Opinions of the United 1995 Decisions States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
4-14-1995
Kirk v Raymark Precedential or Non-Precedential:
Docket 94-1745
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Recommended Citation "Kirk v Raymark" (1995). 1995 Decisions. Paper 95. http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_1995/95
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Nos. 94-1745 and 94-1746
SARAH A. KIRK, Administratrix of the Estates of KIRK, Alfred T., Deceased and KIRK, Sarah A. in her own right
v.
RAYMARK INDUSTRIES, INC.; EAGLE-PICHER INDUSTRIES, INC.; KEENE CORPORATION; GARLOCK INC; OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORPORATION; CELOTEX CORP.; GAF CORPORATION; OWENS-ILLINOIS GLASS COMPANY
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation, Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. No. 88-cv-03736)
Argued February 14, 1995 BEFORE: STAPLETON, GREENBERG and COWEN, Circuit Judges
(Filed April 14, l995 )
Joseph M. Greitzer Jerry Kristal (argued) Greitzer & Locks 1500 Walnut Street 20th Floor Philadelphia, PA 19102
Counsel for Appellee Sarah A. Kirk, Administratrix of the Estates of KIRK, Alfred T., Deceased and KIRK, Sarah A. in her own right
Robert N. Spinelli W. Matthew Reber (argued) Kelley, Jasons, McGuire & Spinelli 1617 JFK Blvd. Suite 1400 Philadelphia, PA 19103
Counsel for Appellant Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation
OPINION
COWEN, Circuit Judge.
This asbestos-related personal injury action was tried
to a jury in the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania. The jury returned a verdict in favor
of the plaintiff in excess of two million dollars. On
application by counsel, the district court granted plaintiff
delay damages in the amount of $ 520,684. In these consolidated
appeals, we are called on to determine whether the district court
abused its discretion by denying defendant's challenge for cause
of two jurors who allegedly evidenced bias against the defense.
Additionally, we are called upon to determine whether the
district court committed an error of law by: (1) allowing
plaintiff to introduce into evidence the prior testimony of an
out of court expert witness from an unrelated state court action;
(2) permitting plaintiff to introduce the interrogatory responses
of a co-defendant who settled with the plaintiff prior to trial;
(3) awarding plaintiff delay damages pursuant to Rule 238 of the
Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure. Because we conclude that the district court abused its
discretion in denying defendant's challenge for cause of two
jurors during voir dire, we will reverse the judgment of the
district court and remand for a new trial on the issue of damages
and liability.1 Since it is likely that the hearsay issues and
the issue of delay damages may arise again during the new trial,
we deem it appropriate to offer the district court guidance. On
these subjects, we conclude that the district court erred as a
matter of law in allowing the introduction of hearsay evidence,
but did not err in ruling that delay damages would be permitted
when delay was caused by a judicial stay for which the plaintiff
was not responsible.
I. Factual and Procedural History
Alfred Kirk ("decedent"), a retired painter, died on
July 5, 1988 at the age of 65 from malignant asbestos-induced
mesothelioma. Mrs. Sarah Kirk ("Kirk"), suing on behalf of
herself and her deceased husband's estate, filed this diversity
action against eight defendants, including Owens-Corning
Fiberglas Corporation ("Owens-Corning").2 Kirk alleged that her 1 . Defendant also argues that the district court abused its discretion in denying: (1) defendant a fair opportunity to prove the liability of a settled co-defendant by denying defendant's request for a continuance to subpoena product identification witnesses and (2) defendant's request for a new trial on the grounds of excessiveness of the verdict. Because of our decision to reverse the judgment of the district court and remand for a new trial on the issue of damages and liability, we need not address these arguments. 2 . Of these eight defendants, four were bankrupt at the time of trial. Of the four remaining defendants, Kirk settled with husband's mesothelioma was caused by exposure to dust from
asbestos products during his employment at the New York Shipyard
in Camden, New Jersey, during the late 1950's and early 1960's.
By Order dated July 29, 1991, the Judicial Panel on
Multidistrict Litigation ("MDL") transferred all pending federal
asbestos personal injury actions to the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania. Pursuant to the MDL Panel's Order, all federal
asbestos cases were stayed until the summer of 1993.
On December 13, 1993, the trial (which was reverse-
bifurcated) began with issues of medical causation and damages.
At the conclusion of this phase of the trial, the jury returned a
verdict in favor of the Estate of Alfred Kirk for $ 1.2 million
and in favor of Sarah Kirk for $ 810,000. The liability phase of
the trial commenced several days later before the same jury that
had previously heard the damages phase. At the conclusion of the
liability trial, the jury returned a verdict against Owens-
Corning. The jury also found that the decedent was not exposed
to dust emitted by any asbestos-containing product manufactured
by co-defendant Garlock, Inc. ("Garlock").
Following the jury verdict, Owens-Corning moved for a
new trial alleging several trial errors. This application was
denied by the district court. Kirk filed an application for
(..continued) Garlock, Inc., GAF Corporation, and Owens-Illinois prior to trial. Kirk also previously filed an asbestos-related lawsuit in the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas against Pittsburgh Corning Corporation, H.K. Porter Company, Inc., and Southern Textile Corporation. Of these defendants, two were bankrupt and Kirk settled with Pittsburgh Corning prior to trial. delay damages pursuant to Rule 238 of the Pennsylvania Rules of
Civil Procedure, which the district court granted in the amount
of $ 520,684. Owens-Corning appeals from both the judgment and
the award of delay damages.
Owens-Corning argues that the district court made
several errors at trial which unfairly prejudiced it during the
damage and liability phases of the trial, and that the district
court improperly denied its post-verdict motion for a new trial.
Finally, Owens-Corning claims that delay damages should not have
been awarded to Kirk, because the delay was caused by the
plaintiff filing simultaneous federal and state court actions
and/or caused by the MDL order staying all asbestos cases, and
was not caused by any bad faith on the part of Owens-Corning. We
will address each of these arguments seriatim.
The district court had jurisdiction to hear this case
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Our jurisdiction is premised on 28
U.S.C. § 1291 as the judgment entered was a final order.
II. Challenge for Cause of Jurors
Owens-Corning argues that the district court erred in
refusing to strike for cause two prospective jurors (juror # 251
and juror # 45) who defendant argues revealed considerable
potential bias against it during voir dire. We review for abuse
of discretion a district court's decision regarding a motion to
dismiss a juror for cause. United States v. Polan, 970 F.2d 1280, 1284 (3d Cir. 1992), cert. denied, __ U.S. __, 113 S. Ct. 1367 (1993) (citing United States v. Salamone, 800 F.2d 1216, 1226 (3d Cir. 1986) (the factual determination by the district court
whether a juror can serve impartially is entitled to special
deference when reviewed on appeal)).
Because the trial judge is in the best position to
assess the credibility and demeanor of the prospective jurors,
"district courts have been awarded ample discretion in
determining how best to conduct the voir dire." Waldorf v.
Shuta, 3 F.3d 705, 710 (3d Cir. 1993) (citing Rosales-Lopez v.
United States, 451 U.S. 182, 189, 101 S. Ct. 1629, 1635 (1991)).
In determining whether a particular juror should be excused for
cause, our main concern is "whether the juror holds a particular
belief or opinion that will `prevent or substantially impair the
performance of his duties as a juror in accordance with his
instructions and his oath.'" Salamone, 800 F.2d at 1226 (citing
Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 424, 105 S. Ct. 844, 852
(1985)). "A juror is impartial if he or she can lay aside any
previously formed `impression or opinion as to the merits of the
case' and can `render a verdict based on the evidence presented
in court.'" Polan, 970 F.2d at 1284 (citing Irvin v. Dowd, 366
U.S. 717, 723, 81 S. Ct. 1639, 1643 (1961)). However, the
district court should not rely simply on the jurors' subjective
assessments of their own impartiality. See Waldorf, 3 F.3d at 710 (district court relied too heavily on jurors' assurances of
impartiality); see also Government of the Virgin Islands v.
Dowling, 814 F.2d 134, 139 (3d Cir. 1987) (though a juror swears
that he could set aside any opinion he might hold and decide the
case on the evidence, a juror's protestation of impartiality should not be credited if other facts of record indicate to the
contrary).
Owens-Corning argues that prospective juror # 251
should have been struck for cause because he worked with
asbestos-containing products for many years and indicated during
voir dire that he was leaning in favor of the plaintiff. Kirk
argues that this prospective juror was properly placed on the
jury because when questioned by both the district court and
counsel whether he could render a fair and impartial verdict, the
prospective juror responded in the affirmative.
We are troubled by the fact that a district judge,
despite assurances of impartiality, allowed a prospective juror
to serve in a mesothelioma case when the juror's background
raised serious questions as to his ability to serve impartially.3
3 . Relevant portions of the voir dire of prospective juror # 251 are as follows:
Juror 251: Well, two uncles had cancer, they were mechanics. Our union did a study on their members. I am a mechanic, and it was like 97 percent of them tested had some problem with asbestos. I have eaten a lot of it over the years brakes, clutches up until gets in the air hose, blows it out, you spit black dirt for two days. . . . .
Mr. Kristal (counsel for Kirk): Do you think that will affect your ability to listen to the evidence and be fair to both sides in this case?
Juror 251: Well I could only try to be fair is all I could say. I guess in a way I got to be a little one way, I'm probably high on the priority list myself. I've been a mechanic since 1957, up until when they stopped using it, you know, you took a (..continued) clutch out of a truck, hit it with the air hose and the whole shop is black. . . . .
Mr. Kristal: If I didn't prove my case, or show that Mr. Kirk didn't have asbestos disease or I was unable to show Owens-Corning Fiberglas was liable, would you be able to return a verdict against my client?
Juror 251: I wouldn't have any problems at all.
Mr. Kristal: [I]f I had proven the case, would you be able to find in favor of my client?
Juror 251: I might lean the other way because I have been there. I know a lot of members who have been down that road, you know.
Mr. Kristal: Can you put [your past experience with asbestos] behind you and decide this case on what you hear in the courtroom from the witness stand and follow the Court's instructions?
Juror 251: I believe I could.
Mr. Hewitt (counsel for Owens-Corning): Your two uncles had
cancer?
Juror 251: Yes.
Mr. Hewitt: Do you believe those cancers were related to asbestos?
Juror 251: I don't know. They both had lung cancer.
Mr. Hewitt: Were they around asbestos?
Juror 251: Mechanics the same as I am, both smoke, so it's anybody's guess.
App. 68-70.
The Court: He thinks he has asbestos coursing through his system. . . . . (..continued) The Court: I just want to clarify in my own mind, you have been exposed to the brake linings and flakes from brake linings?
The Court: For many years now?
Juror 251: Yes, sir.
The Court: And you think that probably asbestos fibers made their way in through your own system because when you had the air hose --
Juror 251: You see our Local, I am a member of the Local, and when all this asbestos problem came out, the Union started testing some of the older members. It was like they finally knocked it off like 97 percent of the people tested, tested positive for asbestos. And back then, we didn't know nothing about it. You took brakes off the truck, took the air hose blew it off, disk, clutch, all asbestos, and I said yesterday, I probably had eaten a couple of pounds of it, and I have never been tested for it, but I have been subject to it.
The Court: If you are on this case you would be deciding certain questions, concerning somebody who died of asbestos exposure, how much money to award. Do you think because of your own personal experience perhaps to a certain extent because of your uncles, you are not sure of the cause of the death, whether cigarettes or something to do with asbestos, do you think you could be fair or would you be inclined --
Juror 251: Like I said, most of what I seen has been against it. I would have to sit and listen to the case. If the one attorney can prove that it wasn't, I could handle that. But at this point right now I only know the one side of it.
The Court: The way it's going to be, the plaintiff has the burden of proof, not the defendant. And do you think you could decide the case fairly or do you think because of your own personal experiences you would be sort of caught up in it and tend to favor the plaintiff? Specifically, we note the following facts which raise substantial
questions of the potential bias of juror #251: (1) during the
course of his work history he had "probably eaten a couple of
pounds of [asbestos]"; (2) he was a union shop steward for 35
years and received one-sided literature from the union regarding
asbestos; (3) he believed that 97% of the older workers in his
local union had tested positive for asbestos in their system; (4)
he had two uncles who died of lung cancer and although they were
cigarette smokers, they had been exposed to asbestos during the
(..continued) Juror 251: I think I could do it fairly. I have been a shop steward for 35 years. Lots of time I have to go against the company. That didn't sit too well but I think I could sit and listen to the facts. . . . .
Juror 251: I think I could weed through it. Most of the information I have has been from the side of the Union coming with the asbestos. And really, it's a one-sided argument. . . . .
Mr. Hewitt: I think you indicated earlier that you would lean a little --
Juror 251: Well, at this point I would have to be [a] liar if I said to you -- the facts that I had lean in favor of the possibility or the possibility of it happening. I haven't really had any, a lot of facts thrown to me, where it is not, and like I said, I would have to hear what they have to say, and determine from that. I just can't crystal- ball, say this gentleman is going to convince me that the client, his client did die from it. I just have to listen to the facts, and just understand all the facts that I had about it have been the negative, from your standpoint, so I would have to weed out one or the other.
App. at 76-79. course of their work lives; (5) he admitted in the first instance
that he was leaning in favor of the plaintiff and against the
asbestos company; (6) he believed that he was "probably high on
the priority list" of getting an asbestos-related disease
himself; and (7) he knew "a lot of [union] members" who
presumably had asbestos-related medical problems.
Owens-Corning next argues that prospective juror # 45
should have been struck for cause because he had responded to the
jury questionnaire that he could not be fair and later repeated
at voir dire that he would have a difficult time being fair to
the defendant. Kirk counters by pointing out that when further
questioned by the district court as to whether he could render a
fair and impartial verdict, the prospective juror responded in
the affirmative.4 Again, we are troubled because the second
4 . Relevant portions of the voir dire are as follows:
The Court: In this case, sir, if you are on this jury can you well and truly try the case based on the evidence as it comes forth from the witness stand and not, with all respects [sic] to the media, based on TV, or radio or newspapers and all of that? Do you think you could do that, sir?
Juror 45: Yes, I believe so, because it's possible it could be slanted one way or the other. . . . .
The Court: So you answered that you could not be fair to companies that made, distributed, supplied and/or installed asbestos-containing products, what do you mean by that?
Juror 45: Basically I feel it's sort of immoral to knowingly produce something you know is going to cause a problem. prospective juror: (1) stated in the jury questionnaire that he
could not be fair to companies that made, distributed, supplied
and/or installed asbestos-containing products; (2) felt it was
immoral to produce asbestos if the company knew it was going to
cause a problem; and (3) indicated that he could not be fair to (..continued) The Court: Do you think it's immoral -- I am not saying this is the case -- to produce something when they don't know anything is wrong with it, they don't know but it turns out later there is something wrong with it?
Juror 45: I feel if they do find out it should be corrected. . . . .
The Court: [D]o you think you could be fair?
Juror 45: Yes.
Mr. Hewitt: One question, if the evidence is that Owens Corning knew that asbestos was hazardous would you have a tough time giving them a fair shake?
Juror 45: Yes, I would.
The Court: What do you mean by giving them a fair shake? Would you have a tough time coming up with a verdict in their favor if you know the [sic] under the evidence and the law they are liable?
Juror 45: Well --
The Court: I would tell you if it comes in, if the evidence and the law did not demonstrate that the plaintiff proved their [sic] case, I am not saying that is not being fair to the defendant, you are being fair, just as you would be fair to the plaintiff if after fairly considering the evidence you find there's not a case made out, you would nevertheless find against her, you are abiding by your oath as a juror.
Juror 45: Whatever you say, yes.
App. at 64-66. the defendant if the evidence indicated that Owens-Corning knew
that asbestos was hazardous. Only after being repeatedly asked
if he could be fair, the juror answered, "Whatever you say, yes."
Recently, we had the opportunity to decide a similar
case involving a challenge to a district court's refusal to
remove several jurors for cause. Polan, 970 F.2d at 1284. In
that case, which involved a prosecution for conspiracy to
distribute and the distribution of illegally prescribed drugs,
counsel for the defendant challenged for cause three prospective
jurors who revealed during voir dire that either they or members
of their families were victims of drug abuse. Id. Juror #1
revealed that one of his brothers had died of a drug overdose and
another brother had served a lengthy prison term for drug
offenses. Id. n.2. Juror # 2 indicated that she had become
dependent upon tranquilizers after experiencing a family tragedy.
Id. Juror # 3 revealed that his son had abused alcohol and drugs
in the past. Id. However, all three prospective jurors
ultimately assured the court that their past experiences would
not affect their decision making and that they would be fair and
impartial. After reviewing the record of the voir dire, we
concluded that the district court did not abuse its discretion in
refusing to strike those prospective jurors. Polan, 970 F.2d at 1284.
We find that Polan is distinguishable from the case
before us. In Polan, the defendant wanted the prospective jurors
removed presumably because he believed that some of their past
experiences would make them more likely to vote for conviction. With regard to juror # 1, we gave little weight to the theory
that an individual whose one brother died of a drug overdose and
whose other brother served a prison sentence for drug offenses
would be more likely to convict a criminal defendant charged with
drug distribution. With regard to juror # 2, we were not
convinced that a person who became dependent on sedatives after
the shock of a family tragedy would be more likely to convict an
individual accused of distributing drugs. Finally, with regard
to juror # 3, we gave little credence to the notion that a father
who endured his son's alcohol and drug problems would be biased
in favor of the prosecution. Thus, when the district court in
Polan credited the assurances of the three prospective jurors, it
implicitly made two findings: (1) that the jurors were telling
the truth and (2) despite the experiences and personal biases of
the jurors, they could be fair and impartial, precisely because
their past experiences and personal biases did not make them more
likely to convict the defendant.
Here, Owens-Corning objected to jurors # 251 and # 45
being seated on the jury because it believed that their personal
biases regarding asbestos and asbestos companies would make them
more likely to return a finding of liability and a large damage
award against Owens-Corning. Unlike the defendant in Polan, Owens-Corning's fear, that the prospective witnesses' past
experiences and personal biases would affect their decision, was
well-founded.
Juror # 251 inhaled a considerable amount of asbestos,
knew people who were suffering from asbestos-related diseases, and thought himself likely to succumb to some asbestos-related
disease in the future. Thus, there was good reason to conclude
that he would be more likely to return a large damage award
because he sympathized with the plaintiff. See Gumbs v. Pueblo
International, Inc., 823 F.2d 768, 773 (3d Cir. 1987) ("[A]
jur[or] may not abandon analysis for sympathy for a suffering
plaintiff and treat an injury as though it were a winning lottery
ticket."). It is difficult to conceive of a juror who would be
more partial to this plaintiff than juror # 251. Because juror #
251's background is replete with circumstances which would call
into question his ability to be fair to an asbestos manufacturer,
we find that it was improper to allow him to serve on the jury.
Juror # 45 stated that he was biased against asbestos
companies and felt it was immoral knowingly to produce harmful
and defective products. The danger existed that this juror would
return a verdict of liability against Owens-Corning even if
Owens-Corning's products were not responsible for the decedent's
injuries. We can think of few admissions more compelling in
asbestos litigation than a prospective juror who acknowledges
that he would have moral qualms about being fair to an asbestos
manufacturer.
We conclude that juror # 45 and especially juror # 251
could not serve fairly and impartially in light of their past
experiences and personal biases. The district court relied too
heavily on the jurors' assurances of impartiality, and therefore
abused its discretion. A district court's refusal to excuse a
juror will not automatically be upheld simply because the district court ultimately elicits from the prospective juror that
he will be fair and impartial, despite earlier statements or
circumstances to the contrary. The application of Owens-Corning
to dismiss these two jurors for cause should have been granted.
The jury was not fairly and impartially constituted, and
accordingly we will order a new trial.
III. Prior Testimony of Out of Court Witness
During the liability phase of the trial, Owens-Corning
offered the expert testimony of Dr. Harry Demopoulos to prove
that the overwhelming majority of asbestos-induced mesotheliomas
are caused by crocidolite asbestos fiber. This testimony
supported Owens-Corning's defense that its product, Kaylo, which
did not contain crocidolite fiber, could not have caused the
decedent's mesothelioma. Over Owens-Corning's objection, Kirk
was permitted to read to the jury the prior trial testimony of
Dr. Louis Burgher from an unrelated New Jersey State Court
asbestos action in 1992. In that case, Dr. Burgher had been an
expert witness for Owens-Corning and testified on cross-
examination that it was possible for mesothelioma to be caused by
chrysotile fibers contaminated with tremolite. Kirk was clearly
attempting to discredit Owens-Corning's defense offered through
Dr. Demopoulos by revealing to the jury that Owens-Corning's
expert witness in a previous case voiced a different and
contradictory opinion as to which asbestos fibers cause
mesothelioma. After the jury returned a verdict in favor of
Kirk, Owens-Corning made a post-trial motion for a new trial based in part on the alleged admission of hearsay evidence, i.e.,
the prior testimony of Dr. Burgher in an unrelated case. The
district court denied this motion.
Normally, when a new trial is sought by reason of a
district court's alleged error in allowing the introduction of
evidence, we review for abuse of discretion. Lippay v. Christos,
996 F.2d 1490, 1496 (3d Cir. 1993) (citing Link v. Mercedes-Benz,
788 F.2d 918, 921-22 (3d Cir. 1986)). However, where as here the
ruling on admissibility of hearsay evidence implicates the
application of a legally set standard, our review is plenary.
Id.; see also United States v. McGlory, 968 F.2d 309, 332 (3d
Cir. 1992).
allowing the jury to hear this evidence in light of the fact that
it was hearsay. Although the record is at best vague as to what
the district court's basis was for allowing such testimony, Kirk
attempts to justify its admission under two distinct theories --
either the testimony was not hearsay pursuant to Rule
801(d)(2)(C) of the Federal Rules of Evidence or it was hearsay,
but subject to an exception pursuant to Rule 804(b)(1).5
5 . Alternatively, Kirk argues that assuming arguendo it was error to admit the testimony of Dr. Burgher, it was harmless error because the weight of the medical testimony of Kirk's other witnesses was overwhelming. In light of our decision to remand for a new trial because the jury was improperly constituted, we need not address whether any evidentiary errors may be harmless. Kirk first attempts to justify the district court's
admission of the prior trial testimony of Dr. Burgher by arguing
it is an admission by a party opponent since it is a statement by
a person authorized by Owens-Corning to speak concerning
mesothelioma and is thus not hearsay. See Fed. R. Evid.
801(d)(2)(C)6; see also Precision Piping v. E.I. du Pont de
Nemours, 951 F.2d 613, 619 (4th Cir. 1991) (authority in the
context of 801(d)(2)(C) means "authority to speak" on a
particular subject on behalf of someone else). In her brief,
Kirk argues that Dr. Burgher was authorized by Owens-Corning to
offer his expert opinion about medical literature regarding
mesothelioma and fiber type. Appellee's Brief at 21. At oral
argument, Kirk suggested that the testimony of any expert that
Owens-Corning has previously used in a trial can be used in
future litigation against it as an authorized admission.
In support of this proposition, Kirk cites Collins v.
Wayne Corp., 621 F.2d 777, 782 (5th Cir. 1980), which held that
deposition testimony of an expert employed by a bus manufacturer
to investigate an accident was an admission under 801(d)(2)(C).
However, in that case the court made a finding that the expert 6 . Rule 801(d) of the Federal Rules of Evidence states in relevant part:
(d) Statements which are not hearsay. A statement is not hearsay if -- (2) Admission by party-opponent. The statement is offered against a party and is . . . (C) a statement by a person authorized by the party to make a statement concerning the subject.
Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(C) (emphasis added). witness was an agent of the defendant and the defendant employed
the expert to investigate and analyze the bus accident. Id. The
court determined that in giving his deposition, the expert was
performing the function that the manufacturer had employed him to
perform. As such, the court concluded that the expert's report
of his investigation and his deposition testimony in which he
explained his analysis and investigation was an admission of the
defendant. Id.; see also Theriot v. J. Ray McDermott & Co.,
Inc., 742 F.2d 877, 882 (5th Cir. 1984) (citing Collins v. Wayne
Corp., 621 F.2d 777, 781-82 (5th Cir. 1980)) (explaining that
Collins holds that "an agent's statement, made within the scope
of his authority . . . is admissible against the principal as an
admission").
Kirk misconstrues the entire premise of calling expert
witnesses. In theory, despite the fact that one party retained
and paid for the services of an expert witness, expert witnesses
are supposed to testify impartially in the sphere of their
expertise. Thus, one can call an expert witness even if one
disagrees with the testimony of the expert. Rule 801(d)(2)(C)
requires that the declarant be an agent of the party-opponent
against whom the admission is offered, and this precludes the
admission of the prior testimony of an expert witness where, as
normally will be the case, the expert has not agreed to be
subject to the client's control in giving his or her testimony.
See Sabel v. Mead Johnson & Co., 737 F. Supp. 135, 138 (D. Mass 1990). Since an expert witness is not subject to the control of
the party opponent with respect to consultation and testimony he or she is hired to give, the expert witness cannot be deemed an
agent. See Restatement (Second) of Agency § 1 cmt. a (1958)
("The relation of agency is created as the result of conduct by
two parties manifesting that one of them is willing for the other
to act for him subject to his control, and that the other
consents so to act.")
Because an expert witness is charged with the duty of
giving his or her expert opinion regarding the matter before the
court, we fail to comprehend how an expert witness, who is not an
agent of the party who called him, can be authorized to make an
admission for that party.7 See Michael H. Graham, Federal
Practice and Procedure: Evidence § 6722, at 502 (Interim Edition
1992) (the authority of the agent to speak as to a subject must
be established at trial). We are unwilling to adopt the
proposition that the testimony of an expert witness who is called
to testify on behalf of a party in one case can later be used
against that same party in unrelated litigation, unless there is
a finding that the expert witness is an agent of the party and is
authorized to speak on behalf of that party. Accordingly, we
find Dr. Burgher's prior trial testimony to be hearsay in the
context of the present trial.
7 . In the case before us, unlike Collins, there was no explicit finding on the record that Dr. Burgher was an agent of the defendant. To the extent that Collins holds that an expert witness who is hired to testify on behalf of a party is automatically an agent of that party who called him and consequently his testimony can be admitted as non-hearsay in future proceedings, we reject this rule. B. Rule 804(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Evidence
Because the testimony of Dr. Burgher is hearsay, we
must next inquire whether it falls within any of the hearsay
exceptions enumerated in the Federal Rules of Evidence. Kirk
argues that Dr. Burgher's testimony falls within the former
testimony hearsay exception of Rule 804(b)(1). In order for
former testimony to be admissible as an exception to the hearsay
rule: (1) the declarant must be unavailable; (2) testimony must
be taken at a hearing, deposition, or civil action or proceeding;
and (3) the party against whom the testimony is now offered must
have had an opportunity and similar motive to develop the
testimony by direct, cross, or redirect examination. See Fed. R.
Evid. 804(a)(5), (b)(1).8 Because Dr. Burgher testified in open 8 . Rule 804 of the Federal Rules of Evidence states in relevant part:
(b) Hearsay exceptions. The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule if the declarant is unavailable as a witness:
(1) Former testimony. Testimony given as a witness at another hearing of the same or different proceeding, or in a deposition taken in compliance with law in the course of the same or another proceeding, if the party against whom the testimony is now offered, or, in a civil action or proceeding, a predecessor in interest, had an opportunity and similar motive to develop the testimony by direct, cross, or redirect examination.
Fed. R. Evid. 804(b)(1) (emphasis supplied).
"Unavailability" is defined in Rule 804 as follows:
(a) Definition of unavailability. "Unavailability as a witness" includes situations in which the declarant --
(5) is absent from the hearing and the proponent of a statement has been unable to procure the declarant's attendance . . . by process or other reasonable means. court during the state court action, no one disputes that the
second element has been satisfied.
Regarding the first element, we note that it is an
abuse of discretion for a district court to admit former
testimony into evidence under Rule 804(b)(1) without a finding of
unavailability. See O'Banion v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.,
968 F.2d 1011, 1014 (10th Cir. 1992) (district court abused its
discretion in admitting former testimony of expert where there
was no showing of unavailability). Because there was no finding
on the record as to unavailability, if the district court based
admitting this testimony on Rule 804(b)(1), we hold that the
district court abused its discretion in allowing this former
testimony into evidence.
Normally, our inquiry would end here after determining
that former testimony cannot be admitted absent specific findings
of unavailability. However, because of the likelihood that an
offer may be made during the retrial of this matter to admit this
testimony as former testimony, we believe further discussion is
warranted.
We observe that it is the proponent of the statement
offered under Rule 804 who bears the burden of proving the
unavailability of the declarant. United States v. Eufracio-
Torres, 890 F.2d 266, 269 (10th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 494
U.S. 1008, 110 S. Ct. 1306 (1990) (citing Ohio v. Roberts, 448
U.S. 56, 65, 100 S. Ct. 2531, 2538-39 (1980)); 2 John William (..continued) Fed. R. Evid. 804(a)(5) (emphasis supplied). Strong et al., McCormick on Evidence § 253, at 134 (4th ed. 1992)
("The proponent of the hearsay statement must . . . show that the
witness cannot be found"). We can find nothing in the record
which indicates any "reasonable means" employed by Kirk to
procure the services of Dr. Burgher so that he might testify at
trial. See McCormick § 253, at 134 (mere absence of the
declarant, standing alone, does not establish unavailability);
see also Moore v. Mississippi Valley State University, 871 F.2d
545, 552 (5th Cir. 1989) (deposition inadmissible in civil trial
where no evidence to establish unavailability offered).
Kirk claims that Dr. Burgher, who is a resident of
Nebraska, was beyond her ability to subpoena and was thus
unavailable. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(c)(3)(A)(ii).9 However,
Kirk made no independent attempt to contact Dr. Burgher, offer
him his usual expert witness fee, and request his attendance at
trial.10 Because Dr. Burgher was never even as much as
9 . Rule 45 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure states in relevant part:
(c) Protection of Persons Subject to Subpoenas. (3)(A) On timely motion, the court by which a subpoena was issued shall quash or modify the subpoena if it -- (ii) requires a person who is not a party or an officer of a party to travel to a place more than 100 miles from the place where that person resides, is employed or regularly transacts business in person . . . .
Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(c)(3)(A)(ii). 10 . At oral argument, Kirk argued that it was the responsibility of Owens-Corning to locate and contact Dr. Burgher and establish his availability because the district court requested Owens- Corning to determine whether he would be available to testify. To the extent that the district court placed the burden on Owens- Corning to establish the unavailability of Dr. Burgher, the contacted, Kirk has failed to prove that she used "reasonable
means" to enlist his services.
We next address whether Owens-Corning had an
opportunity and similar motive to develop the testimony of Dr.
Burgher at the prior unrelated state court trial.11 The
similarity of motive requirement assures "that the earlier
treatment of the witness is the rough equivalent of what the
party against whom the statement is offered would do at trial if
the witness were available to be examined by that party." United
States v. Salerno, 937 F.2d 797, 806 (2d Cir. 1991); see also 2
Steven A. Saltzburg & Michael M. Martin, Federal Rules of
Evidence Manual 400 (5th ed. 1990) ("The way to determine whether
or not motives are similar is to look at the similarity of the
issues and the context in which the opportunity for examination
previously arose."). (..continued) district court made an error of law in shifting the burden of proof. Kirk then articulated what we term a "convenience" argument, that is, she argued that Dr. Burgher was Owens- Corning's expert and Owens-Corning was in a better position to locate Dr. Burgher because it had Dr. Burgher's telephone number. To the extent that Kirk is advocating that Owens-Corning should undertake the task of locating a witness for Kirk so that she may use that testimony against Owens-Corning, we reject any such notion. For the same reasons we protect an attorney's work product from discovery, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3); Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 511, 67 S. Ct. 385, 394 (1947) ("Inefficiency, unfairness, and sharp practices would inevitably develop . . . . The effect on the legal system would be demoralizing. And the interests of the clients and the cause of justice would be poorly served."), we do not believe that Owens- Corning had any duty to assist Kirk in preparing her case. 11 . Again, although we need not reach this issue absent a finding of unavailability, because of the likelihood that an offer may be made during the retrial to admit this evidence as former testimony, we believe further discussion is warranted. There was no finding by the district court that Owens-
Corning had an opportunity and similar motive to examine Dr.
Burgher. Further, during oral argument, counsel for Kirk
indicated that the only document before the district court from
the state court trial was the transcript of Dr. Burgher's
testimony. The district court did not have the complaint,
answer, or jury charge from the state court proceedings. Thus,
even if the district court had attempted to make a finding as to
opportunity and similar motive, it would have been unable to
reach a well-reasoned conclusion based on the information before
the district court.12 See McCormick § 304, at 317 (courts must
look to the operative issue in the earlier proceeding).
Accordingly, we must conclude that Kirk failed to prove that
Owens-Corning had an opportunity and similar motive to examine
Dr. Burgher.
IV. Introduction of Interrogatory of Settled Co-
Defendant
Kirk settled the instant action with Garlock and
several other defendants prior to trial. At trial, Owens-Corning
12 . For instance, the statement elicited from Dr. Burgher during cross-examination at the state trial may not have warranted redirect by Owens-Corning in light of its theory of defense. See McCormick § 302, at 307 ("Circumstances may differ sufficiently between the prior hearing and the present trial to bar admission . . . as where questions on a particular subject would have been largely irrelevant at the earlier proceeding."). Because we do not have the pleadings, we cannot determine whether an opportunity and similar motive existed. sought in its cross-claim to prove that the decedent was exposed
to products made by Garlock. If the jury were to conclude that
the decedent's injuries had been caused in whole or part by
exposure to Garlock products, then Owens-Corning could eliminate
or substantially reduce its liability. Conversely, it was in
Kirk's financial interest to prove that the decedent was exposed
to only Owens-Corning products. In an effort to rebut the
testimony of an Owens-Corning witness who testified that Garlock
gaskets were present in the New York shipyard during the years
that the decedent worked there, Kirk read into evidence an
interrogatory response which was prepared and filed by Garlock in
defense of this action. Of course, at the time this
interrogatory was read to the jury, Garlock was no longer a party
to this lawsuit. Specifically, counsel for Kirk read the
following statement to the jury: Since Garlock products are bonded and/or encapsulated and treated in such a manner that they do not, when used in the manner for which they were intended, emit meaningful levels of asbestos dust and fibers, no restrictions or limitations on use are necessary.
App. at 513. In response to Owens-Corning's closing remarks,
counsel for Kirk reminded the jury: I read you from the Garlock interrogatory, Garlock product is bonded, encapsulated, it does not emit dust.
App. at 545.
admitting this interrogatory response because the interrogatory answer was pure hearsay. Kirk attempts to justify the admission
of this interrogatory response under the catch-all or residual
exception, Rule 803(24) of the Federal Rules of Evidence.13 As
stated previously, our standard of review is plenary where the
admissibility of hearsay evidence "implicates the application of
a legally set standard." See supra part III.
As a preliminary matter, we note that the plain
language of the rule requires the proponent of the hearsay
statement to put the adverse party on notice that the proponent
intends to introduce the statement into evidence. We have
interpreted this to mean that the proponent must give notice of
the hearsay statement itself as well as the proponent's intention
specifically to rely on the rule as a grounds for admissibility 13 . Rule 803 of the Federal Rules of Evidence states in relevant part:
The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness: . . .
Other exceptions. A statement not specifically covered by any of the foregoing exceptions but having equivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness, if the court determines that (A) the statement is offered as evidence of a material fact; (B) the statement is more probative on the point for which it is offered than any other evidence which the proponent can procure through reasonable efforts; and (C) the general purposes of these rules and the interests of justice will best be served by admission of the statement into evidence. However, a statement may not be admitted under this exception unless the proponent of it makes known to the adverse party sufficiently in advance of the trial or hearing to provide the adverse party with a fair opportunity to prepare to meet it, the proponent's intention to offer the statement and the particulars of it, including the name and address of the declarant.
Fed. R. Evid. 803(24) (emphasis added). of the hearsay statement. United States v. Pelullo, 964 F.2d
193, 202 (3d Cir. 1992) (citing United States v. Furst, 886 F.2d
558, 574 (3d Cir. 1989)). Even assuming arguendo that Owens-
Corning was on notice that Kirk intended to introduce this
evidence at trial, we observe from the record that Kirk never
gave notice to Owens-Corning that she intended to introduce this
evidence under Rule 803(24). App. at 512. We recognize that the
advance notice requirement of Rule 803(24) can be met where the
proponent of the evidence is without fault in failing to notify
his adversary and the trial judge has offered sufficient time, by
means of granting a continuance, for the opponent to prepare to
contest its admission. See United States v. Bailey, 581 F.2d
341, 348 (3d Cir. 1978) (the purposes of the rule and the
requirement of fairness are satisfied under such circumstances).
Because of the lack of notice by Kirk that she intended to rely
on Rule 803(24) and the lack of a showing by Kirk as to why it
was not possible to provide Owens-Corning with notice, the
district court erred in admitting this evidence at trial.
Turning to the substance of the rule itself, we note
that in order for the hearsay statement to be admitted, it must
have "equivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness."
Fed. R. Evid. 803(24); see also Michael H. Graham, Federal Practice and Procedure: Evidence § 6775, at 737-39 (Interim
Edition 1992) (factors bearing on trustworthiness include the
declarant's partiality, i.e., interest or bias). Owens-Corning
argues that the interrogatories of Garlock lack trustworthiness
and are self-serving. Kirk submits that the interrogatory answers are trustworthy because they are signed and sworn under
penalty of perjury.14 We find that an interrogatory response of
a co-defendant who is seeking to avoid liability lacks the
"circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness" that are
contemplated by Rule 803(24) of the Federal Rules of Evidence.
Garlock had every incentive to set forth the facts in a light
most favorable to itself, while at the same time still answering
the interrogatories truthfully. See United States v. DeLuca, 692
F.2d 1277, 1285 (9th Cir. 1982) (excluding statement under
residual hearsay exception because of motive to exculpate oneself
after indictment or investigation). Using these interrogatory
responses to prove that Garlock products could not have caused
the decedent's illness without the opportunity for cross-
examination implicates many of the dangers the hearsay rule is
designed to prevent. Accordingly, the district court erred in
admitting this evidence.
V. Delay Damages
Finally, Owens-Corning argues that it was improper as a
matter of law for the district court to award delay damages to
the plaintiff pursuant to Rule 238 of the Pennsylvania Rules of
14 . There is nothing in the record to indicate that the district court made any findings as to the reliability of the Garlock interrogatories. See United States v. Chu Kong Yin, 935 F.2d 990, 1000 (9th Cir. 1991) (requiring specific findings regarding the requisite elements of Rule 803(24)); United States v. Tafollo-Cardenas, 897 F.2d 976, 980 (9th Cir. 1990) (district court must find that the statements met the requirements of the rule in order for the appellate court to consider the admissibility of the statement under 803(24)). Civil Procedure because it is a procedural rule and should not be
applied by federal courts sitting in diversity. Owens-Corning
argues in the alternative that even if it is permissible for a
federal court sitting in diversity to award delay damages
pursuant to Rule 238, it was improper here because: (1) the
entire delay was caused by the plaintiff's strategic decision to
file simultaneous federal and state court actions and her failure
to request a remand of the federal action from the multidistrict
docket when settlement negotiations reached an impasse and (2)
the district court miscalculated the damage award in failing to
account for a delay of approximately two years that was caused by
a judicial stay imposed by the Panel on Multidistrict Litigation.
Owens-Corning maintains that because it was not responsible for
the delay, it should not be required to pay delay damages for
that period.
A. Rule 238 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure -- Substantive or Procedural?
First, we must address Owens-Corning's argument that a
federal court sitting in diversity cannot apply Rule 238 of the
Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure because it is a procedural
rather than a substantive rule. Yet, ultimately, Owens-Corning
concedes, as it must, that this question has already been decided
by this Court in Fauber v. Kem Transportation and Equipment Co., 876 F.2d 327 (3d Cir. 1989). In that case, we held that Rule 238
is substantive and must be followed by federal courts sitting in
diversity cases. Id. at 328. Counsel is thus implicitly asking this panel to overrule Fauber. We note that this Court's
Internal Operating Procedures prohibit a panel of this Court from
overruling a published opinion of a previous panel. See Internal
Operating Procedure Rule 9.1 ("[T]he holding of a panel in a
reported opinion is binding on subsequent panels."). Because we
are bound by Fauber, and in any event do not question its wisdom,
we reiterate that it is proper for a federal district court
sitting in diversity to award delay damages to a plaintiff under
Rule 238 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure.
B. Did Plaintiff Cause Delay?
Second, Owens-Corning maintains that Kirk was
responsible for the delay because she filed simultaneous federal
and state court actions and additionally failed to make an
application to remand the federal action from the multidistrict
docket when settlement negotiations proved fruitless.
Our review of the applicability of Rule 238 in a
diversity case is plenary. Fauber, 876 F.2d at 329. Rule 238 of
the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure states in relevant
part: (a)(1) At the request of the plaintiff in a civil action seeking monetary relief for . . . death[,] . . . damages for delay shall be added to the amount of compensatory damages awarded against each defendant . . . found to be liable to the plaintiff in the verdict of a jury . . . . (2) Damages for delay shall be awarded for the period of time (i) in an action commenced before August 1, 1989, from the date the plaintiff first filed a complaint or from a date one year after the accrual of the cause of action, whichever is later, up to the date of the . . . verdict . . . . (3) Damages for delay shall be calculated at the rate equal to the prime rate as listed in the first edition of the Wall Street Journal published for each calendar year for which the damages are awarded, plus one percent, not compounded. (b) The period of time for which damages for delay shall be calculated under subdivision (a)(2) shall exclude the period of time, if any, (1) after which the defendant has made a written offer of (i) settlement in a specified sum with prompt cash payment to the plaintiff, or (ii) a structured settlement underwritten by a financially responsible entity, and continued that offer in effect for at least ninety days or until commencement of trial, whichever first occurs, which offer was not accepted and the plaintiff did not recover by award, verdict or decision, exclusive of damages for delay, more than 125 percent of either the specified sum or the actual cost of the structured settlement plus any cash payment to the plaintiff; or (2) during which the plaintiff caused delay of the trial.
Pa. R. Civ. P. 238 (1988) (emphasis added).
According to the plain language of the rule, a
defendant must pay delay damages unless the delay falls within
the excludable time as set forth in the rule. Owens-Corning
concedes that it did not make a settlement offer which would
satisfy the rule. Thus, the only other way for the defendant to
be relieved from paying delay damages would be if the plaintiff
caused the delay.
According to Owens-Corning, but for the plaintiff's
strategic decision to file a federal asbestos action, the matter could have been resolved long ago in state court. Here, Kirk
would have been forced to abandon her remedy in federal court and
seek relief only in the state forum. To adopt the rule of law as
advocated by Owens-Corning, we would be required to hold that
delay is per se attributable to a plaintiff anytime a plaintiff
files a diversity action in federal court when a suitable state
forum exists. Nothing in Rule 238 contemplates that a plaintiff
must forgo any rights in order to be entitled to delay damages,
and we are unwilling to adopt such a proposition.
In support of its argument that Kirk was responsible
for the delay in failing to request a remand from the
multidistrict docket, Owens-Corning relies on Babich v.
Pittsburgh & New England Trucking Co., 386 Pa. Super. 482, 563
A.2d 168 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1989). In that case, the plaintiff's
motion for delay damages pursuant to Rule 238 was denied by the
trial court and plaintiff appealed. Babich, 386 Pa. Super. at
487, 563 A.2d at 171. In assessing who was responsible for the
almost seven year delay between the commencement of suit and the
jury verdict, the court observed: [T]he chief reasons for delay in this case cannot be attributed to defendants. [One of the defendants] filed a Chapter 11 bankruptcy in federal court six months after [plaintiff's] complaint was filed and [plaintiff] did not successfully obtain relief from the automatic stay until approximately two years and four months later despite cooperation from counsel for the bankruptcy and counsel for the insurance company. The other primary delay in the case was [plaintiff's] failure to place the case at issue in a speedy fashion. [Plaintiff] fails to point to any delay attributable to defendants and we find none upon review of the record.
Babich, 386 Pa. Super. at 487, 563 A.2d at 171. Owens-Corning argues that because Kirk did not seek a
remand from the multidistrict docket, she failed to obtain relief
from the MDL stay just as the plaintiff in Babich failed to
obtain relief from the automatic stay. Owens-Corning's reliance
on Babich is misplaced. In that case plaintiff could have sought
relief and moved the trial along, because opposing counsel was
cooperating with and assisting counsel. Here, however, according
to Judge Weiner's Pretrial Order, the case could be remanded for
trial only if there was a finding that the defendant was acting
in bad faith during the settlement negotiations. To the extent
that Owens-Corning is found to have acted in bad faith, this
would militate against a finding that delay was caused by the
plaintiff.
C. Is Delay Not Caused By Defendant Excludable?
Third, Owens-Corning argues that because the delay was
caused by the MDL Order, it offends traditional notions of fair
play and due process to make a defendant pay for another's delay.
Owens-Corning asks that the award of delay damages be
recalculated and further maintains that it is unconstitutional to
impose delay damages on it for this time period because it was
never acting in bad faith and the delay was caused by the court.
Were we to adopt the rule of law as articulated by Owens-Corning,
we would have to redraft Rule 238(b)(2) to state "during which the defendant did not cause the delay of the trial," instead of
"during which the plaintiff caused delay of the trial." We are
not so inclined and we find that the plaintiff caused no delay of
the trial.
Owens-Corning also argues that notwithstanding the
language of the rule, requiring it to pay for delay caused by the
judiciary is a violation of due process. Owens-Corning fails to
comprehend the theory underlying Rule 238. Delay damages merely
compensate a plaintiff for money that he or she would have earned
on the award if he or she had promptly received it. Costa v.
Lauderdale Beach Hotel, 534 Pa. 154, 160, 626 A.2d 566, 569 (Pa.
1993). The rule also functions to prevent a defendant from being
unjustly enriched by keeping interest that could be earned during
the litigation process on what is essentially the plaintiff's
money. Id. n.6. We find no merit to Owens-Corning's argument
that delay damages violate due process in this instance.
Accordingly, we find no error in the district court's decision to
award delay damages to the plaintiff.
VI. Conclusion
The seating of two jurors in this matter was error, as
was allowing into evidence the prior testimony of a witness in an
unrelated state court trial and permitting the introduction into
evidence of an answer to an interrogatory by a settled co-
defendant. We will reverse the judgment of the district court
and remand the matter to the district court for a new trial.
Costs taxed against appellees.