DARGAN, C. J.
This bill was filed by the defendants in error to recover legacies bequeathed to them by the last will of Joseph L. D. Smith. By the first clause of the will the testator directed that all debts should be paid as they became due: He then bequeathed to his wife his furniture, carriage and horses, and some slaves, and directed that she be supported [137] out of the proceeds of his estate, with the same ease and comfort to which she was accustomed during the life of the testator, and in the event of her marriage he bequeathed to her ten thousand dollars, the property he had given her to be considered as part of that sum. By the third clause of the will the testator directs that his slaves in Mississippi be sold at the expiration of a year from his death, unless in the opinion of his executors it be advisable not to sell; in that event, they were directed to rent land in Mississippi and save another crop; and at the expiration of this year, they were directed to sell the slaves, horses, cattle and other stock on a credit of one and two years. He also directed that the lands that he owned on the Mississippi, in co-partnership with Thomas Kirkman, should be sold as soon as fifteen dollars per acre could be obtained for them on a credit of one and two years. He then gives directions as to the education of his only daughter, Jane. The seventh item of the will is in the following language: “After my debts are paid, and when the estate in the hands of my executors shall amount to eighty thousand dollars, I give and bequeath to each of my executors one thousand dollars — To my sister, Rebecca F. Williams, two thousand dollars; to Rebecca J. White one thousand dollars; to Rebecca E. Dancy one thousand dollars; to Mary Jane Stodder one thousand dollars; toMalindaK. Williams one thousand dollars; to Henry D. Smith one thousand dollars; to Thomas Williams, of Mississippi, five hundred dollars; my interest in Texas lands to Lawrence Williams, and the rest and residue of my estate, both real and personal, I give and bequeath to my only daughter, Jane.” The testator then proceeds to make a further disposition of the property in the event of her death without issue. In a short time after the probate of the will the widow dissented from it and claimed the share she was entitled to receive by law. In directing an account to be taken with the view to ascertain whether the estate in the hands of thé executors, after the payment of the debts, amounted to $80,000, the chancellor determined that the dissent of the widow from the will, by which she became entitled to one half of the personalty, there being but one child, could not be considered, and that the share she became entitled to receive under the statute of distributions must be considered as a part of the estate in the hands of the executors. He also directed the ea[138] tate to be valued at the date of the probate of the will, without regard to any subsequent loss or depreciation that the estate might have suffered. The estate thus valued was ascertained to amount to more than eighty thousand dollars, after deducting the amount that the testator owed at his death, whereupon a decree was rendered against the executor, in favor of the complainants.
We do not think it material to enquire whether the legacies are vested or not. If we were to admit that they.were technically vested, so that the representatives of the legatee would be entitled to demand the legacy if the legatee himself would have been entitled to it, had he been living, still the question would be the same, and that is, whether the estate in the hands of the executors, after the payment of the debts, is of the value of eighty thousand dollars. It is on this contingency that the complainants are entitledto demand payment of their legacies.
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DARGAN, C. J.
This bill was filed by the defendants in error to recover legacies bequeathed to them by the last will of Joseph L. D. Smith. By the first clause of the will the testator directed that all debts should be paid as they became due: He then bequeathed to his wife his furniture, carriage and horses, and some slaves, and directed that she be supported [137] out of the proceeds of his estate, with the same ease and comfort to which she was accustomed during the life of the testator, and in the event of her marriage he bequeathed to her ten thousand dollars, the property he had given her to be considered as part of that sum. By the third clause of the will the testator directs that his slaves in Mississippi be sold at the expiration of a year from his death, unless in the opinion of his executors it be advisable not to sell; in that event, they were directed to rent land in Mississippi and save another crop; and at the expiration of this year, they were directed to sell the slaves, horses, cattle and other stock on a credit of one and two years. He also directed that the lands that he owned on the Mississippi, in co-partnership with Thomas Kirkman, should be sold as soon as fifteen dollars per acre could be obtained for them on a credit of one and two years. He then gives directions as to the education of his only daughter, Jane. The seventh item of the will is in the following language: “After my debts are paid, and when the estate in the hands of my executors shall amount to eighty thousand dollars, I give and bequeath to each of my executors one thousand dollars — To my sister, Rebecca F. Williams, two thousand dollars; to Rebecca J. White one thousand dollars; to Rebecca E. Dancy one thousand dollars; to Mary Jane Stodder one thousand dollars; toMalindaK. Williams one thousand dollars; to Henry D. Smith one thousand dollars; to Thomas Williams, of Mississippi, five hundred dollars; my interest in Texas lands to Lawrence Williams, and the rest and residue of my estate, both real and personal, I give and bequeath to my only daughter, Jane.” The testator then proceeds to make a further disposition of the property in the event of her death without issue. In a short time after the probate of the will the widow dissented from it and claimed the share she was entitled to receive by law. In directing an account to be taken with the view to ascertain whether the estate in the hands of thé executors, after the payment of the debts, amounted to $80,000, the chancellor determined that the dissent of the widow from the will, by which she became entitled to one half of the personalty, there being but one child, could not be considered, and that the share she became entitled to receive under the statute of distributions must be considered as a part of the estate in the hands of the executors. He also directed the ea[138] tate to be valued at the date of the probate of the will, without regard to any subsequent loss or depreciation that the estate might have suffered. The estate thus valued was ascertained to amount to more than eighty thousand dollars, after deducting the amount that the testator owed at his death, whereupon a decree was rendered against the executor, in favor of the complainants.
We do not think it material to enquire whether the legacies are vested or not. If we were to admit that they.were technically vested, so that the representatives of the legatee would be entitled to demand the legacy if the legatee himself would have been entitled to it, had he been living, still the question would be the same, and that is, whether the estate in the hands of the executors, after the payment of the debts, is of the value of eighty thousand dollars. It is on this contingency that the complainants are entitledto demand payment of their legacies.
It will be at once seen that the time of the valuation of the estate becomes an important enquiry, when the payment of legacies is made to depend on such valuation. For instance, if a legacy is directed to be paid on the condition that the estate is worth $50,000, after the payment of all debts — suppose the estate at the time of the probate of the will was worth this sum, over and above all the debts that the testator owed, but owing to losses for which the executor was not responsible, before the debts were all paid, the estate should become insolvent, could the executor be charged with the payment of this legacy ? All will answer that he could not, unless .the loss to the estate originated from some act or neglect of duty on his part. So if the estate at the time of the death of the testator would not be valued at a sum sufficient to pay the debts and leave a balance of $50,000, but from a sudden rise in the value of property, in a short time after the death of the testator and before the estate was administered, it was so increased in value that it could well pay not only the debts but also the legacies, could it be contended that the legatee could not receive payment of his legacy, because at the moment of the death of the testator, or at the time of the probate of the will, the estate would not have been valued by prudent men at a sum sufficient to entitle the legatee to demand payment? We think these supposed cases show the impropriety of fixing on the time of the death of the testator or [139] of the probate of the will as the time at which the value of the estate is to be ascertained. If we say the right to payment depended on the value of, the estate at the death of the testator, the legatee would he in many cases entitled to demand it, although tho debts were not all paid: On the Contrary, he might in many cases not be entitled to his legacy, although the estate was able not only to pay the debts, hut also to pay all the legacies, according to the provisions of the will. We cannot, therefore, adopt the time of the death of the testator, nor of the probate of the will, as the correct point of time at which to ascertain the value of the estate. Either might lead to results not only opposed to the intention of the testator, but even opposed to law- In the case of the Att’y Gen’l v. Robins, 2 P. Wins. 23, a testator gave several legacies, and at the latter part of his will he added that he apprehended there would be a considerable surplus beyond what he had given, and therefore he gave other legacies. At the time of the death of the testator the estate was sufficient to pay all the legacies, but owing to the sudden fall in the value of South Sea stock, there was a deficiency. It was decreed that the later legacies were lost. It was the evident intention qf the testator that tho legacies given in the previous part of the will should be prefered, and as the estate, although sufficient at his death to pay all legacies, became insufficient in the course of administration, the loss was thrown exclusively on those later legacies. In the case of Silsby v. Silsby, 3 Cranch, 249, the testator gave several legacies and annuities after the payment of his debts. The will then provided that if the personal estate and the produce arising from the sale of his real estate should not be sufficient to pay the several legacies and annuities bequeathed by the testator, liten he direcled lhat the annuities and legacies should not abate in proportion, but that the whole of the deficiency- should bo deducted out of the legacies of $1-500 bequeathed to Enoch Silsby. At the time of the death of the testator, the estate was ample to pay all debts and legacies, but owing to the bankruptcy of the executor there was a deficiency. The question arose between Enoch Silsby and the other legatees, whether tho loss should be home exclusively by him? He contended that whether the estate was sufficient or not to pay all the legacies, must depend on the value of it at the death of tho testator, and that he should not be- made to bear tho loss [140] exclusively, resulting from the waste and insolvency of the executor. Judge Marshall said, “ that the time of ascertaining the sufficiency of the estate is when'the will is' carried into execution by the application of the funds to their proper objects, under the directions of the will; when that application is made, if a deficiency appears, then the loss must be borne by Enoch Silsby.” This opinion is in accordance with the well settled principles of law. For instance, if the estate is able to pa}r not only the debts, but also all legacies at the death of the testator, but owing to the waste of the executor there is a deficiency, the legatees must bear the loss as between them and the creditors, end the value of the estate at the death of the testator can have no influence on the rights of creditors, in a controversy with legatees. So, if some legatees are to be prefered in payment to others, by the directions of the will, and in the course of administration a deficiency occurs, the prefered legatees are not to bear the loss of this deficiency as between them and the other legatees, whether the deficiency occurs from the waste of the executor or from the depreciation of the value of the estate from any accidental cause for which the executor is not responsible.— Marsh v. Evans, 1 P. Williams, 668; 2 Lomax on Executors, 122; 2 Williams on Ex. 837; Fonnereau v. Poyntz, 1 Bro. C. C. 478; Humphries v. Humphries, 2 Cox, 186; Page v. Lapengwell, 18 Vesey, 466. These authorities show that when the payment of a legacy is made to depend on the sufficiency of the estate to pay other prefered legacies, this sufficiency of the estate can only be ascertained when the assets are applied in due course of administration to their proper objects, in conformity with the directions of the will, unless indeed it was the intention of the testator that their payment was to depend on the valuation of the estate at some different time. ,The intention of the testator, however, in the case before us, is in harmony with this rule. His language is, “After my debts are paid and the estate in the hands of my executors shall amount to $80,000, I give,” &c. When did he intend that it should be ascertained whether the estate in the hands of his executors amounted to $80,000 ? HÍ3 own language furnishes the ansioer — after his debts were paid. This is the time at which the estate in the hands of the executor should have been valued. The time adopted by the chancellor might lead to results not only opposed to the intention of the [141] testator, but repugnant to the whole scheme and design of the will. It was the evident intention of the testator to make an ample provision for his daughter, Jane, for she was the particular object of his affections. Now suppose the estate was worth one hundred and ten thousand dollars, at the time of the probate of the will, and the debts amounted to $30,000, and that shortly after the probate of the will the estate had suffered a loss of $50,000, there would then have been left but $30,000 for the payment of legacies, and the dissent of the widow from the will would have entitled her to $1-5,000 of this $30,000. If these legatees could claim this remaining fifteen thousand dollars, in opposition to the daughter of the testator, we should leave her in the case supposed destitute and penniless. We do not think that the will would warrant a construction that might lead to such results, but on the contrary, the plain intention of the testator is that if his estate in the hands of his executors, after the payment of his debts, shall amount to the sum of $80,000, then he gave the legacies sought to be recovered, and we cannot, without doing violence to his intention, fix upon a time anterior to that for the purpose of estimating the value of the estate.
It may, however, be urged that to make the payment of the legacies depend on the valuation of the estate, after the payment of the debts by the executor, would enable him to postpone the payment to a distant day, and should the value of the estate be diminished in the meantime, the legatee may be defeated by the improper conduct of the executor. The cause as it is now presented to us does not require us to decide this question; but it may well be questioned whether the improper or negligent conduct of an executor can under any circumstances defeat the payment of a legacy as between him and the legatee, or postpone the time at which the legatee could demand payment. It is, however, contended that no event subsequent to the death of the testator can be considered in construing a will, and that we must give the same construction to this will, although the widow has dissented from it, that we would have given had she abided by it. To this argument we fully assent; but the construction of a will and whether there are funds to meet all its provisions, are-two very different questions. Subsequent events may diminish or increase the funds, but this increase or diminution [142] will not affect the construction. The will speaks from the death of the testator — subsequent events cannot alter its language. We must take the intention ascertained from the language of the will as our guide in the application of the funds to the provisions of the will. Let us then see what is the intention of the testator. “ After my debts are paid and the estate in the hands of my executors shall amount to eighty thousand dollars, I give,” &c. This is his language. What did lie intend? First, that.his debts should be paid. Secondly, that his estate in the hands of his executors, subject to the provisions of his will, should amount to $80,000 before lítese legacies should be paid. This being the intention of the testator, as expressed by the will, we must be guided by it, although subsequent events may have so altered or depreciated the estate that these legacies may not be paid. The dissent of the widow withdrew her distributive share from the operation of the will and from the hands of the executor for any purpose of the will, and cannot be estimated in taking an account of the value of the estate; for we think it clear that the testator intended that an estate of $30.000, subject to the provisions of his will, must be found to be in the hands of his executors after the payment of his debts, before the complainants should be entitled to receive their legacies. The distributive share of'the widow should not therefore have been taken into the account — she becomes entitled to it independent of the will, indeed, in opposition to it — and it cannot be said to be in the hands of the executor for any purpose contemplated by the will. But we think the legacy bequeathed to her by the xvilL is a portion of the estate that should be taken into the account. tíhe cannot claim her distributive share and also the legacies bequeathed to her by the will. She abandoned all benefits under the will, when she dissented from it. That portion of the testator’s estate 'designed for her bjr the will therefore falls into the estate in common with the testator’s other property, and must be valued as sucli in estimating the amount of the estate. The correct rule in taking the accounts is this— to ascertain the value of the testator’s estate subject -to the disposition of his will, at the lime Ins debts were paid. Í1 it amounts to $80,000, then the complainants are entitled to recover. If his estate after his debts’were paid, exclusive ol the distributive share of the widow, which was withdrawn from the [143] operation of the will by her dissent, does not amount in value to $80,000, then they are not entitled to recover.
It may be proper, however, to add, that the interest of ihe testator in the Texas land was correctly excluded in taking the account, for it is very clear that the testator did not intend that his interest in Texas lands should be considered as a part of his estate in the hands of his executors.
Let the decree of the chancellor be reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings.
Parsons, J., not sitting.