Donan, J.
The degree of definiteness essential to the validity of any grant in trust for charity is a subject so recently treated at large, and as to which our attitude is so unambiguously declared in Harrington v. Pier, 105 Wis. 485, 82 N. W. 345, that we cannot justify extended review of [164]*164either its bistory or of the writings, of authors or judges upon it generally. This court has decided, disregarding the reasons which some others have deemed controlling, that there are inherent in our courts all the strictly judicial powers, ever exercised by the Chancellor or the High Court of Chancery of England to find means to carry into effect a charitable purpose entertained by a testator or grantor; that such courts lack only the prerogative cy pres power enjoyed by the sovereign to apply all goods devised to any charitable purpose, to purposes never declared or even entertained by the-donor, under certain circumstances, which prerogative power was in some degree exercised by the Chancellor by delegation from the sovereign. All that is necessary is that the' devisor shall place his property in trust, and designate a charitable purpose of his own narrower than the field of charity generally. The courts can and will then see to it that a trustee is provided, if none be designated, and that means will be found to apply the property to the purpose, if no method be prescribed. They are limited to the defined purpose, and they must ascertain it from the words of the testator, but in ascertaining it may and will indulge the most liberal construction. In re Donges’s Estate, 103 Wis. 497, 79 N. W. 786.
Those who assail the bequest now presented for construction do not seriously contend but that, if the testator has limited his donation to an ascertainable class of beneficiaries,, it may be valid, if charitable; though perhaps they do not fully concede that position. The burden of their argument is addressed to the contention that no limits are prescribed; that the later sentences, in context with the whole, declare the will and purpose of the testator merely that his donation be expended, in the discretion of the trustees, for the benefit of suffering humanity. If that construction must be adopted,, we should find it difficult, indeed, to avoid the conclusion that this will presented a donation to charity generally, with [165]*165no class selected or scheme prescribed by the donor, so that it could be given practical effect only by tbe exercise of the prerogative cy pres power to select both a class of beneficiaries and a scheme of distribution of benefits. The question, then, is one of construction. What did the testator mean ?
As has often been said, precedents are useful only slightly, ■or not at all, upon questions 'of construction. Swarthout v. Swarthowt, 111 Wis. 102, 108, 86 N. W. 558; Lawrence v. Barber, 116 Wis. 294, 306, 93 N. W. 30. Arguments are hardly more so. The reader of the words has no test but his own understanding of them from which to judge of the meaning intended to be conveyed by the writer. After applying that test, we cannot bring ourselves to respondents’ view of the testator’s meaning. We cannot ignore his declaration that he is moved to make the bequest by the desire to relieve to some extent against the “many catastrophes resulting from the actions of the elements and the great suffering, distress, famine, and want caused by the destruction of life and property by storms, floods, fires, and other accidental and natural causes.” Nor can we pkss as meaningless his command that the revenues of the trust fund be expended “for the charitable purpose of relieving the wants, distress, and suffering arising from such causes,” and assisting “the victims of such accidents and catastrophes.” Can it be doubted that the testator intended by the word “such” to limit the relief to sufferers from some causes, accidents, or catastrophes, as distinguished from others not within his mental category ? We think not. Certainly he intended that some causes, some accidents and catastrophes,'should be excluded from those whose victims were to be the subjects of the annual expenditures of the income of this fund. If so, then is it not possible for the court to find some line of differentiation which was in the mind of the testator, with sufficient certainty and definiteness to enable it to decide, in any concrete instance of ex-[166]*166jjenditure or projiosed expenditure, wbefber it is authorized ? We are convinced that it is possible.
Obviously the purchase of food for the homeless victims of the New Richmond cyclone would be justified. We think it equally obvious that expenditure to aid the cure of consumptives or inebriates would be forbidden to the trustees. Whether famine sufferers of a drouth-stricken region might be relieved, would perhaps be a question of more doubt than either-of the other two, for they would not be victims of storm, fire, or flood. The inquiry therefore would be whether drouth was a “natural cause” so similar in character or results to those specified that we must conclude the testator had it generically in mind in enlarging the field otherwise limited by the three expressed causes. We must presume that he had in mind a class of causes illustrated by the three named, though not strictly confined to them, but similar enough to be within the same general conception of possible suffering which he desired to relieve. Such is the unavoidable force and significance of the words used.
In the light of such a presumption it cannot be impossible for a court to decide with reasonable certainty whether a given cause was within or outside the mental conception of' the testator as declared in those words. We are persuaded that a satisfactory conclusion could be reached in any of the throe foregoing illustrations, and that one at least would fall outside of that conception, and would not authorize the expenditure of any of the trust-fund income. If that be so, and any specific use, clearly charitable, is excluded from the-field of expenditure limited by the will, then to a demonstration the donation is not to charity 'generally, and without limit, and does not fail of the definiteness required for its support. This view by no means ignores or nullifies the final injunction that the trustees use their best judgment in so handling and disbursing the fund that it “may be of [167]*167tbe greatest benefit to suffering humanity.” 'Any — even a single — instance of relief accorded to any sufferer is a benefit to suffering humanity, and it is entirely consistent that a testator, after limiting either the field or the recipients of his beneficence, should enjoin upon its administrators diligence to so apply it within that field, or to those persons, as to accomplish the utmost relief to the sum of human suffering.
In this connection it is urged by appellants that the injunction “to select subjects [persons] worthy of assistance” is a limitation of itself, so that, even if the trustees were authorized to select them from the entire field of charity, the beneficiaries would still constitute a class outside of which would fall the unworthy, narrower therefore than charity generally, which a court might ascertain and protect against misapplication of the fund to others. Inasmuch as we have already found a limit to the testator’s charitable purpose otherwise, we need not pass upon the force of this contention, which doubtless has support from some decided cases.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Donan, J.
The degree of definiteness essential to the validity of any grant in trust for charity is a subject so recently treated at large, and as to which our attitude is so unambiguously declared in Harrington v. Pier, 105 Wis. 485, 82 N. W. 345, that we cannot justify extended review of [164]*164either its bistory or of the writings, of authors or judges upon it generally. This court has decided, disregarding the reasons which some others have deemed controlling, that there are inherent in our courts all the strictly judicial powers, ever exercised by the Chancellor or the High Court of Chancery of England to find means to carry into effect a charitable purpose entertained by a testator or grantor; that such courts lack only the prerogative cy pres power enjoyed by the sovereign to apply all goods devised to any charitable purpose, to purposes never declared or even entertained by the-donor, under certain circumstances, which prerogative power was in some degree exercised by the Chancellor by delegation from the sovereign. All that is necessary is that the' devisor shall place his property in trust, and designate a charitable purpose of his own narrower than the field of charity generally. The courts can and will then see to it that a trustee is provided, if none be designated, and that means will be found to apply the property to the purpose, if no method be prescribed. They are limited to the defined purpose, and they must ascertain it from the words of the testator, but in ascertaining it may and will indulge the most liberal construction. In re Donges’s Estate, 103 Wis. 497, 79 N. W. 786.
Those who assail the bequest now presented for construction do not seriously contend but that, if the testator has limited his donation to an ascertainable class of beneficiaries,, it may be valid, if charitable; though perhaps they do not fully concede that position. The burden of their argument is addressed to the contention that no limits are prescribed; that the later sentences, in context with the whole, declare the will and purpose of the testator merely that his donation be expended, in the discretion of the trustees, for the benefit of suffering humanity. If that construction must be adopted,, we should find it difficult, indeed, to avoid the conclusion that this will presented a donation to charity generally, with [165]*165no class selected or scheme prescribed by the donor, so that it could be given practical effect only by tbe exercise of the prerogative cy pres power to select both a class of beneficiaries and a scheme of distribution of benefits. The question, then, is one of construction. What did the testator mean ?
As has often been said, precedents are useful only slightly, ■or not at all, upon questions 'of construction. Swarthout v. Swarthowt, 111 Wis. 102, 108, 86 N. W. 558; Lawrence v. Barber, 116 Wis. 294, 306, 93 N. W. 30. Arguments are hardly more so. The reader of the words has no test but his own understanding of them from which to judge of the meaning intended to be conveyed by the writer. After applying that test, we cannot bring ourselves to respondents’ view of the testator’s meaning. We cannot ignore his declaration that he is moved to make the bequest by the desire to relieve to some extent against the “many catastrophes resulting from the actions of the elements and the great suffering, distress, famine, and want caused by the destruction of life and property by storms, floods, fires, and other accidental and natural causes.” Nor can we pkss as meaningless his command that the revenues of the trust fund be expended “for the charitable purpose of relieving the wants, distress, and suffering arising from such causes,” and assisting “the victims of such accidents and catastrophes.” Can it be doubted that the testator intended by the word “such” to limit the relief to sufferers from some causes, accidents, or catastrophes, as distinguished from others not within his mental category ? We think not. Certainly he intended that some causes, some accidents and catastrophes,'should be excluded from those whose victims were to be the subjects of the annual expenditures of the income of this fund. If so, then is it not possible for the court to find some line of differentiation which was in the mind of the testator, with sufficient certainty and definiteness to enable it to decide, in any concrete instance of ex-[166]*166jjenditure or projiosed expenditure, wbefber it is authorized ? We are convinced that it is possible.
Obviously the purchase of food for the homeless victims of the New Richmond cyclone would be justified. We think it equally obvious that expenditure to aid the cure of consumptives or inebriates would be forbidden to the trustees. Whether famine sufferers of a drouth-stricken region might be relieved, would perhaps be a question of more doubt than either-of the other two, for they would not be victims of storm, fire, or flood. The inquiry therefore would be whether drouth was a “natural cause” so similar in character or results to those specified that we must conclude the testator had it generically in mind in enlarging the field otherwise limited by the three expressed causes. We must presume that he had in mind a class of causes illustrated by the three named, though not strictly confined to them, but similar enough to be within the same general conception of possible suffering which he desired to relieve. Such is the unavoidable force and significance of the words used.
In the light of such a presumption it cannot be impossible for a court to decide with reasonable certainty whether a given cause was within or outside the mental conception of' the testator as declared in those words. We are persuaded that a satisfactory conclusion could be reached in any of the throe foregoing illustrations, and that one at least would fall outside of that conception, and would not authorize the expenditure of any of the trust-fund income. If that be so, and any specific use, clearly charitable, is excluded from the-field of expenditure limited by the will, then to a demonstration the donation is not to charity 'generally, and without limit, and does not fail of the definiteness required for its support. This view by no means ignores or nullifies the final injunction that the trustees use their best judgment in so handling and disbursing the fund that it “may be of [167]*167tbe greatest benefit to suffering humanity.” 'Any — even a single — instance of relief accorded to any sufferer is a benefit to suffering humanity, and it is entirely consistent that a testator, after limiting either the field or the recipients of his beneficence, should enjoin upon its administrators diligence to so apply it within that field, or to those persons, as to accomplish the utmost relief to the sum of human suffering.
In this connection it is urged by appellants that the injunction “to select subjects [persons] worthy of assistance” is a limitation of itself, so that, even if the trustees were authorized to select them from the entire field of charity, the beneficiaries would still constitute a class outside of which would fall the unworthy, narrower therefore than charity generally, which a court might ascertain and protect against misapplication of the fund to others. Inasmuch as we have already found a limit to the testator’s charitable purpose otherwise, we need not pass upon the force of this contention, which doubtless has support from some decided cases.
Another objection urged against this bequest is that the uses are not all charitable and public, but that disbursement of the income may be made by the trustees, in their discretion, to individuals subjected merely to some measure of property loss from some of the defined causes, who are not in pecuniary need, and not subjects of public charity; and. that thus the entire bounty of the testator may be diverted to mere private beneficence and liberality, having no necessary element of public charity to arouse the power of a court of equity. If such be the authority vested in the trustees, the objection is weighty, and might well defeat the trust, even in those jurisdictions which acknowledge not only the broadest of judicial powers, but the prerogative cy pres power as well. Morice v. Bishop of Durham, 9 Ves. Jr. 399 ; S. C. with note, 5 Eng. Bul. Cas. 575; Tudor, Char. Trusts (3d Eng. ed.) 36; Kent v. Dunham, 142 Mass. 216, 7 N. E. 730.
[168]*168Of course, insurance against mere losses is not necessarily charity. Here again, however, becomes significant the duty of courts to extend the most liberal construction reasonable to the words of a donor in order to find and sustain a valid charitable gift. Well within the limits of such reasonable construction we think is found declared the testator’s intent that his bounty be distributed to the furnishing of aid and relief of such character and to so broad a class of so indefinite individuals that the'general public are benefited by and interested in its due execution. The motive of the testator is declared to be to relieve “suffering, distress, famine, and want” arising from certain causes. He enjoins upon his trustees that they select “subjects worthy of assistance,” so that the money be of benefit to “suffering” humanity. This injunction is obviously restrictive of the discretion otherwise vested in these trustees. We are satisfied that the testator meant by such restriction to confine his bounty to those subjects fairly entitled to relief in effectuating his general motive and purpose already declared; not necessarily to paupers, for the wealthy man, in common with the indigent, may, as the result of some of the suggested casualties, be in peril of starvation or. of perishing from cold unless aid be promptly rendered, and may be equally a member of a class worthy of public and charitable relief during the emergency when money is useless in absence of opportunity to purchase the needed supplies. The word “worthy,” adopted by the testator, is fairly expressive of this view. It is elastic in its meaning, according to the context in which used. It may — ■ perhaps, more exactly, does — mean virtuous, or of good standing, but its restriction to such significance would be absurd in the present connection; would strain through a distorting filter this testator’s bounty, in view of the situations which he evidently contemplated as likely to surround its distribution. Charity is defined by Lord CajideN as a “gift to a general public use which extends to the poor as well as [169]*169tbe rich.” Jones v. Williams, Amb. 651; Perin v. Carey, 24 How. 465.
“Tbe immediate persons benefited may be of a particular •class, and yet if the use is public in the sense that it promotes the general welfare in some way, it has the essentials of a charity.” Harrington v. Pier, 105 Wis. 521, 82 N. W. 357.
We are convinced that the testator intended, and by rea•sonable construction of his words has declared, that this fund be applied and confined to such a use. Our conclusion is that neither of the objections raised to the bequest in question is fatal, but that it is valid, and the residue of the estate should be distributed to the trustees named, upon the trusts declared by the residuary paragraph above quoted.
By the Gourt. — Judgment reversed, and cause remanded ■with directions to enter judgment decreeing the will presented valid, inclusive of the bequest contained in the twenty-second paragraph thereof, the taxable costs of both parties in this court to be paid out of the estate.
Oassoday, O. J., dissents.