Day, Oh. J.
1. divorce : Sent.treat" — I. Appellee insists that this cause is re viewable here only upon errors of law, regularly assigned, and that it is not, as a first method chancery cause, triable de novo. Citing Rev. 1860, §§ 2999 and 3000; Coe v. Winters, 15 Iowa, 482; Barney v. McCarty, id. 510; Docterman v. Webster, id. 522; Carleton v. Byington, 17 id 579; Cole v. Cole, 23 id. 439.
Appellant insists that any attempt upon the part of the legislature to deprive the supreme court of the power to review anew upon appeal all chancery causes, is in violation of section 4, article 5 of the constitution.
All the evidence is before us, and the cause has been fully and exhaustively argued upon the facts. A majority of the court find no difficulty in sustaining the action of the court below, and would resolve the question as an original one, the same way.
Hence it has seemed more satisfactory to us to waive a consideration of the question as to the manner of review, and to dispose of the case upon its merits. The evidence is very voluminous, the abstract covering 160 pages of closely printed matter. It is impracticable, within the appropriate limits of an opinion, to do more than collate the leading facts which it seems to establish.
The parties were married on the 15th day of May, 1866, the plaintiff being about eighteen years of age, and the defendant her senior by several years. The plaintiff seems to possess a temper readily aroused, a will which never [453]*453yields, and a caustic wit ever furnishing a keen retort, which she makes no effort to restrain. The defendant’s mental constitution seems not to be the best adapted to these peculiarities of the plaintiff. As might be expected the history of their wedded life presents a picture of alternate lights and shades and evinces the most passionate fondness interspersed with seasons of coldness and distrust. About the 7th of November, 1869, and subsequently thereto, occurred the transactions which are made the immediate grounds of this application. The defendant was absent in the east from the last day of August to the 7th day of November. During his absence the plaintiff occupied a room in her. father’s house, her sister Mary sleeping in a separate bed in the same room. Previous to his return the defendant had been expected home every Saturday or Wednesday night for two or three weeks. On the Saturday evening previous to his return plaintiff directed her sister Mary to' occupy the bed with her, and, if defendant came home in the night, to have ‘him take the other bed, and not wake plaintiff till morning. This conduct the plaintiff excuses upon the ground of feeble health; and that when waked in the night she was thrown into violent paroxysms of coughing. During his absence the defendant was in receipt of frequent letters, all speaking of improved health, and one of them detailing a moonlight romp, exhibiting an exuberance of spirits rarely possessed by one who is a great invalid. The defendant returned about two o’clock Sunday morning, and was received with indifference, and treated coldly the next day. Keturning to the house on Sunday evening, after a temporary absence, he found the plaintiff in the parlor talking with one Mc-Cauley. Plaintiff well knew that her husband very much disliked McCauley, and regarded him as an immoral man. On several occasions he had told her that McCauley was not á fit person for her to associate with. Still she continued interested in his company, received presents from [454]*454Mm, and presented Mm a watch-guard made of her hair. The defendant, upon entering the roofn, passed the conventional compliments with McCauley, and directly retired, followed by plaintiff, who suggested that he build a fire at the cottage, a dwellmg in the same melosure, but a short way distant, and that he go there to sleep. Defendant, having built the fire, returned and engaged in conversation with Ms wife, when she informed him that she retired at seven o’clock and suggested that he should do the same. Defendant went to the cottage, returned in about ten minutes, found his wife not yet retired, and said he did not think she intended to go to bed,- that she intended to go into the parlor, to which she replied that she had not thought of that, but would do just ás she pleased. Again returning in about half an hour defendant found plaintiff in the parlor with her sister Mary and McCauley. Plaintiff testifies that shé was partly Undressed, had her ham down and shotes off, preparatory to going to bed, when defendant first returned, and that she went into the parlor ■because he told her she should not. Upon defendant’s return an altercation ensued, which is differently detailed by the respective parties, and which was succeeded by a season of mutual estrangement. On Tuesday morning following the defendant handed the plaintiff a letter which figures largely in this case. In this letter he makes the most passionate declarations of affection,-deplores deeply the unhappy life they liad led, complains bitterly of the plaintiff’s deception and mistreatment, and assures her that there is now no alternative but their separation, and that this decision is final. Immediately upon the receipt of tMs letter the plaintiff took counsel with reference to the procuring of a divorce; but this difficulty was adjusted and on the Thursday following, November 11th, they went to live together at the cottage, plaintiff still refusing, however, to occupy a bed with the defendant. The parties thus lived, not very happily together, until some time in [455]*455January, when occurred one of the specific acts alleged in the petition as a ground for the relief prayed. The transaction is very differently narrated by the parties, doubtless receiving from each the particular coloring which interest and prejudice would so likely produce; and the truth, probably, lies between the two statements. It appears that, from whatever motive actuated, the defendant attempted to place the plaintiff in bed; that she got upon the floor, placed her arm through the rung of a chair, and struggled so fiercely that defendant desisted from his attempt. In the struggle the plaintiff’s arm was bruised. Plaintiff testifies that defendant used toward her opprobrious epithets and profanity. This the defendant denies.
The remaining difficulty specified in the petition occurred on the 25th of January. Defendant expressed surprise that a person named should have been permitted to visit plaintiff. Plaintiff said the person referred to was as good as defendant. Defendant avowed his purpose to compel plaintiff to retract the statement, and seized her hands for that purpose. Plaintiff testifies that upon this occasion defendant struck her in the face, back, shoulders and chest. All of this defendant denies. Many circumstances were proved, showing the unpleasant relations of the parties. That the evidence discloses a degree of domestic infelicity very much to be deprecated, we freely admit. That it justifies a divorce, however, upon the ground of cruelty, we do not believe.
In this class of eases precedents can do little more than inform the understanding and assist the judgment. Every case must very largely depend upon its own peculiar circumstances, and the character, habits, and disposition of the parties.
Pacts which, under certain cfrcumstances, would be sufficient, would, under others, be altogether insufficient. The gentle, fragile, submissive woman, might be entitled to a [456]
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Day, Oh. J.
1. divorce : Sent.treat" — I. Appellee insists that this cause is re viewable here only upon errors of law, regularly assigned, and that it is not, as a first method chancery cause, triable de novo. Citing Rev. 1860, §§ 2999 and 3000; Coe v. Winters, 15 Iowa, 482; Barney v. McCarty, id. 510; Docterman v. Webster, id. 522; Carleton v. Byington, 17 id 579; Cole v. Cole, 23 id. 439.
Appellant insists that any attempt upon the part of the legislature to deprive the supreme court of the power to review anew upon appeal all chancery causes, is in violation of section 4, article 5 of the constitution.
All the evidence is before us, and the cause has been fully and exhaustively argued upon the facts. A majority of the court find no difficulty in sustaining the action of the court below, and would resolve the question as an original one, the same way.
Hence it has seemed more satisfactory to us to waive a consideration of the question as to the manner of review, and to dispose of the case upon its merits. The evidence is very voluminous, the abstract covering 160 pages of closely printed matter. It is impracticable, within the appropriate limits of an opinion, to do more than collate the leading facts which it seems to establish.
The parties were married on the 15th day of May, 1866, the plaintiff being about eighteen years of age, and the defendant her senior by several years. The plaintiff seems to possess a temper readily aroused, a will which never [453]*453yields, and a caustic wit ever furnishing a keen retort, which she makes no effort to restrain. The defendant’s mental constitution seems not to be the best adapted to these peculiarities of the plaintiff. As might be expected the history of their wedded life presents a picture of alternate lights and shades and evinces the most passionate fondness interspersed with seasons of coldness and distrust. About the 7th of November, 1869, and subsequently thereto, occurred the transactions which are made the immediate grounds of this application. The defendant was absent in the east from the last day of August to the 7th day of November. During his absence the plaintiff occupied a room in her. father’s house, her sister Mary sleeping in a separate bed in the same room. Previous to his return the defendant had been expected home every Saturday or Wednesday night for two or three weeks. On the Saturday evening previous to his return plaintiff directed her sister Mary to' occupy the bed with her, and, if defendant came home in the night, to have ‘him take the other bed, and not wake plaintiff till morning. This conduct the plaintiff excuses upon the ground of feeble health; and that when waked in the night she was thrown into violent paroxysms of coughing. During his absence the defendant was in receipt of frequent letters, all speaking of improved health, and one of them detailing a moonlight romp, exhibiting an exuberance of spirits rarely possessed by one who is a great invalid. The defendant returned about two o’clock Sunday morning, and was received with indifference, and treated coldly the next day. Keturning to the house on Sunday evening, after a temporary absence, he found the plaintiff in the parlor talking with one Mc-Cauley. Plaintiff well knew that her husband very much disliked McCauley, and regarded him as an immoral man. On several occasions he had told her that McCauley was not á fit person for her to associate with. Still she continued interested in his company, received presents from [454]*454Mm, and presented Mm a watch-guard made of her hair. The defendant, upon entering the roofn, passed the conventional compliments with McCauley, and directly retired, followed by plaintiff, who suggested that he build a fire at the cottage, a dwellmg in the same melosure, but a short way distant, and that he go there to sleep. Defendant, having built the fire, returned and engaged in conversation with Ms wife, when she informed him that she retired at seven o’clock and suggested that he should do the same. Defendant went to the cottage, returned in about ten minutes, found his wife not yet retired, and said he did not think she intended to go to bed,- that she intended to go into the parlor, to which she replied that she had not thought of that, but would do just ás she pleased. Again returning in about half an hour defendant found plaintiff in the parlor with her sister Mary and McCauley. Plaintiff testifies that shé was partly Undressed, had her ham down and shotes off, preparatory to going to bed, when defendant first returned, and that she went into the parlor ■because he told her she should not. Upon defendant’s return an altercation ensued, which is differently detailed by the respective parties, and which was succeeded by a season of mutual estrangement. On Tuesday morning following the defendant handed the plaintiff a letter which figures largely in this case. In this letter he makes the most passionate declarations of affection,-deplores deeply the unhappy life they liad led, complains bitterly of the plaintiff’s deception and mistreatment, and assures her that there is now no alternative but their separation, and that this decision is final. Immediately upon the receipt of tMs letter the plaintiff took counsel with reference to the procuring of a divorce; but this difficulty was adjusted and on the Thursday following, November 11th, they went to live together at the cottage, plaintiff still refusing, however, to occupy a bed with the defendant. The parties thus lived, not very happily together, until some time in [455]*455January, when occurred one of the specific acts alleged in the petition as a ground for the relief prayed. The transaction is very differently narrated by the parties, doubtless receiving from each the particular coloring which interest and prejudice would so likely produce; and the truth, probably, lies between the two statements. It appears that, from whatever motive actuated, the defendant attempted to place the plaintiff in bed; that she got upon the floor, placed her arm through the rung of a chair, and struggled so fiercely that defendant desisted from his attempt. In the struggle the plaintiff’s arm was bruised. Plaintiff testifies that defendant used toward her opprobrious epithets and profanity. This the defendant denies.
The remaining difficulty specified in the petition occurred on the 25th of January. Defendant expressed surprise that a person named should have been permitted to visit plaintiff. Plaintiff said the person referred to was as good as defendant. Defendant avowed his purpose to compel plaintiff to retract the statement, and seized her hands for that purpose. Plaintiff testifies that upon this occasion defendant struck her in the face, back, shoulders and chest. All of this defendant denies. Many circumstances were proved, showing the unpleasant relations of the parties. That the evidence discloses a degree of domestic infelicity very much to be deprecated, we freely admit. That it justifies a divorce, however, upon the ground of cruelty, we do not believe.
In this class of eases precedents can do little more than inform the understanding and assist the judgment. Every case must very largely depend upon its own peculiar circumstances, and the character, habits, and disposition of the parties.
Pacts which, under certain cfrcumstances, would be sufficient, would, under others, be altogether insufficient. The gentle, fragile, submissive woman, might be entitled to a [456]*456divorce for causes which would scarcely furnish the amazon just cause of complaint.
The cruelty justifying a divorce is defined to be such conduct in one of the married parties as renders further cohabitation dangerous to the physical safety of the other, or creates in the other such reasonable apprehension of bodily harm as,materially to interfere with marital duty. 1 Bishop on Marr. and Div. (4th ed.), § 715. Courts are admonished, in view of' the rapidly increasing tendency to divorces in the present day, and the corresponding weakening. of the marital tie, fraught with the most dangerous consequences to social order, that divorces should not be decreed except for “grave and weighty causes.” Society has an interest in the permanency and stability of the marriage relation; and as individuals, in entering into the social compact, have been required to yield many personal rights for the general good, so many married couples, for the good of their common offspring, the conservation of social order, and the maintenance of general morality, must bear wi£h patience and composure the occasional disquietudes growing out of inharmonious tempers and dispositions. “ Mere turbulence of temper, petulance of manner, infirmity of body or mind are not numbered among these (grave and weighty) causes. When they occur their effects are to be subdued by management if possible, or submitted to with patience; for the engagement was to take for better, for worse / and painful as the performance of this duty may be, painful as it certainly is in many instances which exhibit a great deal of the misery that clouds human life, it must be attempted to be sweetened by the consciousness of its being a duty, and a duty of the very first class of importance. And it is not every slight touching of the wife by the husband, even in anger, which will justify a divorce.” 1 Bishop on Marr. and Div. (4th ed.), § 743, and cases cited. In the case of Banere v. Banere, 4 Johns. Ch. 187, Chancellor Kent [457]*457holds this language: “ Though a personal assault and battery, or a just apprehension of bodily hurt, may be a ground for this species of divorce, yet it must be obvious to every man of reflection that much caution and discrimination ought to be used on this subject. The slightest, assault or touch in anger would not surely, in ordinary cases, justify such a grave and momentous decision.” Pothier says, “ that a blow or stroke of the hand would not be a cause for separation under all circumstances, unless it was often repeated.” In this class of cases the court interferes, not so much to punish an offense already committed as to prevent the commission of one; to shield the complaining party from the repetition of wrongs done, or the infliction of those threatened. We regard it unnecessary to multiply authorities, which might be cited ad Ubitvm, in support of the views here expressed. The burden of proof rests upon the plaintiff to establish the allegations in her petition. The principal occurrences relied upon are positively denied by the defendant, both in the answer and in his testimony. As to these transactions the plaintiff is without corroboration. It is quite obvious that her narrative, through the influence of feeling and interest, must be very highly colored. And she does not testify that the blows of defendant were inflicted with force, or that they occasioned any personal injury. It is quite probable that they were attended with no other consequences than wounded feelings.
Prom the plaintiff’s own statement of the occurrences, taking into consideration her indomitable will, and 'her ever readiness to resent the slightest encroachment upon, the domain of her rights, we cannot find, as a fact, that the conduct of the defendant has furnished her reasonable ground to apprehend physical danger in the further continuance of her cohabitation with him.
[458]*458misoonpiainant. [457]*457II. Another reason why, the plaintiff is not entitled to the relief asked is found in the fact that her own con[458]*458duct, in our opinion, brought upon her all the ill treatment of which she complains. We have not a particle of doubt that if she had justly appreciated the responsibilities and duties of her position, had properly regarded the feelings of her husband, had restrained her pride and guarded her temper, she might have remained one among the most honored and the most cherished of wives. While we do not approve or justify the conduct of the defendant, yet we must allow that it finds much to palliate and excuse it in the conduct of plaintiff. “Men are not angels,” human nature is not perfect, and the court which administers law upon the theory of its perfection will come very far short of meeting the practical wants of life. We forbear an enumeration of the various causes of complaint which the defendant might truthfully urge against the plaintiff. Some of them have already been incidentally noticed. Though not inconsistent with purity of purpose, they evince a disregard of the obligations due from one member of the martial relation to the other, such as, it is to be hoped, but few examples of are furnished in the married state.
“ If what is complained of as cruelty is the result of the complainant’s own misconduct, it will not furnish ground for the proceeding. The remedy is in her own power; she has only to change her conduct; otherwise the wife would have nothing to do but misconduct herself, provoke the ill treatment and then complain.” 1 Bishop on Marr. and Div. (4th ed.), § 764. The evidence discloses no effort at reformation here; evinces no purpose on the part of plaintiff to render the position of her husband pleasant or even endurable.
The petition of plaintiff was properly dismissed.
Affirmed.