La Caria v. Northstar Location Services, LLC

• Court: District Court, D. Nevada
• Decided: May 28, 2020
• Docket: 2:18-cv-00317
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA

3 NICOLE DIANE LA CARIA, ) 4 ) Plaintiff, ) Case No.: 2:18-cv-00317-GMN-DJA 5 vs. ) ) ORDER 6 NORTHSTAR LOCATION SERVICES, LLC, ) 7 ) Defendant. ) 8 ) 9 10 Pending before the Court is the Motion to Deny Class Certification, (ECF No. 44), filed 11 by Defendant Northstar Location Services, LLC (“NLS”). Plaintiff Nicole Diane La Caria 12 (“Plaintiff”) filed a Response, (ECF No. 47), and Defendant filed a Reply, (ECF No. 50). 13 Also pending before the Court is Plaintiff’s Motion to Certify Class, (ECF No. 45). NLS 14 filed a Response, (ECF No. 52), and Plaintiff filed a Reply, (ECF No. 53). For the reasons 15 discussed below, NLS’s Motion is denied and Plaintiff’s Motion is granted. 16 I. BACKGROUND 17 Plaintiff brings this putative class action against NLS, on behalf of herself and all others 18 similarly situated, for alleged violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”), 19 15 U.S.C. § 1692. (Compl., ECF No. 1). NLS is an organization established in 2001 that 20 provides, among other things, first and third-party collections, customer care programs, and 21 location services to clientele nationwide. (NLS’s Mot. Deny Class (“NLS Mot.”) at 3, ECF No. 22 44). Plaintiff alleges that NLS’s initial communication with consumers, a scripted voicemail 23 message, fails to notify the consumer that NLS “is attempting to collect a debt and that any 24 information obtained will be used for that purpose,” as required by 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(11). 25 (Pl.’s Mot. Class Certification (“Pl.’s Mot.”) at 3, ECF No. 45). According to Plaintiff, NLS 1 relies on a form collection letter to convey the required § 1692e(11) disclosures. (Form 2 Collection Letter, Ex. 1 to Compl., ECF No. 1-1). However, those form collection letters are 3 electronically sent to NLS’s third party letter vendor, Matrix Image Solutions (“Matrix”), the 4 same day the voicemail message is left. (See Matrix Service Contract, Ex. 2 to Pl.’s Mot., ECF 5 No. 45-3). Matrix mails the letters to the consumers the next day. (Id.); (Pl.’s Mot. at 3). 6 Nevertheless, it is Matrix’s practice to use the date the account was electronically transferred 7 from NLS to Matrix, rather than the date the letter is actually mailed. (Basta Dep. 17:16–21, 8 Ex. 5 to Pl.’s Resp., ECF No. 47-5). Thus, the non-compliant voicemail message is the initial 9 communication left for the consumers. (Pl.’s Resp. at 2, ECF No. 47). 10 Plaintiff further contends that all of NLS’s collection activities are notated in a detailed 11 collection log NLS maintains for each consumer. (Id. at 4). When a debt collector leaves the 12 above scripted voicemail message, he or she notes “LEFT MESSAGE W/ MACHINE” along 13 with the date, time, and phone number called. (See NLS Collection Log, Ex. 6 to Pl.’s Resp., 14 ECF No. 47-6); (Leising Dep. 40:6–19, Ex. 3 to Pl.’s Resp., ECF No. 47-3). 15 When NLS sends a collection letter to Matrix for mailing, NLS’s case management 16 system documents “LT1 NOTICE SENT VIA MATRIX” along with the date and time the 17 letter was sent to Matrix. (See NLS Collection Log, Ex. 6 to Pl.’s Resp.); (Leising Dep. 21:2–8, 18 Ex. 3 to Pl.’s Resp.). Matrix does not notify NLS of the date the letter is actually mailed. 19 (Basta Dep. 27:22–24, Ex. 5 to Pl.’s Resp.). Therefore, the only record NLS maintains is the 20 date it electronically transferred the collection letter to Matrix for mailing. (Pl.’s Resp. at 4). 21 NLS is able to perform electronic searches of its collection logs in order to identify the number 22 of accounts a voicemail was left on the same day it electronically transferred the consumer’s 23 information to Matrix (for purposes of printing and mailing NLSs’ initial collection letter).

24 (Pl.’s Resp. at 4). According to NLS, this potentially happened on 197 accounts. (NLS Resp. 25 Interrog., Ex. 7 to Pl.’s Resp., ECF No. 47-7). 1 One of NLS’s clients is an entity named Navient. (Pl.’s Resp. at 8). NLS’s collection 2 activities for Navient are limited to the collection of student loan debt. (Id.). In 2005, Plaintiff 3 incurred a student loan, but after experiencing financial hardship, she was not able to make the 4 necessary loan payments. (Id.). On December 26, 2017, Navient sent Plaintiff’s account to 5 NLS for collection. (Id.); (NLS Collection Log, Ex.6 to Pl.’s Resp). About seven hours after 6 receiving Plaintiff’s account, NLS called Plaintiff’s cell phone and left the following message: 7 “Yes, very important message from Northstar Location Services. This is a call from a 8 professional debt collector, please call back at [phone number]. Thank you.” (Id.). On 9 December 27, 2017, Matrix printed and mailed NLS’s initial collection letter to Plaintiff; 10 however, the letter is dated December 26, 2017. (Basta Dep. 17:5–9, Ex. 5 to Pl.’s Resp.). 11 Plaintiff therefore contends NLS’s voicemail message was placed with Plaintiff before the 12 collection letter was sent. (Pl.’s Resp. at 9). 13 On February 21, 2018, Plaintiff filed her Complaint, (ECF No. 1), alleging a claim for 14 violations of the FDCPA, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692e, e(10), and e(11) against NLS. The parties’ 15 motions now follow. 16 II. LEGAL STANDARD 17 Class actions are governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 (“Rule 23”). In 18 attempting to certify a class, the party seeking class certification bears the burden of 19 demonstrating that the requirements of Rule 23(a) and (b) are met. Conn. Retirement Plans & 20 Trust Funds v. Amgen. Inc., 660 F.3d 1170, 1175 (9th Cir. 2011). “Rule 23 does not set forth a 21 mere pleading standard.” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 131 S. Ct. 2541, 2551 (2011). 22 Rather, “[a] party seeking certification must affirmatively demonstrate his compliance with the 23 rule,” and a trial court should only certify a class if it “is satisfied, after a rigorous analysis that

24 the prerequisites of Rule 23(a) have been satisfied.” Id. (citing Gen. Tel. Co. of Sw. v. Falcon, 25 457 U.S. 147, 161 (1982)). 1 In order to successfully move to certify a class under Rule 23, plaintiffs must satisfy two 2 sets of criteria. First, plaintiffs must show each of the following: 3 (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable;

4 (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class;

5 (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or 6 defenses of the class; and

7 (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class. 8 9 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(1)–(4); see Rodriguez v. Hayes, 591 F.3d 1105, 1122 (9th Cir. 2010). 10 These requirements are commonly referred to as: (1) numerosity, (2) commonality, (3) 11 typicality, and (4) adequacy. See, e.g., Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1019 (9th Cir. 12 1998) (overruled on other grounds). Second, plaintiffs must show at least one of the following: 13 (1) prosecuting separate actions by or against individual class members would create a risk of: 14 (A) inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to individual class 15 members that would establish incompatible standards of conduct for the 16 party opposing the class; or

17 (B) adjudications with respect to individual class members that, as a practical matter, would be dispositive of the interests of the other 18 members not parties to the individual adjudications or would substantially impair or impede their ability to protect their interests; 19

20 (2) the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory 21 relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole; or

22 (3) the court finds that the questions of law or fact common to class members 23 predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently 24 adjudicating the controversy.

25 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(1)–(3). 1 Generally, a district court should not address the merits of the case when determining 2 certification under Rule 23. Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 417 U.S. 156, 177–78 (1974) 3 (holding that a class action plaintiff cannot argue the merits of his case to circumvent the Rule 4 23 certification requirements). However, where the merits at issue concern requirements of 5 certification under Rule 23, the court must consider such evidence. Hanon v. Dataproducts 6 Corp., 976 F.2d 497, 509 (9th Cir. 1992). 7 A district court’s decision to certify a class is reviewed for abuse of discretion. In re 8 Wells Fargo Home Mortgage Overtime Pay Litigation, 571 F.3d 953, 957 (9th Cir. 2009). 9 “Abuse exists in three circumstances: (1) reliance on an improper factor, (2) omission of a 10 substantial factor, or (3) a clear error of judgment in weighing the correct mix of factors.” Id. 11 (citing Parra v. Bashas’, Inc., 536 F.3d 975, 977–78 (9th Cir. 2008)). 12 III. DISCUSSION 13 Plaintiff seeks to certify the following class: 14 (i) all Nevada residents to whom NLS sent a letter in the form of Exhibit 11 attached to the Complaint (ii) which was not returned as undeliverable (iii) in 15 an attempt to collect a debt incurred for personal, family, or household purposes as shown by Defendants or the creditors’ records (iv) who [were] 16 left a voicemail message from NLS on the same day that Exhibit 1 was 17 dated (v) and were not notified during the call that “the debt collector is attempting to collect a debt and that any information obtained will be used 18 for that purpose” (vi) during the one year prior to the filing of this lawsuit. 19 (Pl.’s Mot. at 2, ECF No. 45) (emphasis added). 20 As an initial matter, NLS emphasizes that the language of section iv is different that the 21 language provided for the same section in Plaintiff’s Complaint. (NLS Resp. at 11–13, ECF 22 No. 52). In Plaintiff’s Complaint section iv states: “who were called by NLS on the same day 23 that Exhibit 1 was dated as sent.” (Compl. ¶ 21). According to NLS, the change is procedurally 24 25 1 “Exhibit 1” refers to NLS’s form collection letter, which is attached to Plaintiff’s Complaint. (Form Collection Letter, Ex. 1 to Compl., ECF No. 1-1). 1 inappropriate because Plaintiff did not obtain leave to file an amended complaint containing the 2 modified language. (NLS Resp. 12–13). NLS cites decisions from federal district courts in 3 support of its argument. (Id.). Plaintiff explains the revision “simply clarifies the definition and 4 adds to the ease of ascertaining the class members.” (Pl.’s Reply at 5, ECF No. 53). Further, 5 Plaintiff submits caselaw supporting the proposition that a district court is not bound by the 6 definition of a class in the complaint. (Id. at 3); see, e.g., Robidoux v. Celani, 987 F.2d 931, 937 7 (2d Cir. 1993) (“A court is not bound by the class definition proposed in the complaint and 8 should not dismiss the action simply because the complaint seeks to define the class too 9 broadly”); In re Monumental Life Ins. Co., 365 F.3d 408, 414 (5th Cir. 2004). Absent binding 10 Ninth Circuit caselaw requiring Plaintiff to amend her Complaint in order to modify a class 11 definition, the Court finds NLS’s argument unconvincing. Indeed, the change is a minor one 12 which serves to better ascertain class members. As such, the Court will not require Plaintiff to 13 amend her Complaint in order to modify the class definition in this manner. The Court will 14 now address the requirements of Rule 23(a) and (b). 15 A. Rule 23(a) 16 1. Numerosity 17 Rule 23 mandates that the class must be “so numerous that joinder of all members is 18 impracticable.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(1). Quoting NLS’s response to an interrogatory, Plaintiff 19 indicates “197 individuals could potentially have received a phone call the same day as a letter 20 had been sent.” (NLS Resp. Interrog., Ex. 5 to Pl.’s Resp., ECF No. 45-7). While there is no 21 magic number that applies to every case, a forty–member class is often regarded as sufficient to 22 meet the numerosity requirement. See Swanson v. American Consumer Industries, Inc., 415 23 F.2d 1326, 1333 & n.9 (7th Cir. 1969) (even forty class members “is a sufficiently large group

24 to satisfy Rule 23(a)”); see also Rubenstein, Newberg on Class Actions, § 3:12 (“[A] class of 25 40 or more members raises a presumption of impracticability of joinder based on numbers 1 alone.”). Accordingly, the Court finds that a class of 197 members would be so numerous that 2 joinder of all members is impracticable. Plaintiff has satisfied the numerosity requirement. 3 2. Commonality 4 Under Rule 23(a)(2), Plaintiff must establish that there “are questions of law or fact 5 common to the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(2). Generally, Rule 23(a)(2)’s requirements “have 6 been construed permissively, and all questions of fact and law need not be common to satisfy 7 the rule.” Ellis v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 657 F.3d 970, 981 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal 8 quotation marks and brackets omitted). Nonetheless, the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized 9 that “any competently crafted class complaint literally raises common ‘questions.’” Wal-Mart 10 Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 131 S.Ct. 2541, 2551 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). As a 11 result, the Court explained that “reciting these questions is not sufficient to obtain class 12 certification.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Instead, “[c]ommonality requires the 13 plaintiff to demonstrate that the class members have suffered the same injury” which does not 14 “mean merely that they have all suffered a violation of the same provision of law.” Id. The 15 claims “must depend upon a common contention” and that common contention “must be of 16 such a nature that it is capable of classwide resolution—which means that determination of its 17 truth or falsity will resolve an issue that is central to the validity of each one of the claims in 18 one stroke.” Id. The principal question in this analysis is whether the questions plaintiffs raise 19 “can be answered ‘yes’ or ‘no’ in one stroke as to the entire class.” Parsons v. Ryan, 754 F.3d 20 657, 684 (9th Cir. 2014). 21 Here, Plaintiff asserts there are two questions that, when answered, will impact the 22 entire class. The common questions of law confronting the class members are: (1) whether the 23 telephone message was the initial communication by NLS to the consumer, and (2) whether

24 NLS’s telephone message violates § 1692e(11) by failing to state that NLS “is attempting to 25 collect a debt and that any information obtained will be used for that purpose.” (See Pl.’s Resp. 1 at 14, ECF No. 47). Plaintiff maintains that each class member received NLS’s scripted phone 2 message substantially in the form: “We have an important message from Northstar Location 3 Services. This is a call from a debt collector. Please call Department Phone [phone number].” 4 (NLS Messaging Policy, Ex. 2 to Pl.’s Resp., ECF No. 47-2).2 Plaintiff further submits that the 5 voicemail is recorded in NLS’s collection logs as “LEFT MESSAGE W/MACHINE.” NLS 6 disputes commonality stating that the messages left on consumer accounts are “not necessarily 7 verbatim” to the script, and that the notes in the collection logs do not reflect the content of 8 those messages. (NLS Resp. at 19, ECF No. 52). However, as Plaintiff points out, it is unlikely 9 that the debt collectors are deviating from the scripted message by adding the required FDCPA 10 disclosure. (Pl.’s Reply at 7) (citing Hicks v. Client Servs., Inc., No. 07-61822-CIV, 2008 WL 11 5479111, at *7 (S.D. Fla. Dec. 11, 2008) (“The exact script of the messages need not be 12 common to the class members, since it is the lack of information that is relevant.”)). Indeed, 13 the voicemail message NLS left for Plaintiff as alleged in the Complaint is: “Yes, very 14 important message from Northstar Location Services. This is a call from a professional debt 15 collector, please call back at [phone number]. Thank you.” (Compl. ¶ 32). Therefore, while 16 the scripted message is not in fact identical to that alleged in the Complaint, it is materially 17 identical. 18 19

20 2 The policy (or script) states: 21 UPDATED MESSAGING POLICY EFFECTIVE IMMEDIATELY – 2/17/17 22 Please begin utilizing the following message when leaving a voice mail message intended for the 23 customer:

24 “We have an important message from Northstar Location Services. This is a call from a debt collector. Please call Department Phone #.” 25 (NLS Messaging Policy, Ex. 2 to Pl.’s Resp.). 1 Plaintiff has also provided evidence of NLS’s policies regarding the timing of its initial 2 communication voicemail message and the mailing of its form collection notice. NLS’s form 3 collection letters are sent to Matrix the same day the voicemail is left. Matrix testified that it 4 does not send collection letters the day it receives the electronic information from NLS. (Pl.’s 5 Resp. at 7) (citing Basta Dep. 17:16–21, Ex. 5 to. Pl.’s Resp.). “Rather, [Matrix] mails the 6 letters the next day using the placement date from the previous day.” (Pl.’s Resp. at 7). 7 In sum, Plaintiff provides questions of law or fact common to the class because the 8 answers to these questions would provide classwide resolution. Plaintiff has provided evidence 9 in the form of depositions and NLS’s company policies that apply to all class members. 10 Because the determination of the core issues of fact or law are common to the proposed class, 11 the Court finds that the commonality requirement is satisfied. 12 3. Typicality 13 Rule 23 requires Plaintiff to establish that the class representative’s claim is typical of 14 the claims of the class. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(3). “The purpose of the typicality requirement is 15 to assure that the interest of the named representative aligns with the interests of the class.” 16 Wolin v. Jaguar Land Rover N. Am., LLC, 617 F.3d 1168, 1175 (9th Cir. 2010) (internal 17 quotation marks omitted). Under the “permissive standards” of Rule 23(a)(3), the 18 “representative claims are ‘typical’ if they are reasonably co-extensive with those of absent 19 class members; they need not be substantially identical.” Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1020. “The test 20 of typicality is whether other members have the same or similar injury, whether the action is 21 based on conduct which is not unique to the named plaintiffs, and whether other class members 22 have been injured by the same course of conduct.” Wolin, 617 F.3d at 1175 (internal quotation 23 marks omitted). Although the claims of the class representative need not be identical to the

24 claims of other class members, the class representative “must be part of the class and possess 25 1 the same interest and suffer the same injury as the class members.” Gen. Tel. Co. of the Sw. v. 2 Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 156 (1982) (internal quotation marks omitted). 3 Here, Plaintiff maintains that all members of the class are persons in Nevada for whom 4 NLS left its scripted message (or words to the effect of the scripted message), on the same day 5 NLS’s initial collection letter was dated. (Pl.’s Resp. at 14). Thus, Plaintiff concludes that her 6 claim regarding NLS’s violations of the FDCPA are the same as that of each class member. 7 (Id.). 8 Defendant counters that typicality is not satisfied because of the circumstances 9 surrounding Plaintiff’s claim. During Plaintiff’s deposition, NLS played a recording of the 10 voicemail that was left for her. (NLS Resp. at 21, ECF No. 52). Plaintiff said she did not 11 recognize the recording and that she had not heard it before the date of her deposition. (Id.) 12 (citing Pl.’s Dep. 93:1–4, 93:10–13, 93:24–94:2, Ex. 5 to NLS Mot., ECF No. 44-5). But 13 whether Plaintiff recognizes the voicemail or if she listened to it is not at issue. This was 14 explained in Bartlett v. Heibl, 128 F.3d 497, 499 (7th Cir. 1997) (J. Posner). In that case, a 15 defendant argued that a letter was not “confusing” and, therefore, not in violation of the 16 FDCPA; but that “even if the letter is confusing this is of no moment because [plaintiff] didn’t 17 read it.” Id. The court explained: 18 That would be a telling point if [plaintiff] were seeking actual damages, for example as a consequence of being misled by the letter into surrendering a legal 19 defense against the credit-card company. He can’t have suffered such damages as a result of the statutory violation, because he didn’t read the letter. But he is not 20 seeking actual damages. He is seeking only statutory damages, a penalty that 21 does not depend on proof that the recipient of the letter was misled. All that is required is proof that the statute was violated, although even then it is within the 22 district court’s discretion to decide whether and if so how much to award, up to the $1,000 ceiling. 23

24 Id. (emphasis added). Similarly, here, whether Plaintiff heard the recording would only be 25 relevant if she were seeking actual damages. But that is not the case—Plaintiff seeks statutory 1 damages. Thus, NLS’s argument is unavailing. The Court finds Plaintiff has satisfied the 2 typicality requirement. 3 4. Adequacy 4 Adequacy under Rule 23(a)(4) relates to whether “(1) the named plaintiffs and their 5 counsel have any conflicts of interest with other class members and (2) will the named 6 plaintiffs and their counsel prosecute the action vigorously on behalf of the class.” Evon v. Law 7 Offices of Sidney Mickell, 688 F.3d 1015, 1031 (9th Cir. 2012). 8 Here, at this juncture, there is nothing in the record to suggest there is a conflict of 9 interest as to Plaintiff and counsel. Further, Plaintiff avers that she understands her 10 responsibilities as a class representative and that she does not have interests antagonistic to 11 those of other class members. (Pl.’s Resp. at 16–17, ECF No. 47); (Pl.’s Decl., Ex. 10 to Pl.’s 12 Resp., ECF No. 47-10). Moreover, Plaintiff asserts that there is a shared interest with class 13 members to recover compensation. (Pl.’s Resp. at 16–17). The Court is therefore satisfied as to 14 Plaintiff’s adequacy. 15 The Court further finds that class counsel, having several years of legal experience in the 16 area of consumer rights and debt collections, will competently and vigorously prosecute the 17 instant case. (See Gesund Decl., Ex. 1 to Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 45-1); (Bragg Decl., Ex. 7 to Pl.’s 18 Mot., ECF No. 45-7). 19 NLS counters, inter alia, that Plaintiff is not an adequate class representative because 20 she lacks sufficient knowledge concerning this suit. (NLS Mot. at 25, ECF No. 44). According 21 to NLS, Plaintiff’s deposition testimony shows that she cannot define the class or the class 22 period and is unable to identify the basis for her claim. (Id.). The Court finds that Plaintiff 23 sufficiently fulfills the requirements for serving as class representative. NLS’s arguments as to

24 Plaintiff’s knowledge of the suit are inconsistent with the Ninth Circuit’s low bar for qualifying 25 as an adequate class representative. See Local Joint Exec. Bd. of Culinary/Bartender Tr. Fund 1 v. Las Vegas Sands, Inc., 244 F.3d 1152, 1162 (9th Cir. 2001) (“The record indicates clearly 2 that he understands his duties and is currently willing and able to perform them. The Rule does 3 not require more.”). 4 B. Rule 23(b) 5 Rule 23(b)(3) requires the Court to find “that the questions of law or fact common to 6 class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a 7 class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the 8 controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3) (emphasis added). These are deemed the 9 “predominance” and “superiority” requirements. The Court will first address predominance 10 and then address superiority. 11 1. Predominance 12 In determining predominance, the Court must ask “whether proposed classes are 13 sufficiently cohesive to warrant adjudication by representation” and the Court must focus “on 14 the relationship between the common and individual issues.” Mevorah v. Wells Fargo Home 15 Mortg. (In re Wells Fargo Home Mortg. Overtime Pay Litig.), 571 F.3d 953, 957 (9th Cir. 16 2009). “When common questions present a significant aspect of the case and they can be 17 resolved for all members of the class in a single adjudication, there is clear justification for 18 handling the dispute on a representative rather than on an individual basis.” Hanlon v. Chrysler 19 Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1022 (9th Cir. 1998). Additionally, damages decided on an individual 20 basis do not preclude class certification. See Blackie v. Barrack, 524 F.2d 891, 905 (9th Cir. 21 1975). 22 NLS first argues, in its Motion to Deny Certification, that Plaintiff cannot satisfy the 23 predominance requirement of Rule 23(b)(3) because the proposed class definition is improperly

24 “fail-safe.” (NLS Mot. at 21–23). However, NLS does not raise this argument again in its 25 Response to Plaintiff’s Motion for Certification. 1 A fail-safe class is “one that is defined so narrowly as to ‘preclude[ ] membership unless 2 the liability of the defendant is established.’” Torres v. Mercer Canyons Inc., 835 F.3d 1125, 3 1138 n.7 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Kamar v. RadioShack Corp., 375 Fed. App’x. 734, 736 (9th 4 Cir. 2010)). The Ninth Circuit has cautioned, however, that “our circuit’s caselaw appears to 5 disapprove of the premise that a class can be fail-safe,” though the circuit has not ruled directly 6 on the appropriateness of fail-safe classes. See Melgar v. CSK Auto, Inc., 681 F. App’x 605, 7 607 (9th Cir. 2017) (citing William B. Rubenstein, Newberg on Class Actions § 3:6 (5th ed. 8 2016)), which states, “many courts have held that class definitions referencing the merits of the 9 case are not necessarily problematic.”). The rationale for this caution, as suggested by the 10 circuit’s decisions, is that “[i]t is implicit in the definition of [a] class that its members are 11 persons who claim to have been (or to be)” wronged. Vizcaino v. U.S. Dist. Court for W. Dist. 12 of Washington, 173 F.3d 713, 722 (9th Cir. 1999). Because a class is similarly linked by 13 allegations of wrongful conduct, denying certification based on the definition’s mere reference 14 to the ultimate issue linking them would “preclude certification of just about any class of 15 persons alleging injury from a particular action.” Vizcaino, 173 F.3d at 722 (citations omitted). 16 In light of the Ninth Circuit’s apparent disapproval of the premise that a class can be fail-safe, 17 and because NLS does not reassert this argument in Response to Plaintiff’s Motion for 18 Certification, the Court declines to rule on this issue. 19 NLS next argues that Plaintiff’s “new and improperly pled” class definition does not 20 meet the requirements of Rule 23(b)(3) because Plaintiff’s central argument is based on the 21 contention that all class members were subjected to NLS’s policy of leaving phone messages as 22 its initial communication with Nevada consumers, which fail to inform that NLS is attempting 23 to collect a debt and that any information obtained will be used for that person. (NLS Resp. at

24 18–20). As mentioned above, regarding commonality, NLS contends the voice messages it 25 leaves for consumers are “not necessarily verbatim” to its script and the notes in its collection 1 log do not reflect the content of the messages. For the reasons set forth in Part III.A.2 supra, 2 the Court rejects NLS’s argument. 3 The Court finds that the predominance element is satisfied. Here, the legal issues arising 4 from NLS’s voice messages and the timing of its initial form collection letter are essentially the 5 same for each class member. In other words, the issue common to the class—namely, whether 6 NLS’s practice of leaving, as its initial communication with the consumer, a telephone message 7 which did not inform the recipient “that the debt collector is attempting to collect a debt and 8 that any information obtained will be used for that purpose,”—is predominant. “At bottom, the 9 broad remedial purpose of the FDCPA compels this Court to conclude that the Rule 23(b)(3) 10 requirement of predominance is satisfied where, as here, statutory damages are sought to deter 11 debt collectors from engaging in prohibited behavior.” Gold v. Midland Credit Mgmt., Inc., 306 12 F.R.D. 623, 633–34 (N.D. Cal. 2014). 13 2. Superiority 14 The factors the Court can consider to satisfy the superiority requirement include: (1) 15 class members’ interests in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate 16 actions; (2) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already begun by 17 or against class members; (3) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of 18 the claims in the particular forum; and (4) the likely difficulties in managing a class action. Fed. 19 R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3)(A)–(D). “Class actions . . . may permit the plaintiffs to pool claims which 20 would be uneconomical to litigate individually.” Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts, 472 U.S. 21 797, 809 (1985); see also 7A C. Wright, A. Miller & M. Kane, Federal Practice & Procedure 22 § 1779 (2d. ed. 1986) (“[I]f a comparative evaluation of other procedures reveals no other 23 realistic possibilities, this [superiority] portion of Rule 23(b)(3) has been satisfied.”).

24 Here, Plaintiff asserts that class action is the superior method for adjudication of these 25 claims because it would be the most efficient and consistent method. (See Pl.’s Mot. at 15). 1 She further argues that the amount of statutory damages per claim is relatively small, and she 2 indicates that it would be improbable that a large number of class members would be informed 3 enough or have the initiative to litigate the claims themselves individually. (See id.). NLS 4 counters that damages available under the FDCPA are not insubstantial; the cost of litigating 5 FDCPA cases is not prohibitive; and the FDCPA allows for reasonable attorney’s fees. (NLS 6 Mot. at 24, ECF No. 44). 7 The Court finds that certification of this matter as a class action is the most efficient 8 method of resolving the FDCPA claims of the class members. As other courts have found, 9 Class litigation is a superior vehicle for the instant case given economies of scale. FDCPA cases are unlikely to be brought on an individual basis due to the 10 statute’s low cap on individual damages, especially when compared to potential litigation costs. See 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(2) (individual damages capped at 11 $1,000, but class action damages capped at $500,000 or 1 % of debt collector’s 12 net worth, whichever is less). Additionally, a class action will promote a unity of analysis and outcome, compared to potentially conflicting outcomes across a 13 multitude of individual suits. 14 Vu v. Diversified Collection Servs., Inc., 293 F.R.D. 343, 356 (E.D.N.Y. 2013); see also 15 Ballard v. Equifax Check Services, Inc., 186 F. Supp. 589, 600 (E.D. Cal. 1999); In re Risk 16 Mgmt. Alternatives, Inc., Fair Debt Collection Practices Litig., 208 F.R.D. 493, 507 (S.D.N.Y. 17 2002) (“Suits brought under the FDCPA such as this case regularly satisfy the superiority 18 requirement of Rule 23.”). Furthermore, each class member will be notified of the right to be 19 excluded from the class. Thus, any class member who wishes to bring an individual case in 20 hopes of recovering greater damages may do so. The Court therefore finds that the superiority 21 element is satisfied. 22 Having found that all of the requirements of Rule 23(a) and Rule 23(b) are met, NLS’s 23 Motion to Deny Class Certification is denied and Plaintiff’s Motion for Class Certification is 24 granted. 25 /// 1 C. Proposed Class Counsel 2 Rule 23(g)(1) states that “[u]nless a statute provides otherwise, a court that certifies class 3 must appoint class counsel.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(g)(1). Under Rule 23(g)(1), the Court considers 4 four factors when appointing counsel: (1) the work counsel has done in identifying or 5 investigating potential claims in the action; (2) counsel’s experience in handling class actions, 6 other complex litigation, and the types of claims asserted in the action; (3) counsel’s knowledge 7 of the applicable law; and (4) the resources that counsel will commit to representing the class. 8 Id. 9 O. Randolph Bragg and Keren Gesund have invested in this case and attest to their many 10 years of experience in handling class action consumer rights litigation. Bragg has written many 11 published works pertaining to this particular area of law and has lectured professional groups 12 on consumer law issues. (Bragg Decl. ¶¶ 5, 13, ECF No. 45-7). Gesund has several years of 13 experience litigating consumer rights class actions and has spent time and effort investigating 14 the instant case. (Gesund Decl., ECF No. 45-1); (see also Pl.’s Mot. at 11–12). Having 15 considered the applicable factors, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s attorneys are adequate to be 16 appointed as certified class counsel. 17 /// 18 /// 19 /// 20 21 22 23

24 25 1 IV. CONCLUSION 2 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that NLS’s Motion to Deny Class Certification, (ECF No. 3 44), is DENIED. 4 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Motion for Class Certification, (ECF No. 5 45), is GRANTED. 6 DATED this __2_8_ day of May, 2020. 7 8 ___________________________________ Gloria M. Navarro, District Judge 9 United States District Court 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25