarification—and then turns to Plaintiff’s Motion. 9 A. Defendants’ Motion for Clarification Regarding Assent 10 Defendants seek to clarify the MSJ Order by removing the following sentence from the 11 Background section: “Defendants do not submit a specific combination of documents, but state 12 that the Blooming Elegant License may only include the License Terms. See Opp’n 12.” See 13 Defts.’ Mot. 4; MSJ Order 4:19–21. Defendants state that the cited page of their opposition to 14 Plaintiff’s Partial MSJ did not concede that the Blooming Elegant License could include the 15 License Terms document, but instead merely noted that Plaintiff’s position as to the license 16 documents had shifted from initially consisting only of the License Terms document to later 17 including three additional documents. See Defts.’ Mot. 2–3; MSJ Opp’n 12. Defendants 18 accordingly move to clarify that they “dispute whether there was mutual assent to the License 19 Terms, including because like the FAQ terms, they are two voluntary clicks away from the 20 required account creation and purchase paths.” Defts.’ Mot. 4. 21 The Court directed Plaintiff to file a response to the requested clarification. See ECF No. 22 160. Plaintiff states that she does not object to removing the following clause from the MSJ 23 Order: “[but] state that the Blooming Elegant License may only include the License Terms.” See 24 Pl.’s Opp’n to Defts.’ Mot. 1 (quoting MSJ Order 4:20–21). Plaintiff does not address 25 Defendants’ request to clarify that they “dispute whether there was mutual assent to the License 26 Terms, including because like the FAQ terms, they are two voluntary clicks away from the 27 required account creation and purchase paths.” See generally id. 1 “Defendants do not submit a specific combination of documents, but state that the Blooming 2 Elegant License may only include the License Terms. See Opp’n 12.”—should be clarified to 3 better capture Defendants’ position. To that end, the Court will issue an amended MSJ Order (the 4 “Amended MSJ Order”) to clarify the issue. See Optronic Techs.2020 WL 3892869, at *1. The 5 Amended MSJ Order will note that Defendants specifically dispute mutual assent with respect to 6 the License Terms and FAQ. See MSJ Opp’n 13–14. 7 However, the Court determines that no further clarification is needed with respect to the 8 number of steps needed to reach the License Terms from the account creation or purchase pages. 9 To the extent Defendants are concerned that the Court was unaware of the steps, the Court notes 10 that the MSJ Order makes clear that the account creation page links to the Service Terms, that the 11 Service Terms incorporate the License Terms, and that the Service Terms and License Terms are 12 two separate documents. See MSJ Order 4, 13. The MSJ Order then notes that the Service Terms’ 13 incorporation of the License Terms occurs “expressly . . . in clear language on the first page,” and 14 accordingly reasons that Defendants had reasonably conspicuous notice of the License Terms. See 15 id. at 13 (citing Oberstein v. Live Nation Ent., Inc., 60 F.4th 505, 515 (9th Cir. 2023)). The Court 16 additionally notes here that Defendants’ opposition to the Partial MSJ does not directly support the 17 requested clarification, as the actual language in the opposition was: “But the Creative Market 18 website’s account creation and purchase functionality at the time in question never once required 19 users to even view the License Terms or FAQ, let alone click on them to confirm their assent. . . . 20 Thus, those terms were not part of any clickwrap or browsewrap agreement.” MSJ Opp’n 13. 21 Accordingly, the Court will issue an amended order (the “Amended MSJ Order”) to clarify 22 Defendants’ position as to the documents constituting the license and mutual assent. The 23 Amended MSJ Order will not contain the following sentence and citation: “Defendants do not 24 submit a specific combination of documents, but state that the Blooming Elegant License may 25 only include the License Terms. See Opp’n 12.” See MSJ Order 4:19–21. The Court will replace 26 the deleted segment with the following:

27 Defendants do not submit a particular combination of documents, and declaration stating that the License Terms constituted the license at 1 issue. See Opp’n 12. Defendants further specifically take the position that there was no mutual assent to the License Terms or the License 2 FAQ. See id. at 13–14. 3 B. Plaintiff’s Motion for Reconsideration and Clarification 4 Plaintiff’s opposition to Defendants’ Motion included an independent, affirmative request 5 for clarification and reconsideration, see generally Pl.’s Opp’n to Defts.’ Mot., and she 6 additionally filed the same affirmative request for relief as a separate motion, see Pl.’s Mot. The 7 Court now turns to that motion, in which Plaintiff requests (1) clarification of the location of links 8 to the License FAQ on the Shop Page and (2) reconsideration of Defendants’ assent to the Shop 9 Page and the License FAQ. The Court addresses these requests in turn. 10 1. Clarification Regarding Location of Links 11 Plaintiff seeks to clarify a sentence in the MSJ Order regarding the location of the link to 12 the License FAQ on the Shop Page. Currently, the MSJ Order states that “[t]he Shop Page link [to 13 the License FAQ] is toward the bottom of the page, just above user comments, and the Court 14 cannot conclude that its placement provided reasonably conspicuous notice. See Steinberg Decl., 15 Exh. 22.” MSJ Order 14:7–9. Plaintiff asserts that the hyperlink reading “FAQ” appearing above 16 the user comments on the Shop Page is not the FAQ that she claims is part of the Blooming 17 Elegant License, and that the uncontroverted evidence established that the Shop Page link to the 18 License FAQ instead appeared “at the very top of the Shop Page, immediately to the left of the 19 button labeled ‘Purchase.’” Pl.’s Mot. 3 (citing Laatz Decl. ¶ 13). Plaintiff further states that the 20 Shop Page contained a second link to the License FAQ “on the right-hand side, directly below a 21 link to contact Nicky Laatz through the Creative Market platform, which is below the ‘Purchase’ 22 button.” Id. at 4 (citing Supplemental Declaration of Nicky Laatz (“Suppl. Laatz Decl.”) ¶¶ 86– 23 87, ECF No. 106-1). Defendants do not dispute Plaintiff’s assertions that the “FAQ” link above 24 the user comments is not the License FAQ at issue, or that the two other links discussed by 25 Plaintiff do lead to the License FAQ. See Defts.’ Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. 5–6. Rather, Defendants 26 argue that “there is no need to ‘clarify’ whether one or another link on the Shop Page points to the 27 License FAQs, because none of those links provide reasonably conspicuous notice of 1 improper attempt to achieve a substantive material change in the MSJ Order. See id. at 6. 2 The Court has determined that its description of the location of the License FAQ link was a 3 “mistake arising from oversight,” and will accordingly amend the MSJ Order. Fed. R. Civ. Pr. 4 60(a); see also Optronic Techs., 2020 WL 3893869, at *1. Plaintiff’s moving papers in support of 5 the Partial MSJ asserted that the Shop Page “states key license terms and links to the Creative 6 Market Licenses FAQ (the ‘FAQ’).” MSJ 3 (citing Laatz Decl. ¶ 13). The cited evidence 7 provides that the Shop Page “describes the terms to the license and contains a hyperlink 8 (‘https://creativemarket.com/licenses’) that linked” to the License FAQ. Laatz Decl. ¶ 13. 9 Likewise, Plaintiff’s reply papers in support of her Partial MSJ noted that the Shop Page linked to 10 the License FAQ, and cited to her supporting declaration indicating that a link on the right-hand 11 side of the Shop Page also led to the License FAQ. See MSJ Reply 13 (citing Suppl. Laatz Decl. 12 ¶¶ 86–89), ECF No. 106; Suppl. Laatz Decl. ¶¶ 86–87. 13 The Amended MSJ Order will not include the following sentence and citation: “The Shop 14 Page link is toward the bottom of the page, just above user comments, and the Court cannot 15 conclude that its placement provided reasonably conspicuous notice. See Steinberg Decl., Exh. 16 22.” The Court will replace the deleted information regarding the link location with the following 17 text: The Shop Page includes two links to the License FAQ. The first link, 18 displayed as “http://creativemarket.com/licenses”—is toward the top of the page, under a short paragraph stating that commercial use of 19 the Blooming Elegant License is “allow[ed] . . . with only a few exceptions.” Steinberg Decl., Exh. 22; see Laatz Decl. ¶ 13. The 20 second link is contained in the sixth of seven boxes of information placed in a column along the right side of the Shop Page, and is a 21 hyperlink displayed as the word “Standard” next to a “Licenses Offered” line item. Steinberg Decl., Exh. 22; see Suppl. Laatz Decl. 22 ¶¶ 86–87. 23 The Court will add further text as discussed below in connection with Plaintiff’s request for 24 reconsideration. See infra, at Part III(B)(2). Lastly, for ease of reading, the Court will insert a 25 paragraph break before the sentence preceding the challenged sentence. 26 2. Reconsideration Regarding Mutual Assent to Shop Page and License FAQ 27 Plaintiff requests that the Court reconsider the following two determinations in the MSJ 1 Order: (a) that Plaintiff did not “provide[] sufficient briefing or argument as to Defendant[s’] 2 assent to any terms in the Shop Page,” and (b) that the Shop Page links to the License FAQ were 3 not sufficiently conspicuous to find that Defendants had demonstrated mutual assent by viewing 4 the Shop Page. See Pl.’s Mot. 5–7; MSJ Order 14. She brings this motion on the basis that there 5 was a “manifest failure by the Court to consider material facts or dispositive legal arguments 6 which were presented to the Court before such interlocutory order.” Pl.’s Mot. 2 (quoting Civ. 7 L.R. 7-9(b)(3)). The Court considers each determination in turn. 8 a. Defendants’ Assent to Shop Page Terms 9 In her motion for reconsideration, Plaintiff makes several arguments as to why Defendants 10 did in fact assent to the terms on the Shop Page. See Pl.’s Mot. 5–6. Further, Defendants indicate 11 that they “do not contest assent to the terms that actually appear on the Shop Page.” Defts.’ Opp’n 12 to Pl.’s Mot. 5. The Court will therefore amend the MSJ Order to clarify that there is no genuine 13 dispute of material fact as to Defendants’ assent to the terms appearing on the Shop Page. This 14 clarification, however, is distinct from the issue of whether the Shop Page’s links to the License 15 FAQ are themselves terms that are binding on Defendants. Having considered the matter, the 16 Court finds, for the reasons discussed in greater detail below, that Defendants’ unambiguous 17 assent to the License FAQ cannot be determined as a matter of law from the Shop Page. See infra, 18 at Part III(B)(2)(b). The Court’s clarification with respect to Defendants’ assent to the Shop Page 19 thus does not affect its holding regarding Defendants’ assent to the License FAQ. 20 The Amended MSJ Order will omit the final sentence of Part IV(B)(1)(a) of the initial MSJ 21 Order, and will append the following sentence to the end of the paragraph discussing Defendants’ 22 assent to the Service Terms and License Terms:

23 The Court additionally finds that there is no genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Defendants assented to the terms facially 24 appearing on the Shop Page. See, e.g., Alkhatib Decl. ¶ 3 (recollecting seeing terms for “commercial” and “unlimited” use on 25 Shop Page); Opp’n 12:28–13:1 (citing same). 26 The ”Order” section of the Amended MSJ Order will also reflect the Court’s finding with respect 27 to the issue of mutual assent to the Shop Page. b. Defendants’ Assent to the License FAQ 1 The Court now considers whether its reconsideration of its holding on Defendants’ assent 2 to the Shop Page, or its clarification of the location of the Shop Page’s links to the License FAQ, 3 require reconsideration of the MSJ Order’s holding that Plaintiff had not shown that the 4 undisputed facts established mutual assent to the License FAQ. See MSJ Order 14 (“Under these 5 circumstances, the Court cannot say that Plaintiff has established Defendants’ assent to any terms 6 contained in the License FAQ.”). Plaintiff argues that the Shop Page terms incorporated the 7 License FAQ by providing a link to the License FAQ directly following a statement that the 8 Blooming Elegant License permitted commercial use “with only a few exceptions,” see Pl.’s Mot. 9 4, and that the clarified locations of the License FAQ links on the Shop Page are material facts 10 establishing mutual assent to the License FAQ, see id. at 6–7. Defendants counter that Plaintiff 11 has shown no manifest failure on the part of Court because: (1) the location of the links on the 12 Shop Page is immaterial “because the Court found that Defendants’ point of assent is not on the 13 Shop Page,” but rather on the account creation page; (2) the two links at issue are in fact less 14 conspicuous than the one the Court discussed; (3) the License FAQ itself does not contain 15 language indicating it is intended to be part of a contract; (4) FAQs and similar documents cannot 16 form part of a binding agreement as a matter of law; and (5) the Service Terms and License Terms 17 exclude the License FAQ. See Defts.’ Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. 3–5. Plaintiff replies that the Court did 18 not find that the only point of assent was the account creation page; the Shop Page links were 19 reasonably conspicuous because they were located “at the top of the page, immediately next to and 20 below the ‘Purchase’ button”; the License FAQ can be part of a legally binding agreement; and the 21 License Terms sufficiently incorporate the License FAQ. See Pl.’s Reply 1–3. 22 Having considered the Shop Page language regarding the License FAQ links and the 23 clarified locations of the links, the Court concludes that the Shop Page does not permit a finding 24 that Defendants indisputably assented to the License FAQ. First, and most importantly, a 25 purchaser is not required to click on either link in order to make a purchase. See Oberstein, 60 26 F.4th at 515 (“‘[A]n enforceable agreement may be found where ‘(1) the website provides 27 reasonably conspicuous notice of the terms to which the consumer will be bound; and (2) the 1 consumer takes some action, such as clicking a button or checking a box, that unambiguously 2 manifests his or her assent to those terms.’”) (emphasis added); MSJ Order 12–14. Second, the 3 language of the Shop Page to which Plaintiff points as an incorporation of the License FAQ—i.e., 4 the provision that the Blooming Elegant License permits commercial use “with only a few 5 exceptions – See https://creativemarket.com/licenses,” see Steinberg Decl., Exh. 22—is markedly 6 less clear than, for example, the incorporation of the License Terms by the Service Terms, see id. 7 at Exh. 25, at 1 (“By creating an account and checking the ‘I agree’ box or accessing or using the 8 Service, you agree you have read, understood, and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions 9 of these Terms of Service, including the License Terms . . . .”). Lastly, the Court notes that the 10 placement of the hyperlink displayed as “Standard” along the right side of the page is far from 11 “reasonably conspicuous,” as it is a single word placed five boxes below the “Purchase” button 12 and not made prominent in any way. Under these circumstances, Defendants cannot be said to 13 have assented to the License FAQ via their use of the Shop Page. See Oberstein, 60 F.4th at 515. 14 Although its holding does not change, the Court finds it appropriate to amend the MSJ 15 Order to remove any confusion as to its reasoning, particularly in light of the clarification 16 regarding the location of the links. Accordingly, the Court will add to the Amended MSJ Order, 17 following the textual additions discussed above, see supra, at Part III(B)(1), the following:

18 The Court does not find, based on these Shop Page links to the License FAQ, that Defendants indisputably assented to any term in 19 the License FAQ. Even assuming the links were reasonably conspicuous—and the hyperlink displayed as the word “Standard,” at 20 least, is far from conspicuous—the evidence does not indicate that a purchaser must click on either link to purchase the Blooming Elegant 21 License, or that Defendants in fact did so. Nor does the language of the Shop Page expressly incorporate the License FAQ, in contrast to 22 the Service Terms’ incorporation of the License Terms. Compare Steinberg Decl., Exh. 22, at 1 (“The Standard License . . . allows 23 Commercial Use . . . with only a few exceptions – See https://creativemarket.com/licenses”), with id. at Exh. 25, at 1 (“By 24 creating an account and checking the ‘I agree’ box or accessing or using the Service, you agree you have read, understood, and agree to 25 be bound by the terms and conditions of these Terms of Service, including the License Terms . . . .”). Accordingly, Defendants cannot 26 be said to have assented to the License FAQ via their use of the Shop Page. See Oberstein, 60 F.4th at 515 (“‘[A]n enforceable agreement 27 may be found where ‘(1) the website provides reasonably checking a box, that unambiguously manifests his or her assent to 1 those terms.””). 2 || For further ease of reading, the Court will then add a paragraph break and transition. 3 || IV. ORDER 4 For the foregoing reasons, the Court hereby ORDERS as follows: 5 1. Defendants’ motion for clarification is GRANTED; 6 2. Plaintiff's motion for clarification is GRANTED; 7 3. Plaintiff's motion for reconsideration is GRANTED with respect to Defendants’ 8 assent to the Shop Page terms and GRANTED with respect to the location of the 9 links to the License FAQ terms. However, the Court declines to change its holding 10 that it cannot be determined as a matter of law that Defendants assented to the 11 License FAQ; and 12 4. The Court will issue an Amended MSJ Order reflecting the changes discussed in 5 13 this order.

IT IS SO ORDERED. a 16 Dated: January 9, 2024

Aainfracien eth Labson Freeman 19 United States District Judge 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28