Kumar v. Garland

Opinion

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 25 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

AMAN KUMAR, No. 23-1080 Agency No. Petitioner, A216-629-072 v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Argued and Submitted November 7, 2024 Phoenix, Arizona

Before: HAWKINS, TASHIMA, and OWENS, Circuit Judges.

Aman Kumar, a native and citizen of India, petitions for review from the

Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision dismissing his appeal of an

immigration judge’s (“IJ”) decision denying his applications for asylum,

withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture

(“CAT”). “When, like here, the BIA issues its own decision but adopts particular

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. parts of the IJ’s reasoning, we review both decisions.” Iman v. Barr, 972 F.3d

1058, 1064 (9th Cir. 2020). “We review factual findings, including adverse

credibility determinations, for substantial evidence.” Id. As the parties are

familiar with the facts, we do not recount them here. We grant the petition for

review and remand to the BIA.

“Under the REAL ID Act, an applicant for relief is not presumed credible,

and the [agency] is authorized to base an adverse credibility determination on the

totality of the circumstances and all relevant factors.” Id. (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted).

The agency found Kumar not credible for four reasons. First, the agency

found that there were wording discrepancies in documents from Kumar’s church in

India. On a letter from the church, the letterhead and one sentence called the

church “Belibers Church,” but a stamp on the letter called the church “Believers

Church.” In addition, the letter referred to the religious leader as “pastor” while

the baptism certificate referred to him as “reverend.” However, these are both

trivial discrepancies, and therefore they do not support the adverse credibility

determination. See Munyuh v. Garland, 11 F.4th 750, 758 (9th Cir. 2021) (noting

that a “trivial inconsistency, such as a typographical error, will not” support an

adverse credibility determination (citation omitted)).

Second, the agency found that the record was inconsistent regarding the

2 23-1080 timing of Kumar’s conversion to Christianity. Kumar stated that he was first

introduced to Christianity in January 2017, and he joined the church and was

baptized the following month. In contrast, the church letter stated that the pastor

had known Kumar for two years in his “capacity as pastor” and that “Kumar had

been an active member of [the] church” and “attend[ed] services weekly.” The

letter is undated, but Kumar testified that the letter was written in January 2017.

When asked about the inconsistency, Kumar responded that he “used to meet” the

pastor to “understand him and know him” before he “started going to church in

January 2017.” Substantial evidence supports the agency’s determination that

there was an was an inconsistency in the record regarding the timing of Kumar’s

conversion to Christianity, and that Kumar’s explanation for the inconsistency was

unpersuasive. See Garland v. Ming Dai, 593 U.S. 357, 368 (2021) (“The only

question for judges reviewing the BIA’s factual determinations is whether any

reasonable adjudicator could have found as the agency did.”).

Third, the agency found that Kumar’s credibility was undermined by his

demeanor because he was non-responsive and evasive when answering questions.

“[T]he IJ is in the best position to consider a petitioner’s demeanor, candor, and

responsiveness.” Rodriguez-Ramirez v. Garland, 11 F.4th 1091, 1093 (9th Cir.

2021) (per curiam). During the hearing and in his decision, the IJ explicitly noted

instances when he believed Kumar was being non-responsive and evasive, and

3 23-1080 asked Kumar about his lack of eye contact. The BIA deferred to the IJ’s demeanor

findings which, though “subjective,” need only pass a “low bar.” Kumar v.

Garland, 18 F.4th 1148, 1155 (9th Cir. 2021). “[H]owever, the special deference

[this court] accord[s] to an IJ’s demeanor findings only applies to non-verbal, and

therefore non-textual, factors.” Lalayan v. Garland, 4 F.4th 822, 839 (9th Cir.

2021) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). There is no indication that

Kumar continued not making eye contact after he was instructed to do so, and it is

unclear from the transcript whether Kumar was intentionally non-responsive or

evasive in answering some lines of questioning.

Fourth, the agency found that although Kumar provided a letter from his

current pastor, he failed to produce his current pastor or his uncle as witnesses to

corroborate his current practice of Christianity. The failure to provide

corroborating evidence may be a factor supporting an adverse credibility

determination and may prevent the applicant from “rehabilitating” testimony found

not credible. See Mukulumbutu v. Barr, 977 F.3d 924, 927 (9th Cir. 2020)

(“Substantial evidence also supports the BIA’s decision that [the petitioner] did not

rehabilitate his testimony with sufficient corroborating evidence.”).

Overall, some of the agency’s reasons for the adverse credibility

determination are not supported by substantial evidence. “We acknowledge that in

some circumstances, our ‘totality of circumstances’ review of the BIA’s

4 23-1080 determination permits us to uphold an adverse credibility finding, even where we

conclude that some of the grounds are not supported by substantial evidence.”

Kumar, 18 F.4th at 1156. However, under the circumstances of this case, “we

remand to the BIA to determine in the first instance whether the remaining

factors—considered on their own—suffice to support an adverse credibility

determination.” Id.

Kumar does not challenge the agency’s determination that his documentary

evidence did not independently establish his eligibility for asylum, withholding of

removal, and CAT protection, and therefore he has waived the issue. See Nguyen

v. Barr, 983 F.3d 1099, 1102 (9th Cir. 2020) (issues not raised in the opening brief

are waived).

We grant Kumar’s motion to stay removal.

PETITION FOR REVIEW GRANTED.

5 23-1080