NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 24a0310n.06
Case No. 23-3865
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED KIRK E. KNOPP, ) Jul 18, 2024 KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk ) Plaintiff - Appellant, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE NORTHERN NATIONAL RAILWAY ADJUSTMENT ) DISTRICT OF OHIO BOARD, et al., ) Defendants, ) OPINION ) CSX TRANSPORTATION INC., ) Defendant - Appellee. ) )
Before: KETHLEDGE, THAPAR, and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.
DAVIS, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff-Appellant Kirk E. Knopp appeals the denial of his Rule
60(b)(1) motion for relief from judgment following a grant of summary judgment in favor of
Defendant-Appellee CSX Transportation, Inc. concerning Knopp’s challenge to a National
Railroad Adjustment Board decision upholding his employment termination. The district court
concluded that Knopp’s motion was untimely as it was filed 73 days after the entry of summary
judgment and Knopp failed to provide any reasoning for the delay. The court also concluded that
Knopp received sufficient notice of the hearing before the Board pursuant to the Railway Labor
Act, 45 U.S.C. § 153 First (j), and that his right to be heard was not impeded. Because we agree
that Knopp’s motion was untimely, we affirm. No. 23-3865, Knopp v. Nat’l Ry. Adjustment Bd. Special Bd. of Adjustment, et al.
I.
Knopp worked for CSX Transportation, Inc., (“CSX”) as a locomotive engineer. In May
2019, a local Ohio newspaper posted an online article about a 21-year-old man who was struck
and killed by a CSX freight train. Knopp used his personal social media account to post a comment
under the article stating: “One less Idiot, I have to deal with!” (R. 16-2, Page ID 343). Once CSX
became aware of the comment, management mounted an investigation and held a hearing in which
it concluded—after Knopp’s admission—that Knopp was the individual responsible for the post,
and that his conduct violated CSX’s Social Media Policy. Based on these findings, CSX
terminated Knopp’s employment.
The Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen (the “Union”) represented
Knopp at the hearing before CSX and appealed the company’s decision to the National Railway
Adjustment Board Special Board of Adjustment No. 1185 (the “Board”). The Board scheduled a
hearing to hear arguments on the appeal. The Union notified Knopp of the hearing but advised
him that “he did not have to attend the hearing,” and that the Union could adequately represent
him without him being present. (R. 1 PageID 3–4, ¶ 9). With this assurance, Knopp did not attend
the hearing and the union presented arguments on his behalf. Following the hearing, the Board
upheld CSX’s policy-violation determination and its decision to fire Knopp.
In April 2022, Knopp brought the instant action in the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Ohio asserting that: (1) the Board failed to confine itself within the scope of
its jurisdiction in violation of the Railway Labor Act, 45 U.S.C. § 153 (“RLA”); (2) basing his
termination on the social media comment infringed on his First Amendment rights and was
contrary to public policy; and (3) he “was denied his right to participate and present testimony”
-2- No. 23-3865, Knopp v. Nat’l Ry. Adjustment Bd. Special Bd. of Adjustment, et al.
based on the Union’s advice that his attendance at the hearing was unnecessary. (Id.) Knopp
initially named the Board, the Union, and CSX as Defendants. But he never properly served the
Union, and he entered a stipulated dismissal of the Board, leaving CSX as the only remaining
Defendant. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court granted CSX’s motion,
finding that Knopp failed to prove his claims regarding the Board’s scope of jurisdiction and his
First Amendment/public policy challenge. Neither the court nor the parties addressed Knopp’s
notice claim.
73 days after the district court issued its ruling, Knopp moved for relief from judgment
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (60)(b)(1), arguing that the district court made a
mistake and committed legal error in granting summary judgment because CSX only moved for
summary judgment on two of the three claims raised in his complaint. Notably, Knopp conceded
that his motion was really one to amend judgment under Rule 59. He explained that because “a
Rule 59 motion [was] unavailable[,]” since he filed the motion well-beyond the 28-day deadline,
he instead “raise[d] the . . . Motion as a motion for relief from judgment pursuant to Rule 60.” (R.
25, PageID 699). The court denied the motion as untimely, but also found his merits arguments
unavailing. Dissatisfied with the court’s order, Knopp appealed.
II.
We review a district court’s denial of a motion for relief from judgment under the
deferential abuse of discretion standard. E. Brooks Books, Inc. v. City of Memphis, 633 F.3d 459,
465 (6th Cir. 2011). “A district court abuses its discretion when it relies on clearly erroneous
findings of fact, when it improperly applies the law, or uses an erroneous legal standard.” Bisig v.
Time Warner Cable, Inc., 940 F.3d 205, 218 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting Stough v. Mayville Cmty.
Schs., 138 F.3d 612, 614 (6th Cir. 1998)). Thus, we will overturn a district court’s decision only
-3- No. 23-3865, Knopp v. Nat’l Ry. Adjustment Bd. Special Bd. of Adjustment, et al.
when we have a “definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a clear error of
judgment in the conclusion it reached upon a weighing of the relevant factors.” In re Wendy’s Co.
S’holder Derivative Action, 44 F.4th 527, 532 (6th Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks omitted).
“In seeking to undo this final judgment, [Knopp] faces a steep uphill climb.” Giasson
Aerospace Sci., Inc. v. RCO Eng’g Inc., 872 F.3d 336, 339 (6th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). This
is because courts observe an underlying “public policy favoring finality of judgments and
termination of litigation.” Blue Diamond Coal Co. v. Trs. of the UMWA Combined Benefit Fund,
249 F.3d 519, 524 (6th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). Two mechanisms that would allow a party
to undo a final judgment include motions to alter or amend judgment and motions for relief from
judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e); Fed. R. Civ. P. 60.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) allows a litigant to file a “motion to alter or amend
a judgment.” “Under Rule 59, a court may alter the judgment based on: (1) a clear error of law;
(2) newly discovered evidence; (3) an intervening change in controlling law; or (4) a need to
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 24a0310n.06
Case No. 23-3865
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED KIRK E. KNOPP, ) Jul 18, 2024 KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk ) Plaintiff - Appellant, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE NORTHERN NATIONAL RAILWAY ADJUSTMENT ) DISTRICT OF OHIO BOARD, et al., ) Defendants, ) OPINION ) CSX TRANSPORTATION INC., ) Defendant - Appellee. ) )
Before: KETHLEDGE, THAPAR, and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.
DAVIS, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff-Appellant Kirk E. Knopp appeals the denial of his Rule
60(b)(1) motion for relief from judgment following a grant of summary judgment in favor of
Defendant-Appellee CSX Transportation, Inc. concerning Knopp’s challenge to a National
Railroad Adjustment Board decision upholding his employment termination. The district court
concluded that Knopp’s motion was untimely as it was filed 73 days after the entry of summary
judgment and Knopp failed to provide any reasoning for the delay. The court also concluded that
Knopp received sufficient notice of the hearing before the Board pursuant to the Railway Labor
Act, 45 U.S.C. § 153 First (j), and that his right to be heard was not impeded. Because we agree
that Knopp’s motion was untimely, we affirm. No. 23-3865, Knopp v. Nat’l Ry. Adjustment Bd. Special Bd. of Adjustment, et al.
I.
Knopp worked for CSX Transportation, Inc., (“CSX”) as a locomotive engineer. In May
2019, a local Ohio newspaper posted an online article about a 21-year-old man who was struck
and killed by a CSX freight train. Knopp used his personal social media account to post a comment
under the article stating: “One less Idiot, I have to deal with!” (R. 16-2, Page ID 343). Once CSX
became aware of the comment, management mounted an investigation and held a hearing in which
it concluded—after Knopp’s admission—that Knopp was the individual responsible for the post,
and that his conduct violated CSX’s Social Media Policy. Based on these findings, CSX
terminated Knopp’s employment.
The Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen (the “Union”) represented
Knopp at the hearing before CSX and appealed the company’s decision to the National Railway
Adjustment Board Special Board of Adjustment No. 1185 (the “Board”). The Board scheduled a
hearing to hear arguments on the appeal. The Union notified Knopp of the hearing but advised
him that “he did not have to attend the hearing,” and that the Union could adequately represent
him without him being present. (R. 1 PageID 3–4, ¶ 9). With this assurance, Knopp did not attend
the hearing and the union presented arguments on his behalf. Following the hearing, the Board
upheld CSX’s policy-violation determination and its decision to fire Knopp.
In April 2022, Knopp brought the instant action in the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Ohio asserting that: (1) the Board failed to confine itself within the scope of
its jurisdiction in violation of the Railway Labor Act, 45 U.S.C. § 153 (“RLA”); (2) basing his
termination on the social media comment infringed on his First Amendment rights and was
contrary to public policy; and (3) he “was denied his right to participate and present testimony”
-2- No. 23-3865, Knopp v. Nat’l Ry. Adjustment Bd. Special Bd. of Adjustment, et al.
based on the Union’s advice that his attendance at the hearing was unnecessary. (Id.) Knopp
initially named the Board, the Union, and CSX as Defendants. But he never properly served the
Union, and he entered a stipulated dismissal of the Board, leaving CSX as the only remaining
Defendant. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court granted CSX’s motion,
finding that Knopp failed to prove his claims regarding the Board’s scope of jurisdiction and his
First Amendment/public policy challenge. Neither the court nor the parties addressed Knopp’s
notice claim.
73 days after the district court issued its ruling, Knopp moved for relief from judgment
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (60)(b)(1), arguing that the district court made a
mistake and committed legal error in granting summary judgment because CSX only moved for
summary judgment on two of the three claims raised in his complaint. Notably, Knopp conceded
that his motion was really one to amend judgment under Rule 59. He explained that because “a
Rule 59 motion [was] unavailable[,]” since he filed the motion well-beyond the 28-day deadline,
he instead “raise[d] the . . . Motion as a motion for relief from judgment pursuant to Rule 60.” (R.
25, PageID 699). The court denied the motion as untimely, but also found his merits arguments
unavailing. Dissatisfied with the court’s order, Knopp appealed.
II.
We review a district court’s denial of a motion for relief from judgment under the
deferential abuse of discretion standard. E. Brooks Books, Inc. v. City of Memphis, 633 F.3d 459,
465 (6th Cir. 2011). “A district court abuses its discretion when it relies on clearly erroneous
findings of fact, when it improperly applies the law, or uses an erroneous legal standard.” Bisig v.
Time Warner Cable, Inc., 940 F.3d 205, 218 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting Stough v. Mayville Cmty.
Schs., 138 F.3d 612, 614 (6th Cir. 1998)). Thus, we will overturn a district court’s decision only
-3- No. 23-3865, Knopp v. Nat’l Ry. Adjustment Bd. Special Bd. of Adjustment, et al.
when we have a “definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a clear error of
judgment in the conclusion it reached upon a weighing of the relevant factors.” In re Wendy’s Co.
S’holder Derivative Action, 44 F.4th 527, 532 (6th Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks omitted).
“In seeking to undo this final judgment, [Knopp] faces a steep uphill climb.” Giasson
Aerospace Sci., Inc. v. RCO Eng’g Inc., 872 F.3d 336, 339 (6th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). This
is because courts observe an underlying “public policy favoring finality of judgments and
termination of litigation.” Blue Diamond Coal Co. v. Trs. of the UMWA Combined Benefit Fund,
249 F.3d 519, 524 (6th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). Two mechanisms that would allow a party
to undo a final judgment include motions to alter or amend judgment and motions for relief from
judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e); Fed. R. Civ. P. 60.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) allows a litigant to file a “motion to alter or amend
a judgment.” “Under Rule 59, a court may alter the judgment based on: (1) a clear error of law;
(2) newly discovered evidence; (3) an intervening change in controlling law; or (4) a need to
prevent manifest injustice.” Gen. Motors, LLC v. FCA US, LLC, 44 F.4th 548, 563 (6th Cir. 2022)
(quoting Clark v. United States, 764 F.3d 653, 661 (6th Cir. 2014)). The Rule provides the district
court with the opportunity “‘to rectify its own mistakes in the period immediately following’ its
decision.” Banister v. Davis, 590 U.S. 504, 508 (2020) (quoting White v. N.H. Dept. of Emp. Sec.,
455 U.S. 445, 450 (1982)). In other words, Rule 59(e) is used to “reconsider matters properly
encompassed in a decision on the merits.” Id. (citation omitted).
“Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) permits ‘a party to seek relief from a final judgment,
and request reopening of his case, under a limited set of circumstances.’” Kemp v. United States,
596 U.S. 528, 533 (2022) (quoting Gonzalez v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 528 (2005)). Rule 60(b)(1)
provides that a party may seek relief from a district court’s final judgment for “mistake,
-4- No. 23-3865, Knopp v. Nat’l Ry. Adjustment Bd. Special Bd. of Adjustment, et al.
inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(1). When reviewing the
district court’s disposition of a Rule 60(b) motion, we do not “consider the merits of the underlying
judgment.” Tyler v. Anderson, 749 F.3d 499, 509 (6th Cir. 2014). “Rule 60(b) does not allow a
defeated litigant a second chance to convince the court to rule in his or her favor by presenting
new explanations, legal theories, or proof.” Id. Rather, the party seeking relief “must establish
that the facts of its case are within one of the enumerated reasons contained in Rule 60(b) that
warrant relief from judgment.” Jinks v. AlliedSignal, Inc., 250 F.3d 381, 385 (6th Cir. 2001)
(quoting Lewis v. Alexander, 987 F.2d 392, 396 (6th Cir. 1993)).
As with any other motion filed pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 59
and Rule 60 motions are subject to time limitations. Motions to alter or amend judgment must be
filed within 28 days from entry of the district court’s final judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e). As
for motions for relief from judgment, “[a]ll must be filed ‘within a reasonable time.’ But for some,
including motions under Rule 60(b)(1), that ‘reasonable time’ may not exceed one year.” Kemp,
596 U.S. at 533 (internal citation omitted) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(c)(1)).
Knopp moved for relief from judgment pursuant to Rule 60(b)(1) alleging that the district
court made an “inadvertent legal error.” (R. 25, PageID 698). Nevertheless, in reviewing the
motion, the district court observed that Knopp characterized it as a “motion for reconsideration”
and to “amend a judgment,” which is only available under Rule 59. (Id. at 699; R. 29, PageID
755). The court also noted Knopp’s counsel’s confession that he was only raising his arguments
under Rule 60 because the motion was untimely under Rule 59, which has a much shorter time to
file of just 28 days from the entry of judgment. Taking this all into account, the court ultimately
found that Knopp failed to file his motion within a reasonable time, and failed to provide any
reasoning as to why his motion was delayed.
-5- No. 23-3865, Knopp v. Nat’l Ry. Adjustment Bd. Special Bd. of Adjustment, et al.
On appeal, Knopp does not argue that the district court abused its discretion because it
found his argument unpersuasive. Instead, he maintains that the district court ignored his
“arguments” as to why his motion for relief from judgment was timely when it concluded that he
failed to offer any reasoning and that his motion was “silent on the issue.” (ECF 16, Appellant’s
Br. 9; ECF 20, Reply Br. 9). Knopp asserts that he provided the following “reasons” for the delay:
The seventy-three days it took Plaintiff to raise the instant Motion included the following steps: (1) digesting this Court’s granting of summary judgment in Defendant’s favor, (2) communicating with his prior counsel, (3) acquiring new counsel, (4) who then performed a de novo review of the case, (5) analyzed the case, (6) reviewed the relevant law, (7) analyzed the law, (8) reached a conclusion based upon the facts and law, (9) presented options to Knopp, and (10) drafted the instant Motion. The final endeavor of drafting the instant Motion within 72 hours of becoming aware of the issues raised does not fully reflect the time and diligence that was a prerequisite to Knopp raising the instant Motion within seventy-three (73) days.
(R. 28, Page ID 739).
This response, however, does not explain why it took Knopp 73 days to file his motion.
Knopp merely details the common and expected steps that he and his counsel took in response to
the district court’s grant of summary judgment and in preparation to file the Rule 60 motion.
Nowhere does he set out the reasons that the steps he described took 73 days to complete, or
relatedly and most important, why the 73 days he took to file his motion was reasonable—which
was his burden under the Rule. See McCurry ex rel. Turner v. Adventist Health Sys./Sunbelt, Inc.,
298 F.3d 586, 592 (6th Cir. 2002) (“The party seeking to invoke . . . Rule [(60)(b)] bears the
burden of establishing that its prerequisites are satisfied.”).
Because we afford substantial deference to the district court’s findings concerning whether
Knopp’s motion was filed within a reasonable time, and Knopp failed to directly address the
reasonableness of the 73-day period he took to bring his motion, the court did not abuse its
-6- No. 23-3865, Knopp v. Nat’l Ry. Adjustment Bd. Special Bd. of Adjustment, et al.
discretion. Finding that Knopp’s motion was untimely, we decline to reach the merits of his
arguments.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.
-7-