Kopitzki v. Boyd

355 A.2d 471, 277 Md. 491, 1976 Md. LEXIS 981

• Court: Court of Appeals of Maryland
• Decided: April 14, 1976
• Docket: [No. 132, September Term, 1975.]
• Status: Published

Opinions

Singley, J.,

delivered the opinion of the Court. Murphy, C. J., dissents and filed a dissenting opinion at page 498 infra.

The question presented by this appeal is whether a driver on a favored boulevard involved in a collision with a driver on an unfavored road who fails to yield the right-of-way is entitled to the protection of the boulevard law in a negligence action filed against him by his passenger.

The accident occurred at 9:15 p.m. on 29 October 1971, on Branch Avenue, a four-lane divided highway in Prince George’s County (the favored highway), at its intersection with a private access road (the unfavored road), which was controlled by a stop sign, see Maryland Code (1957, 1970 Repl. Vol.) Art. 66V2, § 11-403 (b) and (c). The evidence showed that Frederick Kopitzki was driving in a northerly direction on Branch Avenue with Wilma Boyd as his passenger.¹ David Kitchen, driving a van on the unfavored road, stopped his vehicle at the Branch Avenue intersection where he had planned to cross the northbound lanes of the favored highway in order to proceed south on Branch Avenue. According to Kitchen’s testimony, he saw two sets of headlights “way up the road” as he entered Branch Avenue. The next thing he remembered, “the [Kopitzki] car was on me and I blacked out.” Kitchen placed the point of impact at almost the median strip.

John Doyle, traveling in a northerly direction in the left-hand lane of Branch Avenue at the time of the accident, testified that Kopitzki drove past him in the right-hand lane at a speed of 70 to 80 miles per hour. At this moment, according to Doyle, Kitchen’s van was approximately 150 to 200 feet ahead and began to move onto the highway from the unfavored road. Kopitzki, after passing Doyle on the right, moved into the left-hand lane but, in Doyle’s opinion, could not have swerved to avoid Kitchen’s van, which Doyle said was in the left-hand lane prior to the impact. Another eyewitness to the accident, Joseph Proctor, Jr., observed Kopitzki proceeding on Branch Avenue at about 80 to 90 miles an hour. He testified that he thought the collision occurred in the left-hand, northbound lane of Branch Avenue. Mrs. Boyd and Trooper Perkins, who investigated the accident, testified that the collision occurred when Kopitzki was in the right-hand lane.

Kopitzki’s passenger, Wilma Boyd, testified that Kopitzki had one beer shortly before the accident. She placed the point of impact in the right-hand lane. To her knowledge, Kopitzki was not exceeding the speed limit at the time of the accident. There was evidence indicating that the posted speed limit was either 45 or 50 miles per hour, road conditions were good, and the area of impact was well illuminated.

The investigating police officer testified that Kopitzki’s condition was normal as to sobriety. There was, however, testimony from Kitchen’s father that he smelled alcohol on Kopitzki’s breath several hours after the accident.

In her suit filed in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County against Kitchen and Kopitzki for personal injuries suffered in the accident, Mrs. Boyd alleged that both drivers were negligent. Kopitzki’s motion for a directed verdict against Mrs. Boyd was denied, and the case was submitted to the jury, which returned verdicts in favor of Mrs. Boyd against Kopitzki and Kitchen in the amount of $25,000.00.²

On appeal, Kopitzki contends that the lower court erred in not directing a verdict in his favor against his passenger, Mrs. Boyd. He asserts that the boulevard law is plainly applicable, and that, notwithstanding evidence of speeding and drinking on his part, the sole proximate cause of the accident was the failure of Kitchen, the unfavored driver, to yield the right-of-way to him as the driver on the favored boulevard.

In Creaser v. Owens, 267 Md. 238, 297 A. 2d 235 (1972), where suit was brought by the unfavored driver against the favored driver, Judge Digges, for the Court, undertook the distillation of our cases where entry onto a boulevard was at issue. There, three situations were identified. When suit is brought by the unfavored driver against the favored driver, the unfavored driver is contributorily negligent as a matter of law, Greaser v. Owens, supra, 267 Md. at 244; Trionfo v. Heilman, 250 Md. 12, 18-19, 241 A. 2d 554, 558 (1968); Shedlock v. Marshall, 186 Md. 218, 235, 46 A. 2d 349, 357 (1946); Greenfeld v. Hook, 177 Md. 116, 133, 8 A. 2d 888, 896 (1939).

Where suit is brought by the favored driver against the unfavored driver, the unfavored driver is negligent as a matter of law, Brown v. Ellis, 236 Md. 487, 494, 204 A. 2d 526, 529 (1964); Shedlock v. Marshall, supra, 186 Md. at 235.

This does not mean, however, that the unfavored driver will always be unsuccessful in his suit against the favored driver, or will always be answerable in damages in a suit brought against him by the favored driver. If suit is brought by the unfavored driver, he may recover if the circumstances permit the application of the doctrine of last clear chance, Greenfeld v. Hook, supra, 177 Md. at 133. If suit is brought by the favored driver, the unfavored driver may avoid liability in the rare case in which the unfavored driver can convince the jury that the favored driver’s negligence was a proximate cause of the accident, Brown v. Ellis, supra, 236 Md. at 495; Dunnill v. Bloomberg, 228 Md. 230, 233, 179 A. 2d 371, 373 (1962); Green v. Zile, 225 Md. 339, 345-46, 170 A. 2d 753, 756 (1961); Harper v. Higgs, 225 Md. 24, 32, 169 A. 2d 661, 664 (1961).

These same principles are applicable where suit is brought against the favored driver by his passenger, Thompson v. Terry, 245 Md. 480, 487, 226 A. 2d 540, 544 (1967); Harper v. Higgs, supra, 225 Md. 24; Sun Cab Co. v. Cusick, 209 Md. 354, 121 A. 2d 188 (1956); Sun Cab Co. v. Hall, 199 Md. 461, 465, 86 A. 2d 914, 916 (1952); Monumental Motor Tours, Inc. v. Becker, 165 Md. 32, 35, 166 A. 434, 435 (1933). While the excessive speed of the favored driver will not ordinarily be considered a cause contributing to the accident, Hensel v. Beckward, 273 Md. 426, 431, 330 A. 2d 196, 199 (1974); Thompson v. Terry, supra, 245 Md. at 487; Sun Cab Co. v. Faulkner, 163 Md. 477, 479, 163 A. 194, 194-95 (1932), if there is evidence from which a jury could find that the favored driver was inattentive, and that but for his inattention the accident could have been avoided, the favored driver’s aegligence becomes a jury issue, Green v. Zile, supra, 225 Md. at 345; Harper v. Higgs, supra, 225 Md. at 32; Sun Cab Co. v. Hall, supra, 199 Md. at 466-67. In Pinchbeck v. Baltimore Tank Lines, Inc., 258 Md. 211, 265 A. 2d 238 (1970), we affirmed the granting of a directed verdict for the unfavored vehicle which had been hit by the favored vehicle operating at a speed of 80 miles per hour.

Ten years ago, John W. T. Webb, in writing for the Maryland Law Review, Bothersome Boulevards, 26 Md. L. Rev. 111, 122-23 (1966), was able to identify only five such rare cases where liability was imposed on the favored driver, Greenfeld v. Hook, supra, 177 Md. 116 (last clear chance); Sun Cab Co. v. Hall, supra, 199 Md. 461 (taxicab company liable to passenger in favored vehicle, inattention, last clear chance); Harper v. Higgs, supra, 225 Md. 24 (inattention); Green v. Zile, supra, 225 Md. 339 (inattention) and Brown v. Ellis, supra, 236 Md. 487 (whether favored driver could have avoided accident if attentive held a jury issue).

Based on his review of the “rare” cases, the author concluded:

“There is, therefore, no justification for further extension of the privilege of the favored driver into situations where he has originally been driving unlawfully or carelessly. Ordinarily, in most boulevard cases it is not material what the favored driver was doing. The accident would never have happened if the unfavored vehicle had yielded right of way, and the conduct of the unfavored driver is the sole proximate cause of the accident. But if it can be shown that the favored driver could have avoided the accident if he had been operating lawfully and with due care, then the negligence of the favored driver should be an issue for the jury. On the few recent decisions involving the negligence of the favored driver cited above, it can be argued that this is the present trend.” 26 Md. L. Rev. at 125.

In the years which have followed, this prediction has acquired additional support in Pinchbeck v. Baltimore Tank Lines, Inc., supra, 258 Md. 211; Cornias v. Bradley, 254 Md. 479, 255 A. 2d 431 (1969); Racine v. Wheeler, 245 Md. 139, 225 A. 2d 444 (1967).

The question here is whether this is the “rare” case where the question whether Kopitzki’s negligence was a proximate cause of Mrs. Boyd’s injury was properly submitted to the jury. We think that it was, and that under the facts of the case, the jury could have found, as it did, that Kopitzki’s negligence made him jointly liable to Mrs. Boyd, without absolving Kitchen of liability.

The point is that this is not typical of the cases such as Greenfeld v. Hook, supra, 177 Md. at 126, involving “nice considerations of speed, time and distance,” because here there was testimony that Kopitzki’s vehicle was being operated at a speed of from 70 to 90 miles per hour (nearly twice the posted limit). Additionally, Doyle, who said he was a “bad judge of distance,” testified that Kitchen’s van, when Kopitzki passed Doyle, was moving into the highway at a distance of “maybe two blocks” and later estimated the distance from Kopitzki’s car to the van to be 150 or 200 feet. The short of it is that Doyle, who admitted that he too was exceeding the speed limit at the time, was able to avoid striking Kitchen, without jamming on his brakes. The jury could have found that it was Kopitzki’s inattention that was a proximate cause of the accident. This was negligent conduct which would support Mrs. Boyd’s claim against Kopitzki, and Mrs. Boyd was entitled to have the jury consider it, Brown v. Ellis, supra, 236 Md. at 495.

Judge Northrop observed in Goosman v. A. Duie Pyle Co., 206 F. Supp. 120, 127 (D. Md. 1962):

“The prohibition against making nice calculations does not prevent a jury and judge from making all calculations of every nature; the prohibition pertains only to those close, hair-splitting calculations which cannot be expected of a reasonably prudent favored driver when immediately confronted by an intrusion upon his right of way. Where the times and distances are great, the calculations are no longer ‘nice’ and the prohibition is inapplicable.” (emphasis in original).

Judgment affirmed; costs to be paid by appellant.

1 . Kopitzki was driving Mrs Boyd’s car. The questions of Kopitzki’s agency and Mrs. Boyd’s control were raised below, but have not been pursued on appeal.

2 . A directed verdict in favor of Kopitzki was granted as to the cross-claim filed against him by Kitchen. Kitchen did not appeal either from the granting of the directed verdict or from the judgment entered against him.