1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
9 Kyle Smith, No. CV-25-00425-TUC-SHR
10 Plaintiff, ORDER
11 v.
12 Government Employees Insurance Company, 13 Defendant. 14 15 Pending before the Court is a Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendant, Government 16 Employees Insurance Company. (Doc. 13.) The Motion is fully briefed. (Docs. 14, 16.) 17 For the following reasons, the Court will grant Defendant’s Motion. 18 I. Background 19 On July 29, 2025, Plaintiff filed his Complaint against Defendant, his former 20 employer, alleging multiple claims related to unlawful employment practices. (Doc. 1.) 21 Plaintiff began working for Defendant in Tucson, Arizona, in January 2025. (Id. at 2–3.) 22 In February, Defendant “denied [Plaintiff] permission to leave his workstation to use the 23 restroom,” stating “restroom access required [the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)] 24 accommodations.” (Id. at 3.) This resulted in “a loss of bodily control” and Plaintiff 25 “urinat[ed] in [his] pants at [his] desk.” (Id.; Doc. 1-3 at 3.) Plaintiff alleges he “has never 26 had a disability nor required workplace accommodations.” (Doc. 1 at 3.) 27 Plaintiff subsequently filed a safety complaint with the Occupational Safety and 28 Health Administration (OSHA) based on his concerns regarding Defendant’s restroom 1 policy. (Id. at 3; Doc. 1-2 at 2.) He also reported his concerns to Defendant’s human 2 resources department. (Doc. 1 at 3.) He was then “relocated to a socially isolated area” 3 and was subjected to “increased scrutiny” and “negative feedback” from management. 4 (Id.) Plaintiff further alleges another employee told him “managers were engaging in 5 inappropriate, disparaging discussions about Plaintiff in a private chat.” (Id. at 4.) Upon 6 reporting this information to management, Plaintiff was “instructed to gather his 7 belongings” and “was then sent home.” (Id.) On March 7, 2025, Defendant terminated 8 Plaintiff’s employment for “failure to satisfy the basic expectations of [his] position.” (Id. 9 at 4–5.) 10 II. Legal Standard 11 On a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), allegations 12 of material fact are assumed to be true and construed in the light most favorable to the 13 nonmoving party. Cousins v. Lockyer, 568 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th Cir. 2009). Dismissal 14 under Rule 12(b)(6) can be based on “the lack of a cognizable legal theory” or “the absence 15 of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police 16 Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). To avoid dismissal, a complaint need contain 17 only “enough facts to state a claim [for] relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. 18 v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff 19 pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 20 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 21 (2009). “[C]onclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences are insufficient to 22 defeat a motion to dismiss.” Ove v. Gwinn, 264 F.3d 817, 821 (9th Cir. 2001). If the court 23 finds a plaintiff does not allege enough facts to support a cognizable legal theory, the court 24 may dismiss the claim. SmileCare Dental Grp. v. Delta Dental Plan of Cal., Inc., 88 F.3d 25 780, 783 (9th Cir. 1996). “Dismissal without leave to amend is improper unless it is clear, 26 upon de novo review, that the complaint could not be saved by any amendment.” Polich 27 v. Burlington N., Inc., 942 F.2d 1467, 1472 (9th Cir. 1991). 28 . . . . 1 III. Discussion 2 Plaintiff alleges five counts in his Complaint: “ADA Interference and Coercion” 3 (Count One); “‘Regarded As’ Disability Discrimination” (Count Two); “Whistleblower 4 Retaliation (OSHA)” (Count Three); “Wrongful Termination in Violation of Public 5 Policy” (Count Four); and “Hostile Work Environment and Retaliation” (Count Five). 6 (Doc. 1.) The Court will address each count in turn below. 7 A. Count One 8 Plaintiff asserts Defendant “interfered with [his] rights under the ADA by coercing 9 him to pursue an ADA accommodation despite having no disability, in violation of 42 10 U.S.C. § 12203(b).” (Id. at 5.) Section 12203(b) of the ADA makes it unlawful to “coerce, 11 intimidate, threaten, or interfere with any individual in the exercise or enjoyment of” any 12 right protected under the ADA. District courts interpret the ADA’s interference provision 13 as barring any action by an employer that deters or gives a reasonable employee pause 14 about seeking accommodation. See Hillebrand v. United Parcel Serv. Inc., No. CV-25- 15 02220-PHX-DJH, 2026 WL 632367, at *4 (D. Ariz. Mar. 6, 2026). 16 Here, Plaintiff’s managers told him he had the option of applying for ADA 17 accommodations both before and after he experienced an incident where he urinated at his 18 desk. (Doc. 1-3 at 3–4.) Such offers of accommodation are not coercive and do not 19 unlawfully interfere with the exercise of a right provided by the ADA. Plaintiff does not 20 allege in his Complaint he has any ADA accommodations or exercised or attempted to 21 exercise any ADA-protected right. Because the Complaint does not allege either the 22 exercise of an ADA-protected right or conduct by Defendant that interfered with such a 23 right, Plaintiff fails to state a claim in Count One. 24 B. Count Two 25 Plaintiff alleges “Defendant misclassified [him] as disabled and subjected him to 26 adverse treatment based on this misclassification, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(C).” 27 (Doc. 1 at 5.) Section 12102(1)(C) of the ADA includes in the definition of “disability” an 28 individual who is “regarded as having . . . an impairment” but does not provide a cause of 1 action. Because merely being “regarded as” having a disability is not a cause of action 2 under the ADA, the Court could dismiss Count Two on this basis alone. Regardless, even 3 liberally construing Count Two as a claim for disability discrimination under the ADA, 4 Plaintiff still fails to state a claim. To prevail on an ADA claim of disability discrimination, 5 Plaintiff must establish (1) he is a disabled person within the meaning of the statute; (2) he 6 is a qualified individual with a disability; and (3) he suffered an adverse employment action 7 because of his disability. See Hutton v. Elf Atochem N. Am., Inc., 273 F.3d 884, 891 (9th 8 Cir. 2001); Israel v. U.S. Bank, NA, 653 F. Supp. 3d 685, 704 (D. Ariz. 2023) (citing 9 McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973). 10 Plaintiff has failed to allege facts showing he is disabled within the meaning of the 11 ADA. The Complaint does not identify a specific actual or perceived disability, nor does 12 it allege facts to support Plaintiff’s assertion Defendant perceived him as having a 13 disability.
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1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
9 Kyle Smith, No. CV-25-00425-TUC-SHR
10 Plaintiff, ORDER
11 v.
12 Government Employees Insurance Company, 13 Defendant. 14 15 Pending before the Court is a Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendant, Government 16 Employees Insurance Company. (Doc. 13.) The Motion is fully briefed. (Docs. 14, 16.) 17 For the following reasons, the Court will grant Defendant’s Motion. 18 I. Background 19 On July 29, 2025, Plaintiff filed his Complaint against Defendant, his former 20 employer, alleging multiple claims related to unlawful employment practices. (Doc. 1.) 21 Plaintiff began working for Defendant in Tucson, Arizona, in January 2025. (Id. at 2–3.) 22 In February, Defendant “denied [Plaintiff] permission to leave his workstation to use the 23 restroom,” stating “restroom access required [the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)] 24 accommodations.” (Id. at 3.) This resulted in “a loss of bodily control” and Plaintiff 25 “urinat[ed] in [his] pants at [his] desk.” (Id.; Doc. 1-3 at 3.) Plaintiff alleges he “has never 26 had a disability nor required workplace accommodations.” (Doc. 1 at 3.) 27 Plaintiff subsequently filed a safety complaint with the Occupational Safety and 28 Health Administration (OSHA) based on his concerns regarding Defendant’s restroom 1 policy. (Id. at 3; Doc. 1-2 at 2.) He also reported his concerns to Defendant’s human 2 resources department. (Doc. 1 at 3.) He was then “relocated to a socially isolated area” 3 and was subjected to “increased scrutiny” and “negative feedback” from management. 4 (Id.) Plaintiff further alleges another employee told him “managers were engaging in 5 inappropriate, disparaging discussions about Plaintiff in a private chat.” (Id. at 4.) Upon 6 reporting this information to management, Plaintiff was “instructed to gather his 7 belongings” and “was then sent home.” (Id.) On March 7, 2025, Defendant terminated 8 Plaintiff’s employment for “failure to satisfy the basic expectations of [his] position.” (Id. 9 at 4–5.) 10 II. Legal Standard 11 On a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), allegations 12 of material fact are assumed to be true and construed in the light most favorable to the 13 nonmoving party. Cousins v. Lockyer, 568 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th Cir. 2009). Dismissal 14 under Rule 12(b)(6) can be based on “the lack of a cognizable legal theory” or “the absence 15 of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police 16 Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). To avoid dismissal, a complaint need contain 17 only “enough facts to state a claim [for] relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. 18 v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff 19 pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 20 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 21 (2009). “[C]onclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences are insufficient to 22 defeat a motion to dismiss.” Ove v. Gwinn, 264 F.3d 817, 821 (9th Cir. 2001). If the court 23 finds a plaintiff does not allege enough facts to support a cognizable legal theory, the court 24 may dismiss the claim. SmileCare Dental Grp. v. Delta Dental Plan of Cal., Inc., 88 F.3d 25 780, 783 (9th Cir. 1996). “Dismissal without leave to amend is improper unless it is clear, 26 upon de novo review, that the complaint could not be saved by any amendment.” Polich 27 v. Burlington N., Inc., 942 F.2d 1467, 1472 (9th Cir. 1991). 28 . . . . 1 III. Discussion 2 Plaintiff alleges five counts in his Complaint: “ADA Interference and Coercion” 3 (Count One); “‘Regarded As’ Disability Discrimination” (Count Two); “Whistleblower 4 Retaliation (OSHA)” (Count Three); “Wrongful Termination in Violation of Public 5 Policy” (Count Four); and “Hostile Work Environment and Retaliation” (Count Five). 6 (Doc. 1.) The Court will address each count in turn below. 7 A. Count One 8 Plaintiff asserts Defendant “interfered with [his] rights under the ADA by coercing 9 him to pursue an ADA accommodation despite having no disability, in violation of 42 10 U.S.C. § 12203(b).” (Id. at 5.) Section 12203(b) of the ADA makes it unlawful to “coerce, 11 intimidate, threaten, or interfere with any individual in the exercise or enjoyment of” any 12 right protected under the ADA. District courts interpret the ADA’s interference provision 13 as barring any action by an employer that deters or gives a reasonable employee pause 14 about seeking accommodation. See Hillebrand v. United Parcel Serv. Inc., No. CV-25- 15 02220-PHX-DJH, 2026 WL 632367, at *4 (D. Ariz. Mar. 6, 2026). 16 Here, Plaintiff’s managers told him he had the option of applying for ADA 17 accommodations both before and after he experienced an incident where he urinated at his 18 desk. (Doc. 1-3 at 3–4.) Such offers of accommodation are not coercive and do not 19 unlawfully interfere with the exercise of a right provided by the ADA. Plaintiff does not 20 allege in his Complaint he has any ADA accommodations or exercised or attempted to 21 exercise any ADA-protected right. Because the Complaint does not allege either the 22 exercise of an ADA-protected right or conduct by Defendant that interfered with such a 23 right, Plaintiff fails to state a claim in Count One. 24 B. Count Two 25 Plaintiff alleges “Defendant misclassified [him] as disabled and subjected him to 26 adverse treatment based on this misclassification, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(C).” 27 (Doc. 1 at 5.) Section 12102(1)(C) of the ADA includes in the definition of “disability” an 28 individual who is “regarded as having . . . an impairment” but does not provide a cause of 1 action. Because merely being “regarded as” having a disability is not a cause of action 2 under the ADA, the Court could dismiss Count Two on this basis alone. Regardless, even 3 liberally construing Count Two as a claim for disability discrimination under the ADA, 4 Plaintiff still fails to state a claim. To prevail on an ADA claim of disability discrimination, 5 Plaintiff must establish (1) he is a disabled person within the meaning of the statute; (2) he 6 is a qualified individual with a disability; and (3) he suffered an adverse employment action 7 because of his disability. See Hutton v. Elf Atochem N. Am., Inc., 273 F.3d 884, 891 (9th 8 Cir. 2001); Israel v. U.S. Bank, NA, 653 F. Supp. 3d 685, 704 (D. Ariz. 2023) (citing 9 McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973). 10 Plaintiff has failed to allege facts showing he is disabled within the meaning of the 11 ADA. The Complaint does not identify a specific actual or perceived disability, nor does 12 it allege facts to support Plaintiff’s assertion Defendant perceived him as having a 13 disability. Without such information, the Court is unable to determine whether Plaintiff’s 14 perceived impairment is a qualifying disability under the ADA. See Equal Emp. 15 Opportunity Comm’n v. BNSF Ry. Co., 902 F.3d 916, 922–23 (9th Cir. 2018) (stating to 16 proceed under the “regarded as” prong of the ADA, the actual or perceived impairment 17 need not limit or be perceived to limit major life activities, but it cannot be “transitory and 18 minor”). Although Defendant’s offer of accommodations may suggest concern regarding 19 Plaintiff’s workplace needs, it does not, alone, establish Defendant regarded Plaintiff as 20 disabled within the meaning of the ADA. 21 Further, Plaintiff has not shown he suffered an adverse employment action because 22 of a disability. Plaintiff does not plead facts supporting his assertion Defendant isolated 23 him or terminated his employment due to any actual or perceived disability. On the 24 contrary, Plaintiff alleges he filed an OSHA complaint and met with HR to discuss 25 Defendant’s restroom policies and was fired shortly thereafter. Those allegations suggest 26 the alleged basis for adverse treatment and termination were Plaintiff’s complaints, not an 27 actual or perceived disability. Accordingly, Plaintiff fails to state a claim for disability 28 discrimination under the ADA. 1 . . . . 2 C. Count Three 3 Plaintiff alleges “Defendant retaliated against [him] for filing a safety complaint and 4 for reporting potential misconduct, in violation of 29 U.S.C. § 660(c).” (Doc. 1 at 5.) 5 However, in response to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiff acknowledges § 660(c) 6 “does not create a private right of action in federal court” and “voluntarily withdraws” 7 Count Three. (Doc. 14 at 10.) Plaintiff’s voluntary dismissal of Count Three comports 8 with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41, and the Court will dismiss the Count on this basis. 9 Plaintiff is correct § 660(c) does not create a private right of action in federal court, Glanton 10 v. Harrah’s Ent., Inc., 297 Fed. Appx. 685, 687 (9th Cir. 2008), and the Court will therefore 11 dismiss this Count with prejudice, Polich, 942 F.2d at 1472. 12 D. Count Four 13 Plaintiff alleges “Wrongful Termination in Violation of Public Policy.” To support 14 this claim, Plaintiff merely states his “termination was motivated by his protected activities, 15 violating public policy protections.” (Doc. 1 at 5–6.) The Complaint does not identify any 16 specific public policy allegedly violated by Defendant. Nor does Plaintiff identify a federal 17 statute creating a private cause of action for “violation of public policy.” Conclusory 18 references to public policy are insufficient to state a claim. See Ove, 264 F.3d at 821. 19 To the extent Plaintiff attempts to plead a wrongful termination claim under the 20 Arizona Employment Protection Act, his Complaint fails to identify a specific Arizona 21 statute, state constitutional provision, or other protected category recognized by Arizona 22 law. In any event, because the Court will dismiss Plaintiff’s federal-law claims, it will 23 decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over any remaining state-law claims. See 24 Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 n.7 (1988) (When “all federal-law 25 claims are eliminated before trial . . . judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity 26 . . . point toward declining to exercise jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims.”). 27 E. Count Five 28 Last, Count Five of Plaintiff’s Complaint states “Defendant’s treatment created a 1 || hostile and retaliatory work environment aimed at silencing protected conduct, including unexplained suspension, isolation, and progressive disciplinary pressure.” (Doc. 1 at 6.) || Assuming Plaintiff intends this count to be a claim for retaliation for protected employee conduct under the ADA, Plaintiff must allege: “(1) [he] engaged in a protected activity; (2) 5 || suffered an adverse employment action; and (3) there was a causal link between the two.” Pardi v. Kaiser Found. Hosps., 389 F.3d 840, 849 (9th Cir. 2004). Protected activity □□ includes opposing any act or practice made unlawful by the ADA or making a charge, 8 || testifying, assisting, or participating in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or 9|| hearing pursuant to the ADA. 42 U.S.C. § 12203(a). 10 Here, the Complaint does not allege facts sufficient to show Plaintiff's HR or OSHA 11 || complaints regarding Defendant’s bathroom policy constituted protected activity under the ADA. Plaintiff does not allege Defendant’s bathroom policy itself violates the ADA, nor 13} does he indicate the purpose of his meeting with HR or his OSHA complaint was to raise an alleged ADA violation. Absent factual allegations connecting Plaintiff's HR or OSHA 15 || complaints to rights protected by the ADA, he fails to allege protected activity and thus 16]| fails to state a claim for retaliation under the ADA. 17 IV. Conclusion 18 IT IS ORDERED Defendant’s Motion (Doc. 13) is GRANTED. 19 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED Plaintiff's Complaint is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE, except COUNT THREE, which is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. 21 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED Plaintiff may file an amended complaint no later 22|| than Friday, July 24, 2026. 23 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, if Plaintiff does not file a second amended 24 || complaint by Friday, July 24, 2026, the Clerk of Court shall close this case. 25 Dated this 26th day of June, 2026. 26
28 Aa: fp Honorable Scott H, Rash United States District Judge -6-