Action for personal injury to plaintiff's intestate resulting in his death. At the close of plaintiff's evidence the court granted defendant's motion for a nonsuit. Plaintiff moved for a new trial, which was denied, and plaintiff appeals from this order and from the judgment of nonsuit
and dismissal of the action. The complaint alleged that defendant did carelessly, negligently and willfully "run one of its cars upon, knock down and kill Phillip Kramm." The defense is a denial of plaintiff's complaint and avers contributory negligence on the part of deceased.
There are certain well-established rules governing appellate courts in reviewing the action of trial courts in granting nonsuits which may be stated at the outset. The motion for nonsuit admits the truth of plaintiff's evidence, and every inference of fact that can be legitimately drawn therefrom, and upon such motion the evidence should be interpreted most strongly against the defendant. (Goldstone v. Merchants' Storage Co., 123 Cal. 625, [56 P. 776].) If there is any evidence tending to sustain plaintiff's action the nonsuit should be denied, without passing upon the sufficiency of such evidence (Zilmer v. Gerichten, 111 Cal. 73, [43 P. 408]), and where there is a conflict in the evidence, some of which tends to sustain the plaintiff's case a motion for a nonsuit should not be granted. (Pacific Mutual Life Ins.Co. v. Fisher, 109 Cal. 566, [42 P. 154].) Mr. Justice Temple, in Herbert v. Southern Pac. Co., 121 Cal. 227, [53 P. 651]), said: "The rule is, that negligence is a question of fact for the jury, even when there is no conflict in the evidence, if different conclusions upon the subject can be rationally drawn from the evidence. . . . If but one conclusion can reasonably be reached from the evidence, it is a question of law for the court; but if one sensible and impartial man might decide that the plaintiff had exercised ordinary care, and another equally sensible and impartial man, that he had not exercised such care, it must be left to the jury."
In view of these well-established rules it is only necessary to look into the record sufficiently far to see whether there is any evidence tending to sustain plaintiff's cause of action. We have nothing to do with the question of the credibility of the witnesses, nor with testimony tending to create a conflict, nor with any apparent disagreement as to the facts among plaintiff's witnesses. The evidence, on this motion, must not only be viewed most strongly against defendant, but must be interpreted most favorably to plaintiff.
It appears that deceased was engaged in the work of spreading gravel on California street in McCloud's addition to the
city of Stockton. Witness Looper was employed as a driver of a four-horse sprinkling wagon being used to sprinkle the gravel on this street where deceased was at work. California street runs in a northerly direction (bearing westerly) at a curve of about six hundred and thirty feet south of the place where the accident happened. There is a clear view of the track for this distance and from the point where the street makes the curve. Looper came along with his sprinkling wagon and passed deceased as he drove north. Reaching the end of the gravel he turned his team back south, sprinkling as he went, and as he approached deceased the latter "stepped back west on the street-car track," as he had done before, to let Looper pass, who, as he got about opposite deceased, had some conversation with him as to the quantity of water required on the gravel, his team moving and the water running from the sprinkler as they talked. At this time deceased stood facing northeast, with his back toward the south and toward the approaching car. Looper testified: "And of course, I was talking to him about the amount of water, and all at once — I was not — my eye was turned to him — turned a little west, talking to him; and all at once I felt my line jerk, you know, and my wagon moved and my horses went pretty fast, you know — started up, you know. I could tell from my lines, you know, that my horses had shied. I throwed my eyes up; I seen the street-car coming and my horses had kind of shied to the east. . . . I seen the car approaching; I just turned to him and said, 'Look out there!' 'Look out there!' I says, 'for the car, old boy,' and turned to my team again, and was drawing my team back straight; they kept moving along, but I straightened my team back on the gravel again and turned my head to see the old man — what had become of him. I looked kind of back for he had stepped in. As a matter of fact, I thought he would step in toward my wagon, as he was standing on that there rail. I thought he had stepped between my wagon, and I turned my head to see what had become of the old man. I knew he was in a pretty dangerous place. Of course, I seen his hat then, just behind the car. I stopped my team then; the car was stopped. His hat was just behind the car. . . . I saw the motorman and seen the old man lying under the car — the car wheel." Looper testified that his wagon was about four feet from the east track; that the water
was running in full force on the gravel and made a little noise; that his "team was moving through the rocks or gravel as the car approached and as the water ran"; that when he "first noticed the car it was about sixty feet away from" him; that it "was coming pretty rapidly — pretty fast"; that he had seen the cars running on that line for a number of years, and he "thought at the time that the car was running at least fifteen miles an hour." He testified that he stepped the distance from the point where deceased was struck by the car to the point to which his body had been carried by the car, and found it fifteen or seventeen feet; he "stepped it after the car had been moved away from there, and they had taken the old man away and the track was clear." He also testified that he heard no bell ring and heard no alarm and that he heard no "one call out as the car approached, or give any alarm." Deceased was fifty-seven years old, with good hearing and good eyesight; "a fleshy, heavy-set man" and "probably weighed one hundred and eighty, maybe two hundred pounds."
Witness Barnhart, a teacher in the public schools, resided on a lot west of California street and fronting on the railroad track where deceased met his death. He testified that he saw the car going north on the street at a point marked "G" on the map in evidence, which was about one hundred and eighty feet from the point where the accident occurred. "The bell rang just then." Witness had come out of the cellar of his house, where he had gone for a can of oil. He testified: "I stooped and picked up the can and started up into the house, walking along the east side of the house, walking south. I had taken a couple of steps when I glanced again toward California street, and I saw the car apparently in the act of passing a man. There was just a streak of daylight that you could see between them. . . . I presumed the car would pass the man, but to my surprise the car hit him — struck him; and also at the same time my glance rested upon the car, it naturally — I saw standing where I did, I saw the motorman just in the act of putting on the brake. I watched the car for an instant. . . . I watched the car until it came to standstill, which it seemed to do within a short distance — I suppose, its own length." He was asked if he saw the motorman as he looked at the car the last time and answered that he did.
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Action for personal injury to plaintiff's intestate resulting in his death. At the close of plaintiff's evidence the court granted defendant's motion for a nonsuit. Plaintiff moved for a new trial, which was denied, and plaintiff appeals from this order and from the judgment of nonsuit
and dismissal of the action. The complaint alleged that defendant did carelessly, negligently and willfully "run one of its cars upon, knock down and kill Phillip Kramm." The defense is a denial of plaintiff's complaint and avers contributory negligence on the part of deceased.
There are certain well-established rules governing appellate courts in reviewing the action of trial courts in granting nonsuits which may be stated at the outset. The motion for nonsuit admits the truth of plaintiff's evidence, and every inference of fact that can be legitimately drawn therefrom, and upon such motion the evidence should be interpreted most strongly against the defendant. (Goldstone v. Merchants' Storage Co., 123 Cal. 625, [56 P. 776].) If there is any evidence tending to sustain plaintiff's action the nonsuit should be denied, without passing upon the sufficiency of such evidence (Zilmer v. Gerichten, 111 Cal. 73, [43 P. 408]), and where there is a conflict in the evidence, some of which tends to sustain the plaintiff's case a motion for a nonsuit should not be granted. (Pacific Mutual Life Ins.Co. v. Fisher, 109 Cal. 566, [42 P. 154].) Mr. Justice Temple, in Herbert v. Southern Pac. Co., 121 Cal. 227, [53 P. 651]), said: "The rule is, that negligence is a question of fact for the jury, even when there is no conflict in the evidence, if different conclusions upon the subject can be rationally drawn from the evidence. . . . If but one conclusion can reasonably be reached from the evidence, it is a question of law for the court; but if one sensible and impartial man might decide that the plaintiff had exercised ordinary care, and another equally sensible and impartial man, that he had not exercised such care, it must be left to the jury."
In view of these well-established rules it is only necessary to look into the record sufficiently far to see whether there is any evidence tending to sustain plaintiff's cause of action. We have nothing to do with the question of the credibility of the witnesses, nor with testimony tending to create a conflict, nor with any apparent disagreement as to the facts among plaintiff's witnesses. The evidence, on this motion, must not only be viewed most strongly against defendant, but must be interpreted most favorably to plaintiff.
It appears that deceased was engaged in the work of spreading gravel on California street in McCloud's addition to the
city of Stockton. Witness Looper was employed as a driver of a four-horse sprinkling wagon being used to sprinkle the gravel on this street where deceased was at work. California street runs in a northerly direction (bearing westerly) at a curve of about six hundred and thirty feet south of the place where the accident happened. There is a clear view of the track for this distance and from the point where the street makes the curve. Looper came along with his sprinkling wagon and passed deceased as he drove north. Reaching the end of the gravel he turned his team back south, sprinkling as he went, and as he approached deceased the latter "stepped back west on the street-car track," as he had done before, to let Looper pass, who, as he got about opposite deceased, had some conversation with him as to the quantity of water required on the gravel, his team moving and the water running from the sprinkler as they talked. At this time deceased stood facing northeast, with his back toward the south and toward the approaching car. Looper testified: "And of course, I was talking to him about the amount of water, and all at once — I was not — my eye was turned to him — turned a little west, talking to him; and all at once I felt my line jerk, you know, and my wagon moved and my horses went pretty fast, you know — started up, you know. I could tell from my lines, you know, that my horses had shied. I throwed my eyes up; I seen the street-car coming and my horses had kind of shied to the east. . . . I seen the car approaching; I just turned to him and said, 'Look out there!' 'Look out there!' I says, 'for the car, old boy,' and turned to my team again, and was drawing my team back straight; they kept moving along, but I straightened my team back on the gravel again and turned my head to see the old man — what had become of him. I looked kind of back for he had stepped in. As a matter of fact, I thought he would step in toward my wagon, as he was standing on that there rail. I thought he had stepped between my wagon, and I turned my head to see what had become of the old man. I knew he was in a pretty dangerous place. Of course, I seen his hat then, just behind the car. I stopped my team then; the car was stopped. His hat was just behind the car. . . . I saw the motorman and seen the old man lying under the car — the car wheel." Looper testified that his wagon was about four feet from the east track; that the water
was running in full force on the gravel and made a little noise; that his "team was moving through the rocks or gravel as the car approached and as the water ran"; that when he "first noticed the car it was about sixty feet away from" him; that it "was coming pretty rapidly — pretty fast"; that he had seen the cars running on that line for a number of years, and he "thought at the time that the car was running at least fifteen miles an hour." He testified that he stepped the distance from the point where deceased was struck by the car to the point to which his body had been carried by the car, and found it fifteen or seventeen feet; he "stepped it after the car had been moved away from there, and they had taken the old man away and the track was clear." He also testified that he heard no bell ring and heard no alarm and that he heard no "one call out as the car approached, or give any alarm." Deceased was fifty-seven years old, with good hearing and good eyesight; "a fleshy, heavy-set man" and "probably weighed one hundred and eighty, maybe two hundred pounds."
Witness Barnhart, a teacher in the public schools, resided on a lot west of California street and fronting on the railroad track where deceased met his death. He testified that he saw the car going north on the street at a point marked "G" on the map in evidence, which was about one hundred and eighty feet from the point where the accident occurred. "The bell rang just then." Witness had come out of the cellar of his house, where he had gone for a can of oil. He testified: "I stooped and picked up the can and started up into the house, walking along the east side of the house, walking south. I had taken a couple of steps when I glanced again toward California street, and I saw the car apparently in the act of passing a man. There was just a streak of daylight that you could see between them. . . . I presumed the car would pass the man, but to my surprise the car hit him — struck him; and also at the same time my glance rested upon the car, it naturally — I saw standing where I did, I saw the motorman just in the act of putting on the brake. I watched the car for an instant. . . . I watched the car until it came to standstill, which it seemed to do within a short distance — I suppose, its own length." He was asked if he saw the motorman as he looked at the car the last time and answered that he did. "A. The motorman was in the act of putting on the brake.
Q. In what position was the brake lever at that time? A. Straight up and down — perpendicular. Q. Perpendicular; and he was in the act — A. Of pulling back on it. Q. What is that? A. He was in the act of pulling back on the brake. Q. When he was in the act of pulling back on the brake, as you have stated, how far from the car was this man? A. Well, it was at this time I expected the car to pass the man, and it was just as I said — a streak of daylight between the car and the man." He testified that at the point "G" where he first saw the car the gong gave a single stroke and that the car bell did not ring after that until the car struck deceased, and of this he said he was positive. He stated that the car was running at the rate not less than twelve miles an hour, and did not appreciably slacken its speed from the time he first saw it and when he last saw it.
Mrs. Barrett testified: "The first I heard was the slowing down of the car and the applying of the brakes against the wheels. I heard an exclamation 'Oh!' almost the same time, as near, I would say, as you can make two sounds together. The applying of the brakes, as I would describe it, was a kind of grating sound, the brakes against the wheels." Witness assisted in getting deceased from under the car. She also testified that she heard no bell being rung just before she heard the grinding of the brakes. Mrs. Rosa Tulan was with Mrs. Barrett and testified to the same facts as did the latter, except that she took no part in removing the body from under the car.
The motorman who operated the car the morning of the accident testified: That he saw Mr. Kramm when he rounded the curve on California street talking to Mr. Looper on the water wagon (this curve was six hundred and thirty feet south); that after he left the curve he saw Kramm start to back across the track as he rang his bell; that he was on the track all the time thereafter until the car struck him; that he had previously seen Kramm there and knew he was at work on the street spreading gravel. "Q. Did he, Kramm, seem to notice you when you rang the bell? A. Well, I could not say, the man backed across the track, started to back across the track and stopped. I could not say positively whether he noticed me or not. I did not see him look at me or look at the car. . . . Q. Did he, Kramm, seem to notice you when you
rang the bell? A. I don't know; he seemed to me to be deaf." There was evidence tending to show that the motorman used the brake, and did not resort to what is known as the "reverse," the latter expedient being used for stopping quickly, and that the car might have been stopped, going at the speed testified to, within twelve or fifteen feet. The motorman testified that he was within ten or twelve feet of Kramm when he noticed that he stopped on the track, and he shouted to him and rang the bell, threw off the current and applied his brakes, and he thought the car was running at about eight miles an hour. The evidence was that deceased was injured in a way to show that the car struck him with considerable force, ran over his body and dragged him "fifteen or seventeen feet," and that he was taken out from "under the west front wheel." The motorman testified that the reason he did not put down the brakes sooner was that he thought Kramm would continue backing off and would get out of the way.
To our minds it is quite obvious that there was sufficient evidence in support of plaintiff's case to require that it be passed upon by the jury. It is contended, upon the authority of Green v. Los Angeles Terminal Ry. Co., 143 Cal. 31, [101 Am. St. Rep. 68, 76 P. 719], that the court was justified in taking the case away from the jury. And it is claimed that this case modifies, if it does not overrule, the case of Harrington
v. Los Angeles Ry. Co., 140 Cal. 514, [98 Am. St. Rep. 85,74 P. 15]. The learned trial judge seems to have taken that view. The facts in the Green case are in no wise similar to the facts here, and the principles governing that case are not necessarily applicable. There the question related to the conduct of the deceased in crossing in front of a steam railway train and at a railroad crossing. The deceased approached the track of defendant on foot and by daylight, at a point from which it was plainly visible for a distance of eight hundred feet to the eastward, beyond which it made a curve north. When she was thirty feet distant from the track she was seen to look toward the east and then immediately advance in a northwesterly direction along the path which crossed the track at an angle of thirty degrees. When she looked to the east the train had not rounded the curve and was out of view, "for she advanced slowly along the
path, without again looking up, and when in the act of stepping on the track was struck by the locomotive and killed." It was held that she was guilty of culpable negligence, directly contributing to the fatal result. The court quoted approvingly from Herbert v. Southern Pacific Co.,121 Cal. 230, [53 P. 651], where the court said: "The railroad track of a steam railway must itself be regarded as a sign of danger, and one intending to cross must avail himself of every opportunity to look and listen for approaching trains. What he must do in such a case must depend upon circumstances. If the view of the track is obstructed, he should take greater pains to listen. If, taking these precautions, he would have seen or heard the approaching train, the very fact of injury will raise a presumption that he did not take the required precautions." In applying the principles relating to negligence, contributory or otherwise, the courts recognize a distinction between cases of injuries by street railroads and cases of injuries by "ordinary steam railroads running through the country at comparatively long intervals of time." It was said in Schneider v. Market Street Ry. Co., 134 Cal. 482, [66 P. 734]: "In either case, 'ordinary prudence' is required on the part of persons crossing the track; but the question of what is ordinary prudence is widely different in the two cases." It will be noted that the motorman saw the deceased on the track engaged in talking with Looper; he must have known that the sprinkling wagon was in motion and that the water was escaping from the sprinkler and that the moving of the wagon wheels in the gravel and the escaping water would make some noise. Deceased was standing with his back toward the car, which fact the motorman noticed, and gave no evidence of observing its approach except that he stepped back as though to get off the track; but it is quite evident from Looper's testimony that neither he nor deceased noticed the approach of the car until it was so near as to make escape difficult, if indeed possible, at the speed the car was moving. When Looper called to deceased to look out, he could not have stepped toward the wagon and there escaped, for the evidence was that the projecting steps of the car and the hubs of the wagon wheels would probably have caught him; he had not time to escape behind the wagon; where the water was rushing from the sprinkler, nor in front of the four horses attached
to the wagon. Possibly an active young man with his faculties instantaneously alert and serving him, could have jumped back and escaped. But the law does not require that a person thus endangered shall exercise every possible means of escape or suffer the consequences. There was evidence that the motorman did not apply his brake until the very instant of the collision, and there was evidence that no bell was rung or warning given shortly before the car struck the deceased. It was said in Harrington v. Los Angeles Ry. Co., 140 Cal. 514, [98 Am. St. Rep. 85, 74 P. 15], "It must be remembered that a person in great peril, where immediate action is necessary to avoid it, is not required to exercise all that presence of mind and carefulness which are justly required of a careful and prudent man under ordinary circumstances. The reasonableness of his effort to escape the injury after discovery of the danger was a question for the jury, to be determined by them in view of all the circumstances shown by the evidence." This we believe to be a correct statement of the law. Similar views were expressed by the court in Schneider v. Market Street Ry.Co., 134 Cal. 482, [60 P. 734]: "If the plaintiff is suddenly put into peril, without having sufficient time to consider all the circumstances, he is excusable for omitting some precautions or in making an unwise choice under this disturbing influence, although if his mind had been clear he ought to have done otherwise."
The deceased may have been guilty of negligence but defendant cannot for that reason excuse itself if, by the exercise of due care, its agent could have avoided the accident after discovering the negligent party in his perilous position. (Swain v. Fourteenth St. Ry. Co., 93 Cal. 179, [28 P. 828]; Lee v. Market Street Ry. Co., 135 Cal. 293, [67 P. 765].) There was evidence, whether true or untrue it is not our province to judge, that the motorman saw deceased in his perilous position when far enough away from him to have stopped the car before reaching him, or at least to have so reduced its speed as to have caused less injury; and there is evidence, which we must receive, that the motorman did not attempt to check the momentum of his car until the very instant — one witness testified simultaneously — the car struck the deceased.
Clearly, under the circumstances shown, the facts ought to have gone to the jury.
Nor can defendant be heard to complain that deceased was standing upon the track. He had a right to be there, and, in the present case, his duty called him there. (Shea v. Potreroetc. R. R. Co., 44 Cal. 414; Swain v. Fourteenth Street Ry.Co., 93 Cal. 179, [28 P. 829].)
Without further noticing the evidence or further comment, in our judgment the case should have gone to the jury, because, among other reasons, the jury as presumably "sensible and impartial" men might have decided that the deceased exercised ordinary care (Herbert v. Southern PacificCo., 121 Cal. 230, [53 P. 651]), or that the motorman "had the last clear opportunity to avoid the injury," in which case it was his duty to have done so. (Estray v. Southern PacificCo., 103 Cal. 541, [37 P. 500]; Lee v. Market Street Ry. Co.,135 Cal. 293, [67 P. 765].)
The judgment of nonsuit and dismissal is reversed.
Buckles, J., and McLaughlin, J., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing of this cause was denied by the district court of appeal on June 15, 1906, and the following opinion was then rendered: